715 resultados para Fragile steels


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Parin viime vuosikymmenen aikana on kehitetty huomattavasti entistä lujempia teräslaatuja, joiden käyttö ei kuitenkaan ole yleistynyt läheskään samaan tahtiin. Korkeamman hinnan lisäksi yksi merkittävä syy tähän on, että suunnittelijoilla ei usein ole riittäviä tietoja siitä, millaisissa tilanteissa lujemman teräslaadun käytöstä on merkittävää hyötyä. Tilannetta ei myöskään helpota se, että käytössä olevat standardit eivät tarjoa lainkaan ohjeistusta kaikkein lujimpien, myötörajaltaan yli 700MPa terästen käyttöön ja mitoitukseen. Tässä työssä pyritään tarjoamaan suunnittelijalle ohjeita ja nyrkkisääntöjä sopivan lujuusluokan ja profiilin valintaan sekä yleisesti lujempien teräslaatujen käyttöön. Lujemman teräslaadun käytöllä voidaan keventää suunniteltavaa rakennetta ja saada aikaan huomattavia painonsäästöjä. Usein ongelmaksi nousevat kuitenkin stabiiliuskriteerit, sillä teräksen lommahduskestävyys määräytyy suuresti sen lujuusluokasta siten, että mitä lujempaa teräs on, sitä helpommin se lommahtaa. Kun tämä yhdistetään siihen, että lujempaa terästä käytettäessä rakenteesta tulee optimoituna muutenkin pienempi ja kevyempi, kasvaa näiden kahden asian yhteisvaikutuksena kantokyvyn mukaan mitoitetun rakenteen taipuma korkeampiin lujuusluokkiin edetessä hyvin nopeasti sallittujen rajojen yli. Työssä etsitään siksi keinoja sopivan kompromissin löytämiseksi lujuuden ja jäykkyyden välille. Koska muotoilulla ja poikkileikkauksella on suuri merkitys sekä taipuman että stabiliteetin kannalta, tutkitaan erilaisia poikkileikkausvaihtoehtoja ja etsitään optimaalista poikkileikkausta taivutuspalkille matemaattisen optimointimallin avulla. Kun eri poikkileikkausvaihtoehdot on käsitelty ja optimoitu taivutuksen suhteen, tutkitaan poikkileikkauksia myös muissa kuormitustapauksissa. Huomattavan raskaan laskentatyön takia apuna käytetään Matlab-ohjelmistoa itse optimointiin ja Femap-ohjelmaa muiden kuormitustapausten tutkimiseen ja tulosten verifioitiin.

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Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia lujan nuorrutetun painelaiteteräksen P500QL2 hitsattavuutta ja koehitsausten avulla löytää optimaaliset hitsausparametrit ja lämmöntuonti teräksen hitsaukseen. Työn tavoitteena oli myös selvittää ja käsitellä kaikkien painelaiteterässtandardissa esitettyjen lujien painelaiteterästen hitsauksessa huomioon otettavia asioita. Työn teoriaosuudessa käsitellään lujien painelaiteterästen hitsauksessa huomioitavia erityispiirteitä, kuten lämmöntuontia, jäähtymisaikaa, esilämmitystä sekä hitsausaineiden valintaa. Lisäksi teoriaosuudessa käsitellään painelaitteiden valmistusta, painelaiteterässtandardiin kuuluvia lujia painelaiteteräksiä sekä keinoja lujien terästen hitsattavuuden arviointiin. Työn kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin aineenvahvuudeltaan 50 mm paksun P500QL2-teräksen päittäisliitoksen mekaanisia ominaisuuksia eri lämmöntuonneilla hitsattuna. Kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin myös myöstön poisjättämisen vaikutuksia liitoksen mekaanisiin ominaisuuksiin. Mekaanisia ominaisuuksia tutkittiin toteuttamalla koekappaleiden aineenkoetus menetelmäkoestandardin vaatimuksia soveltaen. Tutkimuksessa käytettyjä testausmenetelmiä olivat silmämääräinen tarkastus, magneettijauhetarkastus, ultraäänitarkastus, mikro- ja makrorakennetarkastelu, kovuuskokeet, vetokokeeet ja iskukokeet. Testauksessa saatujen tulosten avulla lujan painelaiteteräksen P500QL2 hitsaukseen laadittiin alustava hitsausohje. Hitsausliitosten testauksessa saatujen tulosten perusteella havaittiin hitsien lujuuden ja kovuuden laskevan lämmöntuonnin kasvaessa. Hitsausliitosten iskusitkeysominaisuudet olivat erinomaiset vielä suurellakin lämmöntuonnilla, mutta liitosten murtovenymäarvot laskivat lämmöntuonnin kasvaessa. Myöstön havaittiin parantavan hitsin mekaanisia ominaisuuksia huomattavasti. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella painelaiteteräs P500QL2 on hitsattavissa suurella lämmöntuonnilla ja suurella tuottavuudella liitoksen täyttäessä painelaitevalmistuksen edellyttämät vaatimukset.

