Low level resistance of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) to glyphosate in Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil

In the last growing seasons, goosegrass (Eleusine spp.) control failures have been observed following application of glyphosate on Roundup Ready® soybean in Rio Grande do Sul (RS) - Brazil, suggesting this species' resistance to the herbicide. Thus, the objectives of this study were to identify the occurrence of goosegrass resistance to the herbicide glyphosate in RS; and to determine the predominant species of the genus Eleusine, as well as the LD50 and GR50 of the suspected resistant biotypes. Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions: one to identify the biotypes resistant to glyphosate, and the other, a dose-response curve experiment, as well as a study of the botanical characteristics of the species. In the first experiment, 39 biotypes were tested, mainly Eleusine indica, collected with suspected resistance to glyphosate. The glyphosate dose was 2,160 g e.a. ha-1, and the control was evaluated at 28 days after treatment. All biotypes were effectively controlled,with the biotypes from the municipality of Boa Vista do Incra showing greater tolerance. Two biotypes suspected of resistance (12.1 and 12.3) and a susceptible biotype in a dose-response experiment were tested at the following doses: 0, 135, 270, 540, 1,080, 1,620, and 2,160 g e.a. ha-1. The results of this experiment showed that biotype 12.1 does not present resistance to glyphosate and biotype 12.3 has a low level resistance since it is effectively controlled by the herbicide at the maximum dose.

Dessecação pré-colheita e efeitos sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja

A antecipação da colheita da soja é possível com uso da prática de dessecação pré-colheita, a qual reduz o tempo de permanência das sementes no campo, após a maturação fisiológica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da época de aplicação do herbicida paraquat, como dessecante na pré-colheita da soja, sobre a produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes. O trabalho constou de duas etapas: um experimento em campo, conduzido no município de Jaboticaba-RS, safra 2010/2011, e uma análise da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Os tratamentos consistiram de três épocas de aplicação do paraquat (240 g i.a. ha‑1), R6, R7.1 e R7.3, bem como de um tratamento testemunha (sem dessecação). Foram avaliados a produtividade de grãos e os componentes da produtividade. A análise da qualidade das sementes foi conduzida no Laboratório de Produção e Tecnologia de Sementes da UFSM, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, RS, onde se realizaram os seguintes testes: germinação; primeira contagem de germinação, comprimento de parte aérea e radicular, matéria seca de plântulas, envelhecimento acelerado, condutividade elétrica, emergência em campo e índice de velocidade de emergência. A aplicação de paraquat como dessecante na pré‑colheita da soja, nos estádios R6 e R7.1, provoca queda acentuada na produtividade da cultura. A dessecação sem perda de potencial produtivo da soja só é viável a partir do estádio R7.3. Sementes oriundas de plantas com dessecação nos estádios R6 e R7.1 apresentam percentual superior e maior velocidade de germinação. Entretanto, sementes de plantas com dessecação no estádio R6 possuem menor vigor de plântulas.

Residual herbicides in weed management for glyphosate-resistant soybean in Brazil

In agricultural production systems where the glyphosate-resistant soybean crop (Glycine max) is grown and the practice of crop rotation with alternative herbicides is not adopted, the exclusive and continuous use of glyphosate has led to the occurrence of resistant weed populations that may limit or compromise the benefits of this technology. Thus, the efficacy of weed management programs, including the use of residual herbicides (sulfentrazone, flumioxazin, imazethapyr, diclosulan, chlorimuron and s-metolachlor) applied in preemergence and followed by in-crop postemergence applications of glyphosate (PRE-POST) were compared to glyphosate postemergence only programs - POST. The study was conducted across nine locations during the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 growing seasons. PRE-POST programs were efficient in the control of Amaranthus viridis, Brachiaria plantaginea, Bidens pilosa, Commelina benghalensis, Eleusine indica, Euphorbia heterophylla and Raphanus raphanistrum, with the level of control being similar when comparing the program with two applications of glyphosate POST. Some PRE-POST programs were not efficient in controlling Cenchrus echinatus, Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba. Sulfentrazone and diclosulam PRE-POST programs improved the control of Ipomoea triloba compared to sequential applications of glyphosate alone. No significant differences in soybean yield were observed between any of the herbicide treatments or study locations. The use of residual herbicides in preemergence followed by glyphosate in-crop postemergence provides consistent weed control and reducing early season weed competition. Furthermore, these programs utilize at least two herbicide modes of action for herbicide use diversity, which will be needed to stay ahead of resistance build-up, regardless of when weeds may appear.

