Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and nicotine withdrawal: a qualitative study of patient perceptions

Background: Nicotine use has been reported to ameliorate symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Furthermore, adults with ADHD have a relatively high prevalence of cigarette smoking and greater difficulty abstaining from smoking. Overall, though, there is scant literature investigating the beliefs, perceptions and experiences of smokers with ADHD regarding smoking cessation and withdrawal. Methods: Our participants (n = 20) fulfilling criteria for ADHD and a past or current dependence from nicotine were recruited from the in- and outpatient clinic of the Zurich University Psychiatric Hospital and the Psychiatric Services Aargau (Switzerland). We conducted in-depth interviews to explore their motivations to quit, past experiences with and expectations about quitting using a purposeful sampling plan. The sample was selected to provide diversity in relation to level of nicotine dependence, participation in a smoking-cessation program, gender, age, martial status and social class. Mayring’s qualitative content analysis approach was used to evaluate findings. Results: Adult smokers with ADHD had made several attempts to quit, experienced intense withdrawal symptoms, and relapsed early and often. They also often perceived a worsening of ADHD symptoms with nicotine abstinence. We identified three motives to quit smoking: 1) health concerns, 2) the feeling of being addicted, and 3) social factors. Most participants favored a smoking cessation program specifically designed for individuals with ADHD because they thought ADHD complicated their nicotine withdrawal and that an ADHD-specific smoking cessation program should address specific symptoms of this disorder. Conclusions: Since treatment initiation and adherence associate closely with perception, we hope these findings will result in better cessation interventions for the vulnerable subgroup of smokers with ADHD. Keywords: ADHD, Nicotine, Withdrawal, Subjective, Qualitative, Narrative

Amor libre; interviews voluptuosos con Roberto de las Carreras.

Mode of access: Internet.

Nominations of Anna Blackburne-Rigsby, Thomas Motley, and John Mott : hearing before the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Sixth Congress, second session, on nominations of Anne Blackburne-Rigsby, Thomas Motley, and John Mott, to be Associate Judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, May 10, 2000.

Shipping list no.: 2000-0347-P.

Negro slavery; : a review of conditions preceding the civil war, by Anna Hoppe.

Mode of access: Internet.

Anna Lee: The maiden - the wife - the mother, a tale.

Mode of access: Internet.

Anna Lombard /

Mode of access: Internet.

Results of automotive test equipment manufacturer interviews. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Letters of Anna Seward : written between the years 1784 and 1807.

Preface by A. Constable to whom the letters were left for publication.

The notebooks of Anna Magdelena Bach. [music] : from the years 1722 and 1725 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Anna Karenina,

Translated by Rochelle S. Townsend.

Seventeen years in the Yoruba country : memorials of Anna Hinderer, wife of the Rev. David Hinderer, C.M.S. missionary in Western Africa /

Mode of access: Internet.

Portrait of a Woman, possibly Anna Codde (1504-?)

Marten van Heemskerck; 2 ft. 10 3/32 in.x 2 ft. 2 1/16 in.; oil on panel

Anna Karenina : Roman v vos mi c asta h /

Mode of access: Internet.