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Viime vuosien aikana tapahtunut nikkelin hinnan nouseminen on vaikuttanut austeniittis-ferriittisten ruostumattomien terästen, ns. duplex -terästen kehittämiseen. Niukkaseosteisemmissa lean duplex -teräksissä seostetun nikkelin määrää on vähennetty ja sitä on korvattu typellä ja mangaanilla. Nämä muutokset ko. terästen seostuksessa aiheuttavat haasteita hitsaukselle, erityisesti austeniitti-ferriitti -suhteen säilyttämisessä, sekä sitä kautta iskusitkeyden ja korroosio-ominaisuuksien säilyttämiselle. Suurempi typen osuus myös lisää teräksen hitsisulan viskositeettia, mikä heikentää juuripalkojen hitsauksessa tunkeumaa. Tässsä diplomityössä on tutkittu keinoja helpottaa paksujen (yli 20 mm) lean duplex -teräslevyjen hitsausta käytännön näkökulmasta, sekä parantaa hitsattujen levyjen iskusitkeyttä. Hitsauskokeilla löydettiin hitsausta helpottavia menetelmiä ja kokeista saatiin karsimalla valikoitua hitsausarvot, joilla pystytään hitsaamaan painelaitedirektiivin mukaisesti hyväksyttäviä hitsejä lean duplex -laatuihin LDX2101 ja UR2202.

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In bromeliad populations, amount of light and available substrates influence individuals spatial organization. In Atlantic Rainforest of Ilha Grande, the heliophylous bromeliad Neoregelia johannis is a large and abundant species. In this forest, it would be expected that N. johannis would occupy stable substrates, as large trunks, large branches, rock boulders or ground, with high sunlight, enough for the bromeliad survivor. In the present work, we analyzed the distribution and most used substrates of N. johannis in secondary forest. We analyzed the frequency of reproductive modes (sexual and vegetative) used by the bromeliad shoots, registering if the shoots were originated from seeds or by vegetative reproduction. The results indicated an aggregated distribution pattern (Ip = 0.052). The preferred substrate was boulders (91%), whereas tree trunks (6%) and the ground (3%) were rarely used. Small and fragile substrates are unstable to support large adults of this species, which may explain the predominant pattern of establishment over boulders within the secondary forest, as the presence of this substrate also results in more opened canopy cover. Approximately 50% of young individuals entered the population by vegetative reproduction. We conclude that the preferential habit and the aggregated distribution of N. johannis are due to the conjunction of preferred substrate with higher amount of light resulting from breaks in tree canopy over areas with rock blocks, and high frequency of recruitment by vegetative reproduction.