Competition periods of crabgrass with rice and soybean crops

Determining the periods of weed competition with crops helps the producer to choose the most appropriate time to use weed control practices. This strategy allows for the reduction of the number of herbicide applications, reducing costs and the environmental impact of pesticides. The objectives were to determine the period before the interference (PBI) of crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) competing with flooded rice, the critical period of interference prevention (CPIP) of crabgrass with soybean and the effects of competition on the grains yield and their components. Experiments were conducted with the coexistence of BRS Querência rice cultivar with crabgrass, for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 110 days after emergency (DAE) and Fundacep 53RR soybean cultivar, whose periods of coexistence and control of crabgrass were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 156 DAE. Rice can grow with crabgrass infestation until 18 DAE, while soybean should remain free from the presence of crabgrass in the period between 23 and 50 DAE. The grain yield and its components, in the crops studied, are affected when grown with crabgrass.

Does the resistance to glyphosate herbicide affect the competitive ability of ryegrass with soybean?

The objective this work was to investigate the competitive ability between resistant and susceptible ryegrass biotypes and of these with soybean crop. Four experiments were carried under greenhouse, in a completely randomized design with four replications, in 2011 and 2012. Treatments were arranged in additive series and replacement series assay. In each series, the proportions among ryegrass resistant and susceptible plants related to soybean were: 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 e 0:100. Leaf area and shoot dry mass were evaluated. Competitiveness statistical analysis consisted in applying diagrams to the replacement series and alternative interpretations of the competitiveness indexes. The soybean crop had equivalent competitiveness to the susceptible ryegrass biotype and inferior to the resistant biotype, while the biotypes, both susceptible and resistant to glyphosate, present equivalent competitive ability. In general, the intraspecific competition is more harmful to ryegrass when in competition with soybean, while interspecific competition is predominant for culture.

The role of glyphosate in RR soybean production and seed quality

This study aimed to evaluate the production components and quality of RR soybean seeds (Roundup Ready®), after application of increasing rates of gliphosate. Field experiments were conducted in Mandaguari, Paraná, during two seasons. Treatments consisted of five doses of glyphosate. All applications were performed once, between development stages V4 and V5. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design, with four replicates. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and when significant, t-tests and a regression analysis were applied to verify the behavior of the treatments. The physiological and sanitary quality, yield and mass of one thousand seeds were evaluated. The results indicated that seed quality can be adversely affected by glyphosate, and also showed a probable reduction in yield components with increasing rates of application.

Micorrização, nodulação e produção da soja roundup ready após a aplicação de diferentes formulações de glyphosate

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes formulações à base de glyphosate sobre a colonização micorrízica e nodulação no cultivar de soja RR TMG 125. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos em condições de campo, em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, durante os anos agrícolas 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação da dose de 720 g e.a. ha-1 das seguintes formulações de glyphosate: Trop®, Roundup Original®, Roundup Ultra®, Roundup WG®, Roundup Transorb R® e Zapp Qi®, além de duas testemunhas (capinada e não capinada). Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. A matéria seca da parte aérea, nodulação e produtividade de soja não foram influenciadas pelas diferentes formulações de glyphosate. Para a colonização micorrízica, observou-se efeito positivo da formulação Roundup Original®, em relação à testemunha capinada; no entanto, esse efeito não foi contínuo nos dois anos de experimento. A variável número de nódulos foi mais afetada pelas formulações de glyphosate testadas.

