Projeto raia de fogo: aspectos populacionais da raia de fogo (Dasyatis marianae Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) e pesca de elasmobrânquios no complexo recifal do Parracho de Maracajaú

The species Dasyatis marianae inhabits coastal areas associated with coral reefs, considered endemic to the northeast of Brazil, occurring from the State of Maranhão to the south of Bahia. Specimens of this species are commonly sighted by divers and fishermen in the area of Maracajaú reefs, a complex reef that is part of the Environmental Protection Area of Coral Reefs (EPACR), which was developed in this study about the ecology and biology of the D. marianae, in order to characterize aspects of population structure in the area of the reef complex of Parracho de Maracajaú. We analyzed 120 specimens caught by artisanal fishing site of the size, weight, sex, stage of maturity and stomach contents. Most subjects were adult males (1.7:1) and was more abundant for rays with lengths between 25 and 29cm of LD, where females reach larger sizes, a feature common to other rays. The largest specimens were captured in the area of seagrass, which is preferred for the species. The distribution of species in the area showed an ontogenetic and sexual segregation, where the youthful occur near the beach, which is a likely area for nursery and growth of the adult females prevail in the seagrass, which apparently has a high prey availability, and Adult males are more distant, a higher proportion occurring in outlying areas, suggesting a habit more exploratory than the females. The evaluation of the reproductive system indicated 3 reproductive cycles per year, one young per pregnancy, and showed that the mature males were smaller than females. The cubs of D. marianae size at birth 12 to 15cm LD. As for diet, the species was characterized as carnivorous crustacean specialist. The performance of visual censuses in different localities allowed to evaluate the density of D. marianae in different environments of the complex. The species occurs in greater numbers in seagrass, environment very important for the conservation of the species. 100 individuals of D. marianae marked in reef complex area enrolled in a recapture rate of 3%. Some behavioral aspects were evaluated, as diurnal pattern of activity, interaction with cleaning and fish Pomacanthus paru followers as Lutjanus analis and Carangoides bartholomaei. Overall, much of the information obtained should be used for management of the species

DOCUMENT CONTROL OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY GULF OF NICOYA, COSTA RICA

In Costa Rica, the documentary check is carried out, is insufficient, the increase in book production, making it difficult to keep track of document production in different formats or themes.Therefore it is necessary to have a documentary Control of Marine Biodiversity of the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, including from 1882 to early 2006, to serve as a contribution to cultural and scientific heritage, benefiting users and researchers concerned in the issue of marine biodiversity.This control will help to rescue the national and individual identity, being a contribution to national and universal document control, performed with standards set at national, regional or international helps to have the information, properly systematized, it is also a legacy to research in marine sciences and coastal favor the National University of Costa Rica currently has two stations in marine biology and coastal area at the sole attraction the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica.

L'étain et les organoétains en milieu marin. Biogéochimie et écotoxicologie.

This report synthesizes the knowledge on the biogeochemical cycle, bioconcentration processes and ecotoxicity of tin and organotins in the marine environment. Concentrations levels, biomethylation mechanisms and exchanges between sediments and water are assessed. Emphasis is given on tributyltin sublethal effects, toxicity mechanisms and no effect levels for the most sensitive organisms. Regulations on the use of organotins as antifoulants in paints are examined. Conclusions and recommendations for environmental management and research are given.

Determinación de la Flora Bacteriana Nasal y Cloacal de la Tortuga “golfina” Lepidochelys olivacea, Especie Anidante en el Área Natural Protegida Complejo Los Cóbanos. Sonsonate, El Salvador

Durante su ciclo de vida las tortugas marinas están expuestas a muchos peligros, cada año mueren al ser capturadas accidentalmente en las redes de pesca, víctimas de la pérdida de hábitat de áreas de alimentación y anidación, debido al desarrollo costero e incremento del turismo, lo anterior ha ocasionado que se les considere como especies en peligro o amenazadas de extinción. La mayoría de las enfermedades de las tortugas marinas aún no han sido descritas; por lo que es necesario conocer las bacterias que se encuentran presente en el organismo y los posibles vectores de enfermedades. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la composición de la flora bacteriana en el área nasal y cloacal de las tortugas marinas Lepidochelys olivacea durante su época de anidación entre los meses de junio a octubre del año 2012, se colectaron muestras bacteriológicas provenientes de 20 hembras anidantes mediante recorridos nocturnos en tres playas El Faro, El Cocal y Salinitas pertenecientes al Área Natural Protegida Complejos Los Cóbanos Departamento de Sonsonate, El Salvador. Las muestras se colectaron a través del uso de hisopos estériles que se introdujeron en la cloaca durante el desove y en uno de los conductos nasales. Estas fueron trasladadas en al laboratorio de Biología de la Universidad de El Salvador en menos de 24 horas para su posterior análisis. En el laboratorio las muestras nasales fueron cultivadas en agar sangre, MacConkey y agar manitol sal, las cloacales fueron cultivadas en agar sangre, MacConkey, TCBS y XLD, a todas las colonias aisladas se les realizaron pruebas bioquímicas rutinarias IMVIC. Además se utilizó API 20E.