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Diplomityössä tarkastellaan kohdeyrityksen hitsatuille teräsrakenteille asetettuja vaatimuksia Norjan ja Venäjän arktisilla alueilla. Teknisten vaatimusten lisäksi tutkitaan terästen kylmäkäyttäytymistä ja hitsaustuotannolle kohdistettuja vaatimuksia. Tutkimuksen lopussa käsitellään Venäjän ja Norjan markkinoiden erityispiirteitä ja keinoja markkinoille pääsemiseksi. Tutkimuksen perusteella havaitaan, että kohdeyritys voi suunnitella ja valmistaa sekä Norjan että Venäjän vaatimusten mukaisia rakenteita ilman suuria muutoksia rakenteisiin tai hitsaustuotantoon. Materiaalien ja valmistuksen laadun sekä niiden valvonnan merkitys korostuu arktisissa hankkeissa. Yrityksellä on käytössään standardit EN 1090, ISO 9001, ISO 3834 ja ISO 14122, jotka edesauttavat yrityksen kansainvälistymistä. Hitsattujen rakenteiden haurasmurtumariski kasvaa kylmissä olosuhteissa. Haurasmurtuman ydintymistä edesauttavat tekijät täytyy tunnistaa ja niitä on vältettävä suunnittelussa ja valmistuksessa. Lujempien ja sitkeämpien terästen käyttäminen kylmissä olosuhteissa on perusteltua, mutta ne asettavat omat haasteensa hitsaukselle.

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Antithrombotic treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a delicate balancing between the risk of thromboembolism and the risk of bleeding. The purpose of this dissertation was to analyze current antithrombotic treatment strategies at the periprocedural stage and report outcomes in-hospital and at 1-month follow-up, and to evaluate the effect of renal impairment and predictive values of various bleeding scores on 1-year outcome after PCI in patients with AF. The first article was based on retrospective data from 7 Finnish hospitals between 2002–2006 (n=377), while the others were based on a prospective 17-center European register (AFCAS) gathered between 2008–2010 (n=963). The main findings in patients with AF undergoing PCI were: The use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors during PCI was associated with a four- to five-fold increase in the risk of major bleeding (I). Uninterrupted warfarin treatment did not increase perioperative complications and seemed to decrease bleeding complications compared to heparin bridging (II). Already mild renal impairment (eGFR 60–90mL/min) was associated with a 2.3-fold risk of all-cause mortality during the 12 months following PCI (III). Major adverse cardiac events occurred in 4.5% and bleeding complications in 7.1% of patients in the AFCAS register by 1-month follow-up (IV). In a study of patients in AFCAS register, all currently used bleeding risk scores were poor predictors of bleeding complications by 1-year follow-up (V). The findings will help improve treatment strategies for this fragile patient population with a high risk of bleeding and thrombotic complications.

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Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized as needed by NO synthase (NOS), is involved in spinogenesis and synaptogenesis. Immature spine morphology is characteristic of fragile X syndrome (FXS). The objective of this research was to investigate and compare changes of postnatal neuronal NOS (nNOS) expression in the hippocampus of male fragile X mental retardation 1 gene knockout mice (FMR1 KO mice, the animal model of FXS) and male wild-type mice (WT) at postnatal day 7 (P7), P14, P21, and P28. nNOS mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (N = 4-7) and nNOS protein was estimated by Western blot (N = 3) and immunohistochemistry (N = 1). In the PCR assessment, primers 5’-GTGGCCATCGTGTCCTACCATAC-3’ and 5’-GTTTCGAGGCAGGTGGAAGCTA-3’ were used for the detection of nNOS and primers 5’-CCGTTTCTCCTGGCTCAGTTTA-3’ and 5’-CCCCAATACCACATCATCCAT-3’ were used for the detection of β-actin. Compared to the WT group, nNOS mRNA expression was significantly decreased in FMR1 KO mice at P21 (KO: 0.2857 ± 0.0150, WT: 0.5646 ± 0.0657; P < 0.05). Consistently, nNOS immunoreactivity also revealed reduced staining intensity at P21 in the FMR1 KO group. Western blot analysis validated the immunostaining results by demonstrating a significant reduction in nNOS protein levels in the FMR1 KO group compared to the WT group at P21 (KO: 0.3015 ± 0.0897, WT: 1.7542 ± 0.5455; P < 0.05). These results suggest that nNOS was involved in the postnatal development of the hippocampus in FXS and impaired NO production may retard spine maturation in FXS.