Habilidade competitiva, alterações no metabolismo secundário e danos celulares de soja competindo com Conyza bonariensis resistente e suscetível a glyphosate

Biótipos de buva resistentes aos herbicidas podem apresentar menor habilidade competitiva, comparado com o biótipo suscetível, quando em convivência com a cultura da soja. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a habilidade competitiva de soja com biótipos de buva, resistente e suscetível ao herbicida glyphosate, e identificar as alterações no metabolismo secundário e danos celulares em função da competição. Foram realizados três experimentos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, sendo o primeiro conduzido em série aditiva e os demais em série de substituição, com população de 315 plantas m-2. As variáveis avaliadas foram estatura, área foliar, massa seca, fenóis totais, peroxidação lipídica e extravasamento eletrolítico. A análise da competitividade foi feita por aplicação de diagramas e interpretações dos índices de competitividade. Os biótipos de buva resistente e suscetível ao glyphosate apresentam maior habilidade competitiva que o cultivar de soja CD 226 RR, ao passo que os biótipos de buva possuem similar capacidade em competir com a cultura. A interferência interespecífica causa maiores danos à cultura da soja, enquanto a interespecífica é mais prejudicial aos biótipos de buva. A cultura sofre alterações no seu metabolismo secundário em razão da competição com ambos os biótipos de buva.

Behavior of RR soybeans subjected to different formulations and rates of glyphosate in the reproductive period

Recent studies indicate that glyphosate applied in post-emergence in RR soybean can eventually cause phytotoxic effects. However, there are many questions that need to be clarified in the scientific and technical contexts, involving the issue of RR soybeans regarding the use of glyphosate. This study has assessed the impact of the application of different doses and formulations of glyphosate in the reproductive period of RR soybean (R1 stage). For that purpose, an experiment in the field was conducted in two harvests (2011/12 and 2012/13), in which a 2 x 5 factorial design was used (formulations versus doses) totaling 10 treatments. In these two experiments the variables related to agronomic performance were: phytotoxicity (7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application), plant height, number of pods per plant, yield and weight of 100 grains (end of soy cycle). The results obtained allowed characterizing phytotoxicity and damages to the height and yield in RR soybean, with increasing rates of glyphosate applied in the reproductive period.

CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WHITE CLOVER IN SOYBEAN CROPS

ABSTRACTWhite clover is tolerant to many herbicides, making difficult a chemical control of this species during soybean crop establishments. The objective of this research was to select herbicides applied postemergence to control white clover in soybean and know the effects of this control on soybean yield. Seven herbicides were assessed, applied postemergence, with or without sequential application of glyphosate, and two control treatments (no control and total control of white clover). Glyphosate (with two sequential applications), fomesafen (with a sequential application of glyphosate), chlorimuron-ethyl and lactofen have shown a satisfactory control of white clover (above 80%). The lower control efficiency has resulted in lower production of soybeans.

RESPOSTA DIFERENCIAL DAS CULTURAS DE MILHO RR E SOJA RR À EXPOSIÇÃO A GLYPHOSATE E ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA

RESUMO A adubação fosfatada pode influenciar a resposta das culturas tolerantes ao glyphosate em razão de a absorção ativa do herbicida ser mediada por carreadores de fosfato. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar características de crescimento de plantas de milho RR e soja RR quando submetidas à aplicação de glyphosate e de adubo fosfatado. O primeiro experimento foi realizado variando as doses de glyphosate (720 a 1.440 g e.a. ha-1) e de superfosfato triplo (54 a 162 kg ha-1 de P2O5) adicional à adubação recomendada. O segundo experimento foi realizado variando as mesmas doses de glyphosate e com adubação fosfatada (162 kg ha-1 de P2O5) ou não, mantendo-se a testemunha sem aplicação do herbicida e do adubo. Para ambas as culturas, altura e massa seca foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, e o número de folhas não foi afetado. A resposta das plantas de milho e soja, quanto à altura e à massa seca, foi contrária com a aplicação de glyphosate e de superfosfato triplo; enquanto o crescimento das plantas de soja foi afetado negativamente, plantas de milho aumentaram seu crescimento quando expostas ao glyphosate em substrato com elevada adubação fosfatada (162 kg ha-1 de P2O5).