Radiogenic isotopes in the Mediterranean Sea: water mass exchange and precessional variability during the Messinian

During the late Miocene, exchange between the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean changed dramatically, culminating in the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). Understanding Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange at that time could answer the enigmatic question of how so much salt built up within the Mediterranean, while furthering the development of a framework for future studies attempting to understand how changes may have impacted global thermohaline circulation. Due to their association with specific water masses at different scales, radiogenic Sr, Pb, and Nd isotope records were generated from various archives contained within marine deposits to endeavour to understand better late Miocene Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange. The archives used include foraminiferal calcite (Sr), fish teeth and bone (Nd), dispersed authigenic ferromanganese oxyhydroxides (Nd, Pb), and a ferromanganese crust (Pb). The primary focus is on sediments preserved at one end of the Betic corridor, a gateway that once connected the Mediterranean to the Atlantic through southern Spain, although other locations are investigated. The Betic gateway terminated within several marginal sub-basins before entering the Western Mediterranean; one of these is the Sorbas Basin, a well-studied location whose sediments have been astronomically tuned at high temporal resolution, providing the necessary age control for sub-precessional resolution records. Since the climatic history of the Mediterranean is strongly controlled by precessional changes in regional climate, the aim was to produce records at high (sub-precessional) temporal resolution, to be able to observe clearly any precessional cyclicity driven by regional climate which could be superimposed over longer trends. This goal was achieved for all records except the ferromanganese crust record. The 87Sr/86Sr isotope record (Ch. 3) shows precessional frequency excursions away from the global seawater curve. As precessional frequency oscillations are unexpected for this setting, a numerical box model was used to determine the mechanisms causing the excursions. To enable parameterisation of model variables, regional Sr characteristics, data from general circulation model HadCM3L, and new benthic foraminiferal assemblage data are employed. The model results imply that the Sorbas Basin likely had a positive hydrologic budget in the late Miocene, very different to that of today. Moreover, the model indicates that the mechanism controlling the Sr isotope ratio of Sorbas Basin seawater was not restriction, but a lack of density-driven exchange with the Mediterranean. Beyond improving our understanding of how marginal Mediterranean sub-basins may evolve different isotope signatures, these results have implications for astronomical tuning and stratigraphy in the region, findings which are crucial considering the geological and climatic history of the late Miocene Mediterranean is based entirely on marginal deposits. An improved estimate for the Nd isotope signature of late Miocene Mediterranean Outflow (MO) was determined by comparing Nd isotope signatures preserved in the deeper Alborán Sea at ODP Site 978 with literature data as well as the signature preserved in the Sorbas Basin (Ch. 4; -9.34 to -9.92 ± 0.37 εNd(t)). It was also inferred that it is unlikely that Nd isotopes can be used reliably to track changes in circulation within the shallow settings characteristic of the Mediterranean-Atlantic connections; this is significant in light of a recent publication documenting corridor closure using Nd isotopes. Both conclusions will prove useful for future studies attempting to understand changes in Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange. Excursions to high values, with precessional frequency, are also observed in the radiogenic Pb isotope record for the Sorbas Basin (Ch. 5). Widening the scope to include locations further away from the gateways, records were produced for late Miocene sections on Sicily and Northern Italy, and similar precessional frequency cyclicity was observed in the Pb isotope records for these sites as well. Comparing these records to proxies for Saharan dust and available whole rock data indicates that, while further analysis is necessary to draw strong conclusions, enhanced dust production during insolation minima may be driving the observed signal. These records also have implications for astronomical tuning; peaks in Pb isotope records driven by Saharan dust may be easier to connect directly to the insolation cycle, providing improved astronomical tuning points. Finally, a Pb isotope record derived using in-situ laser ablation performed on ferromanganese crust 3514-6 from the Lion Seamount, located west of Gibraltar within the MO plume, has provided evidence that plume depth shifted during the Pliocene. The record also suggests that Pb isotopes may not be a suitable proxy for changes in late Miocene Mediterranean-Atlantic exchange, since the Pb isotope signatures of regional water masses are too similar. To develop this record, the first published instance of laser ablation derived 230Thexcess measurements are combined with 10Be dating.

El límite sur de distribución de Zostera marina L. y Phyllospadix torreyi Watson para el noroeste mexicano

Se analiza el límite sur de distribución de dos angiospermas marinas en México.

Rôle des ports dans le cycle de vie des poissons. Les ports : nurseries de sars ?