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Tämän työn tavoitteena oli selvittää eurooppalaisen teräsrakenteiden suunniteltustandardin, Eurokoodi 3:n, soveltuvuus ultralujille teräksille. Tällä hetkellä kyseinen standardi pitää sisällään teräslajit vain S700-teräslajiin asti. Tässä kandidaatintyössä selvitettiin S960 QC –teräksisen I-palkin äärikestävyys ja tarkasteltiin nykyisten suunnitteluohjeiden paikkansapitävyyttä.

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The construction of offshore structures, equipment and devices requires a high level of mechanical reliability in terms of strength, toughness and ductility. One major site for mechanical failure, the weld joint region, needs particularly careful examination, and weld joint quality has become a major focus of research in recent times. Underwater welding carried out offshore faces specific challenges affecting the mechanical reliability of constructions completed underwater. The focus of this thesis is on improvement of weld quality of underwater welding using control theory. This research work identifies ways of optimizing the welding process parameters of flux cored arc welding (FCAW) during underwater welding so as to achieve desired weld bead geometry when welding in a water environment. The weld bead geometry has no known linear relationship with the welding process parameters, which makes it difficult to determine a satisfactory weld quality. However, good weld bead geometry is achievable by controlling the welding process parameters. The doctoral dissertation comprises two sections. The first part introduces the topic of the research, discusses the mechanisms of underwater welding and examines the effect of the water environment on the weld quality of wet welding. The second part comprises four research papers examining different aspects of underwater wet welding and its control and optimization. Issues considered include the effects of welding process parameters on weld bead geometry, optimization of FCAW process parameters, and design of a control system for the purpose of achieving a desired bead geometry that can ensure a high level of mechanical reliability in welded joints of offshore structures. Artificial neural network systems and a fuzzy logic controller, which are incorporated in the control system design, and a hybrid of fuzzy and PID controllers are the major control dynamics used. This study contributes to knowledge of possible solutions for achieving similar high weld quality in underwater wet welding as found with welding in air. The study shows that carefully selected steels with very low carbon equivalent and proper control of the welding process parameters are essential in achieving good weld quality. The study provides a platform for further research in underwater welding. It promotes increased awareness of the need to improve the quality of underwater welding for offshore industries and thus minimize the risk of structural defects resulting from poor weld quality.

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Tässä kandidaatintyössä käsitellään suurlujuusteräksiä ja niiden hitsausta, keskittyen varsinkin hitsauksessa perusaineeseen syntyvään muutosvyöhykkeeseen. Työn alkuosio on suoritettu kirjallisuustutkimuksena ja siinä käydään läpi yleisesti suurlujuusterästen määrittelyä, valmistustapoja, hitsausta ja hitsaukseen liittyviä erityisnäkökohtia. Työn loppuosassa on tutustuttu suurlujuusteräksiä hitsattaessa syntyvään muutosvyöhykkeeseen koehitsien avulla. Suurlujuusteräksille ei ole luotu yleistä standardisoitua määrittelyasteikkoa, mutta teräksiä aletaan usein pitämään suurlujuusteräksinä kun niiden myötöraja ylittään 460–550 MPa. Tällaisia teräksiä voidaan valmistaa pääasiassa joko nuorruttamalla, termomekaanisesti valssaamalla tai suorakarkaisemalla. Valmistustavalla on suuri vaikutus teräksen hitsattavuuteen. Nuorrutetuille teräksille hitsattaessa muodostuvan muutosvyöhykkeen karkearakeisen osion raekoko voi kasvaa huomattavasti varsinkin suurempia lämmöntuonteja käytettäessä ja täten aiheuttaa merkittävääkin kovuuden kasvua, kuten myös tämän kandidaatintyön koehitseissä havaittiin. Termomekaanisesti valmistetuilla teräksillä ei vastaavanlaista kovuuden kasvua yleensä ilmene. Valmistustavasta riippumatta suurlujuusterästen mekaaniset ominaisuudet vaikuttaisivat heikentyvän kyseisellä vyöhykkeellä suurempia lämmöntuonteja käytettäessä. Suurlujuusterästen hitsausliitosten laatua pyritäänkin parantamaan jatkuvasti esimerkiksi kehittämällä materiaaleista paremmin hitsattavia ja hitsausprosesseista paremmin suurlujuusteräksien erityistarpeita huomioivia.