Soybeans Competitiveness with Morning Glory

Weeds interfere negatively on development, yield and quality of soybeans (Glycine max). Inadequate weed control by herbicide use can select for resistant or tolerant biotypes, leading to a shift in the weed flora. An example is the increase of incidence of morning glory (Ipomoea spp.) in soybeans growing areas in South Brazil. The aim of this study was to determine the competitiveness of soybeans intercropped with I. triloba, I. indivisa and I. purpurea through a replacement experiments series. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications. The first experiment was carried out aiming to get the plant population while total plant dry mass remained constant. Other experiments were done under replacement series experiments with soybeans and morning glory ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 100:0 using the 250 plant m-2 defined by the preliminary experiment. Leaf area, root and shoots dry mass were assessed. Diagrams along with index interpretation were used to performed a competitiveness analysis. Soybeans showed greater competitiveness as I. triloba, I. purpurea and I. indivisa species for the leaf area, root and shoots dry mass variables. Intraspecific competition prevails between soybean plants whilst interspecific competition prevails for morning glory.

Weed Phytosociological and Floristic Survey in Agricultural Areas of Southwestern Goiás Region

The use of the Roundup Ready(r) technology and the cultivation of a second crop influence the floristic composition of weed communities in Brazilian Central-West region cropping systems. This study has aimed to diagnose the dominant weed species in southwestern Goiás in areas of genetically-modified and conventional soybeans, using phytosociological and floristic surveys. Weed sampling was obtained by collecting all the plants present within a 0.5 m hollow frame, randomly thrown 20 times in each of thirty-five agricultural areas in the 2012/2013 harvest. Field survey was carried out in three periods: before desiccation for soybean sowing, before postemergence herbicide in soybean first application and before postemergence herbicide application in late harvest. A total of 525 m2 was inventoried and 3,219 weeds were collected, which included 79 species, 58 genera and 28 families. Families Poaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Amaranthaceae, were the most representative in the survey. Species Cenchrus echinatus, Glycine max, Chamaesyce hirta, Commelina benghalensis, and Alternanthera tenella stood out in importance. The RR+millet soybean treatment had the highest number of species (44), while the conventional soybean + sorghum treatment had the lowest number of species (18). The highest number of species was recorded in first sampling period. Treatments conventional soybean + maize and conventional soybean + millet showed higher similarity (70%), while treatments RR soybean + millet and conventional soybean + sorghum showed the least (51%). Species of difficult control were recorded in all cultivation systems analyzed.

Instrumental color and sensory acceptance of soy-based emulsions: a response surface approach

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to evaluate the chromatic features and sensory acceptance of emulsions that combine Soy Protein (SP) and red Guava Juice (GJ). The parameters analyzed were: instrumental color based on the coordinates a* (redness), b* (yellowness), L* (lightness), C* (chromaticity), h* (hue angle), visual color, acceptance, and appearance. The analyses of the results showed that GJ was responsible for the high measured values of red color, hue angle, chromaticity, acceptance, and visual color, whereas SP was the variable that increased the yellowness intensity of the assays. The redness (R²adj = 74.86%, p < 0.01) and hue angle (R²adj = 80.96%, p < 0.01) were related to the independent variables by linear models, while the sensory data (color and acceptance) could not be modeled due to a high variability. The models of yellowness, lightness, and chromaticity did not present lack of fit but presented adjusted determination coefficients bellow 70%. Notwithstanding, the linear correlations between sensory and instrumental data were not significant (p > 0.05) and low Pearson coefficients were obtained. The results showed that RSM is a useful tool to develop soy-based emulsions and model some chromatic features of guava-based emulsions through RSM.

Conservação de sementes de soja pela aplicação de produtos à base de ácido propiônico

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a viabilidade da aplicação de produtos à base de ácido propiônico no armazenamento de sementes de soja com elevado teor de água. Dois lotes de sementes de soja da cultivar BR-16, com teor de água inicial de 9,9% e 17,3% b.u., foram tratados com as doses equivalentes a 0 (zero), 2 e 4L t-1 de um produto comercial à base de 55% de propionato de amônia e 15% de hidróxido de amônia e armazenados por 60 dias em condições ambientais de laboratório. O delineamento experimental adotado foi completamente casualizado. No início e final do período de armazenamento avaliaram-se teor de água, germinação, comprimento de raiz primária, vigor e viabilidade no teste de tetrazólio e, somente no final do armazenamento, a emergência a campo. A partir dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a aplicação de 2 L t- 1 do produto à base de propionato e hidróxido de amônia propicia melhor conservação de sementes secas de soja e que o armazenamento de sementes úmidas de soja (17% b.u.) tratadas com produto à base de propionato e hidróxido de amônia não é uma prática recomendável.