Le présent document constitue un rapport final de l’étude dont l’objectif peut s’énoncer comme suit : « les zones portuaires peuvent elles être des nurseries de sars ? ». Tenter de répondre à cette question, simple en apparence, nécessite de mener des études aux niveaux populationnel et individuel et ce afin de comprendre les processus sous-jacents. Quatre volets ont été menés. Dans le premier volet, à partir des données issues du projet Nappex, nous avons étudié les changements spatio-temporels d’abondance de quatre espèces de sars dans cinq marinas réparties le long de la façade Méditerranéenne. Dans un second volet, nous avons cherché à comparer les cinétiques de mortalité post-installation de deux espèces de sars en milieu portuaire et naturel. Dans un troisième volet, la croissance et la condition de deux mêmes espèces de sars ont été comparées entre des zones portuaires et des zones naturelles. Enfin, dans un quatrième volet, nous avons cherché à mettre en place des outils pour appréhender la migration des juvéniles des zones portuaires vers les zones naturelles pour rejoindre les populations adultes.

Uso y abuso del decreto ley

Se trata a través del trabajo de analizar sucintamente el uso que del Decreto Ley se ha hecho en las últimas legistlaturas por los diferentes ejecutivos

The frustrated accesion of the European Union to the European Convention of Human Rights: a brief analysis of opinion 2/13 of the Court of Justice of European Union

Trabajo redactado en inglés sobre la última sentencia 2/13, del Tribunal de Justicia de Europa sobre la adhesión de la Unión Europea al Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos fundamentales. Análisis de la opinión 2/13 y sus objeciones.

Growth, feed intake, survival, and histological response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing grains naturally contaminated with aflatoxin = Crecimiento, consumo de alimento, supervivencia y respuesta histológica del camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei alimentado con dietas de granos contaminados naturalmente con aflatoxinas

Two feeding trials were carried out to evaluate the effect of diets containing corn or peanut grains naturally contaminated with aflatoxins on the growth, feed intake, survival, and histological response of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In trial 1, four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 g kg–1 of total aflatoxins (TA) and fed to L. vannamei juveniles for 28 days. In trial 2, six experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 120 g kg–1 TA and fed to L. vannamei juveniles for 64 days. Feed intake and weight gain were significantly affected by the presence of aflatoxins from naturally contaminated grains. Feed conversion rate increased significantly from a level of inclusion of 60 g kg–1. Survival was significantly reduced only for shrimp fed diets supplemented with 1000 and 2000 g kg–1 TA. Shrimp exposed to higher aflatoxin inclusion levels presented significantly lower lipid vacuole levels in R-cells (12–28%), lower B-cell activity, and lower mitotic E-cell activity. Tubular epithelial atrophy increased from the inclusion level of 20 g kg–1. Hepatopancreatocyte sloughing was significantly higher in shrimp fed diets supplemented with 1000 and 2000 g kg–1 TA. It is worth noting that shrimp fed 40 g kg–1 TA presented a high hepatopancreatocyte sloughing coefficient. Based on these results we conclude that the presence of aflatoxins, even at low levels, reduces feed intake and weight gain, and alters the cells of the hepatopancreas. RESUMEN. Se llevaron a cabo dos bioensayos para evaluar el efecto de granos de maíz y maní contaminados naturalmente con aflatoxinas sobre el crecimiento, consumo de alimento, supervivencia y daños histológicos de juveniles del camarón blanco Litopenaeus vannamei. Para el bioensayo 1, se formularon cuatro dietas con 0, 500, 1000 y 2000 g kg–1 de aflatoxinas totales (AT) y se proporcionaron a juveniles de L. vannamei durante 28 días. Para el bioensayo 2, se formularon seis dietas con 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 y 120 g kg–1 AT y se proporcionaron a juveniles de L. vannamei durante 64 días. El consumo de alimento fue significativamente afectado por la presencia de aflatoxinas. La tasa de conversión alimenticia incrementó significativamente a partir de un nivel de inclusión de 60 g kg–1. La supervivencia fue significativamente reducida solamente en los camarones que fueron alimentados con las dietas suplementadas con 1000 y 2000 g kg–1 AT. Los camarones expuestos a los niveles de inclusión altos presentaron un menor nivel de vacuolas lipídicas en las células R (12–28%), y una menor actividad de las células B y de la actividad mitótica de las células E. La atrofia de los túbulos del epitelio se incrementó a partir de un nivel de inclusión de 20 g kg–1. La descamación de las células del hepatopáncreas fue significativamente mayor en camarones alimentados con las dietas suplementadas con 1000 y 2000 g kg–1 AT, mientras que para las dosis bajas no se observaron diferencias significativas, aunque en camarones alimentados a partir de 40 g kg–1 AT se observa un coeficiente de descamación alto. Con base en los resultados, se concluye que la presencia de aflatoxinas, incluso a niveles bajos, reduce el consumo de alimento y el aumento de peso y altera las células del hepatopáncreas.