Armourstone revetments : will standard design criteria prevent failure? /

Bank stabilization structures are used to prevent the loss of valuable land within the urban environment and the decision for the type of structure used depends on the properties of the stream. In the urban areas of Southern Ontario there is a preference for the use of armourstone blocks as bank stabilization. The armourstone revetment is a free standing stone structure with large blocks of stone layered vertically and offset from one another. During fieldwork at Forty Mile Creek in Grimsby, Ontario armourstone failure was identified by the removal of two stones within one column from the wall. Since the footer stones were still in place, toe scour was eliminated as a cause of failure. Through theoretical, field, and experimental work the process of suction has been identified as a mode of failure for the armourstone wall and the process of suction works similarly to quarrying large blocks of rock off bedrock streambeds. The theory of lateral suction has previously not been taken into consideration for the design of these walls. The physical and hydraulic evidence found in the field and studied during experimental work indicate that the armourstone wall is vulnerable to the process of suction. The forces exerted by the flow and the resistance of the block determine the stability of the armourstone block within the wall. The design of the armourstone wall, high surface velocities, and short pulses of faster flowing water within the profile could contribute to armourstone failure by providing the forces needed for suction to occur, therefore adjustments to the design of the wall should be made in order to limit the effect.

Analysis of the late correspondence between our administration and Great Britain & France, with an attempt to show what are the real causes of the failure of the negotiation.

Ten pieces originally published in the Columbian Centinel. A later edition with imprint New York, Printed for E. Sargeant, 1809, contains two additional pieces.

Conscription Letter Envelope

An envelope from the Army and Navy Department "The International Committee of Young Men's Christian Associations (in the Field) General Office". The handwritten note on the front reads: "Capsule that decided someone's fate for conscription".

Envelope Addressed to Miss Julia Woodruff

Envelope addressed to Miss Julia Woodruff of St. Davids. Postmarks include: Suspension Bridge, N.Y., May 20, 1857; Clifton, May 20, 1857 and St. Davids, May 21, 1857.

Envelope Addressed to Noah Phelps, Lincoln Paper Mill Co.

Envelope addressed to Noah Phelps, Lincoln Paper Mill Co. with no postmarks, Merritton [In about 1877 Noah Phelps, Samuel Woodruff, Partrick Joseph Larkin and John Conlon were involved in the founding of a paper mill with Sylvester Neelon], n.d.

Envelope sent to Mr. Welland D. Woodruff at Thomas Cooks and Sons, Columbo, Indiana

Envelope postmarked Indo-Ceylon, special flight X’mas 1936, Bombay, Jan. 1937 and Thomas Cook and Son, Jan. 2, 1937. The letter is addressed to Mr. Welland D. Woodruff at Thomas Cook and Son, Columbo, India. This is crossed out and sent on to Royal Trust Co. 3 St. James St., London, England. This is crossed out and finally sent to the Mayfair Hotel, London, England, 1936-1937.

Letter and envelope addressed to Mr. Samuel D. Woodruff of St. Catharines

Letter and envelope addressed to Mr. Samuel D. Woodruff of St. Catharines. The envelope is postmarked St. Catharines, Dec. 31, 1887, Port Robinson, Dec. 31, 1887 and Welland, Dec. 31, 1887. The letter to S.D. Woodruff from Calvin Cudney and it says that he has enclosed $35 in interest, Dec. 29, 1887.

Application for Loan, Mortgage Loan Envelope, and Abstract of Title

Atkins, Sarah A. and Carlisle A. Gardner includes: Application for Loan, July 26, 1884; Mortgage Loan Envelope no. 255 for July 1, 1884 – July 1, 1889 and Abstract of Title, August 28, 1884.

Cogswell, Maria, includes: Application for loan on Real Estate, Insurance Policy, Mortgage Loan Envelope

Cogswell, Maria, includes: Application for loan on Real Estate, Feb. 20, 1882; Insurance Policy no. 2199780 from the Royal Insurance Company of Liverpool, March 17, 1887 and Mortgage Loan Envelope for mortgage no. 1535 from March 1, 1882 – March 1, 1887.

Crew, Isaac M., includes: Application for Loan, Mortgage Loan Envelope, and Abstract of Title

Crew, Isaac M., includes: Application for Loan, March 10, 1885; Mortgage Loan Envelope no. 679 for Jan. 1, 1885 – Jan. 1, 1890 and Abstract of Title, April 13, 1885.

Crick, Henry A., includes Application for Loan, and Mortgage Loan Envelope

Crick, Henry A., includes Application for Loan, Jan. 8, 1885 and Mortgage Loan Envelope no. 637 for Jan. 1, 1885 – Jan. 1, 1890.

Mank, Isaac, Mortgage Loan Envelope no. 640

Mank, Isaac, Mortgage Loan Envelope no. 640 for Jan. 1, 1885 – Jan. 1, 1890

Sampson, Albert, includes Application for a Loan on Real Estate, and an envelope with Mr. Sampson’s name crossed out

Sampson, Albert, includes Application for a Loan on Real Estate, April 19, 1882 and an envelope with Mr. Sampson’s name crossed out and postmarked Sept. 1882.