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This investigation of geochemistry and mineralogy of heavy metals in fine grained (<63^m) sediment of the Welland River was imdertaken to: 1) describe metal dispersion patterns relative to a source, identify minerals forming and existing at the outfall region and relate sediment particle size to chemistry; 2) to delineate sample handling, preparation and evaluate, modify and develop analytical methods for heavy metal analysis of complex environmental samples. Ajoint project between Brock University and Geoscience Laboratories was initiated to test a contaminated site of the Welland River at the base of Atlas Speciality Steels Co. Methods were developed and utilized for particle size separation and two acid extraction techniques: 1) Partial extraction; 2) Total extraction. The mineralogical assessment identified calcite, dolomite, quartz and clays. These minerals are typical of the carbonate-shale rock basement of the Niagara Peninsula. Minerals such as, mullite and ferrocolumbite were found at the outfall region. These are not typical of the local geology and are generally associated with industrial pollutants. Partial and total extraction techniques were used to characterize the sediments based on chemical distribution, elemental behaviour and analytical differences. The majority of elements were lower in concentration in the partial extraction technique; suggesting these elements are bound in an acid extractable phase (exchangeable, organic and carbonate phases). The total extraction technique yielded higher elemental concentrations taking difficult oxides and silicates into solution. Geochemical analyses of grain size separates revealed that heavy metal (Co, Ni, V, Mn, Fe, Ba) concentrations did not increase with decreasing grain size. This is a function of the anthropogenic mill scale input into the river. The background elements (Sc, Y, Sr, Mg, Al and Ti) showed an increase in concentration to the finest grain size suggesting that it is directly related to the local mineralogy and geology. Dispersion patterns ofmetals fall into two distinct categories: 1) the heavy metals (Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, V and Cr), and 2) the background elements (Be, Sc, Y, Sr, Al and Ti). The heavy metals show a marked increase in the outfall region, while the background elements show a significant decrease at the outfall. This pattern is attributed to a "dilution effect" ofthe natural sediments by the anthropogenic mill scale sediments. Multivariant statistical analysis and correlation coefficient matrix results clearly support these results and conclusions. These results indicate the outfall region ofthe Welland River is highly contaminated with to heavy metals from the industrialized area of Welland. A short distance downstream, the metal concentrations return to baseline geochemical levels. It appears, contaminants rapidly come out of suspension and are deposited in close proximity to the source. Therefore, it is likely that dredging the sediment from the river may cause resuspension of contaminated sediments, but may not distribute the sediment as far as initially anticipated.

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Failed and fragile states that result from intrastate war pose severe threats to the security of both the international system and individual states alike. In the post-Cold War era, the international community has come to recognize the reality of these threats and the difficulty involved in ending violence and building sustainable peace in failed and fragile states. This work focuses upon the development of a comprehensive strategy for sustainable peace-building by incorporating the tenets of the human security doctrine into the peace-building process. Through the use of case studies of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and East Timor, the development and refinement of the doctrine of human security will occur, as well as, an understanding of how and where human security fits into the sustainable peace-building equation. The end result of the analysis is the development of a hierarchical pyramid formation that brings together human security and peace-building into one framework that ultimately creates the foundation and structure of sustainable peace-building. With the development of a sustainable peace-building structure based upon the human security doctrine, the role of Canada in the support of sustainable peace-building is analyzed in relation to the form and level of involvement that Canada undertakes and contributes to in the implementation and support of sustainable peace-building initiatives. Following from this, recommendations are provided regarding what role(s) Canada should undertake in the sustainable peace-building process that take into consideration the present and likely future capabilities of Canada to be involved in various aspects of the peace-building process. ii This paper outlines the need for a peace-building strategy that is designed to be sustainable in order that failed and fragile states resulting from intrastate conflict do not regress or collapse back into a condition of civil war, and subsequently designs such a strategy. The linking of peace-building and human security creates the required framework from which sustainable peace-building is derived. Creating sustainable peace is necessary in order to increase the likelihood that both present and future generations existing in failed and fragile states will be spared from the scourge of intrastate war.

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Failed and fragile states that result from intrastate war pose severe threats to the security of both the international system and individual states alike. In the post-Cold War era, the international community has come to recognize the reality of these threats and the difficulty involved in ending violence and building sustainable peace in failed and fragile states. This work focuses upon the development of a comprehensive strategy for sustainable peace-building by incorporating the tenets of the human security doctrine into the peace-building process. Through the use of case studies of The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and East Timor, the development and refinement of the doctrine of human security will occur, as well as, an understanding of how and where human security fits into the sustainable peace-building equation. The end result of the analysis is the development of a hierarchical pyramid formation that brings together human security and peace-building into one framework that ultimately creates the foundation and structure of sustainable peace-building. With the development of a sustainable peace-building structure based upon the human security doctrine, the role of Canada in the support of sustainable peace-building is analyzed in relation to the form and level of involvement that Canada undertakes and contributes to in the implementation and support of sustainable peace-building initiatives. Following from this, recommendations are provided regarding what role(s) Canada should undertake in the sustainable peace-building process that take into consideration the present and likely future capabilities of Canada to be involved in various aspects of the peace-building process. ii This paper outlines the need for a peace-building strategy that is designed to be sustainable in order that failed and fragile states resulting from intrastate conflict do not regress or collapse back into a condition of civil war, and subsequently designs such a strategy. The linking of peace-building and human security creates the required framework from which sustainable peace-building is derived. Creating sustainable peace is necessary in order to increase the likelihood that both present and future generations existing in failed and fragile states will be spared from the scourge of intrastate war.

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Individuals who have sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) often complain of t roubl e sleeping and daytime fatigue but little is known about the neurophysiological underpinnings of the s e sleep difficulties. The fragile sleep of thos e with a TBI was predicted to be characterized by impairments in gating, hyperarousal and a breakdown in sleep homeostatic mechanisms. To test these hypotheses, 20 individuals with a TBI (18- 64 years old, 10 men) and 20 age-matched controls (18-61 years old, 9 men) took part in a comprehensive investigation of their sleep. While TBI participants were not recruited based on sleep complaint, the fmal sample was comprised of individuals with a variety of sleep complaints, across a range of injury severities. Rigorous screening procedures were used to reduce potential confounds (e.g., medication). Sleep and waking data were recorded with a 20-channel montage on three consecutive nights. Results showed dysregulation in sleep/wake mechanisms. The sleep of individuals with a TBI was less efficient than that of controls, as measured by sleep architecture variables. There was a clear breakdown in both spontaneous and evoked K-complexes in those with a TBI. Greater injury severities were associated with reductions in spindle density, though sleep spindles in slow wave sleep were longer for individuals with TBI than controls. Quantitative EEG revealed an impairment in sleep homeostatic mechanisms during sleep in the TBI group. As well, results showed the presence of hyper arousal based on quantitative EEG during sleep. In wakefulness, quantitative EEG showed a clear dissociation in arousal level between TBls with complaints of insomnia and TBls with daytime fatigue. In addition, ERPs indicated that the experience of hyper arousal in persons with a TBI was supported by neural evidence, particularly in wakefulness and Stage 2 sleep, and especially for those with insomnia symptoms. ERPs during sleep suggested that individuals with a TBI experienced impairments in information processing and sensory gating. Whereas neuropsychological testing and subjective data confirmed predicted deficits in the waking function of those with a TBI, particularly for those with more severe injuries, there were few group differences on laboratory computer-based tasks. Finally, the use of correlation analyses confirmed distinct sleep-wake relationships for each group. In sum, the mechanisms contributing to sleep disruption in TBI are particular to this condition, and unique neurobiological mechanisms predict the experience of insomnia versus daytime fatigue following a TBI. An understanding of how sleep becomes disrupted after a TBI is important to directing future research and neurorehabilitation.