Establishing Culturally Sensitive Therapeutic Communities in Ghana for Individuals with Severe and Persistent Mental Illnesses

This paper makes a proposal for the establishment of therapeutic communities for people with severe and persistent mental illnesses in Ghana. It discusses the history and features of therapeutic communities, as well as the elements that make it compatible with the agenda of the new 2012 Ghana mental health bill. This paper also discusses the present state of mental health care in this West African country and how the establishment of therapeutic communities will promote recovery of people with severe and persistent mental illness, and change the perception of chronic mental illness in Ghana. A discussion of potential modifications of the therapeutic community is offered as well as justifications for maintaining other structural aspects should this establishment materialize in Ghana. The costs of setting up therapeutic communities in this third world country are addressed with the offered conclusion that costs far outweigh the benefits. Finally, given the endeavor of the proposed therapeutic communities to assist in deinstitutionalization of care, cautions are made in this paper to ensure that the trends experienced in the United States with deinstitutionalization are not replicated in Ghana. A proposal is made in the conclusion for Ghana to move past therapeutic communities when developmentally able- to community mental health centers which were in part established to account for some of the fallouts of deinstitutionalization by providing a comprehensive and extensive range of services for people with severe and persistent mental illness.

Geochemistry and stable isotope record of the hydtrothermally altered lower sheeted dike complex in ODP Hole 140-504B

Drilling during Legs 137 and 140 of the Ocean Drilling Program deepened Hole 504B, the only hole to penetrate through the volcanic section and into the underlying hydrothermally altered sheeted dike complex, by 438.1 m to a total depth of 2000.4 meters below seafloor. This paper presents the secondary mineralogy, bulk-rock sulfur contents, and stable isotopic (O, S) compositions, plus oxygen isotopic compositions of secondary minerals from the lower sheeted dike complex drilled during Legs 137 and 140. Various evidence indicates higher temperatures of hydrothermal alteration in the lower dikes than in the upper dikes, including: the local presence of secondary clinopyroxene in the lower dikes; secondary anorthite and hornblende in the lower dikes vs. mainly actinolite and albite-oligoclase in the upper dikes; generally increasing Al and Ti contents of amphibole downward in the dike section; and greater 18O depletions of the lower dikes (d18O = 3.6-5.0 per mil) compared with the upper dikes. Early high-temperature alteration stages (T = 350°-500°C) resulted in 18O depletions and losses of metals (Cu, Zn) and sulfur from the rocks. Local incorporation of reduced seawater sulfate led to elevated d34S values of sulfide in the rocks (up to 2.5 per mil). Quartz + epidote formed in crosscutting veins at temperatures of 310°-320°C from more evolved fluids (d18O = 1 per mil). Late-stage lower-temperature (~250°C) reactions producing albite, prehnite, and zeolites in the rocks caused slight 18O enrichments, but these were insufficient to offset the 18O depletions caused by earlier higher-temperature reactions. Addition of anhydrite to the rocks during seawater recharge led to increased S contents of rocks that had previously lost S during axial hydrothermal alteration, and to further increases in d34S values of total S in the rocks (up to 12 per mil). Despite the evidence for seawater recharge to near the base of the sheeted dike complex, the paucity of late zeolites in the lower dikes suggests that late-stage, off-axis circulation was mainly restricted to the volcanics and shallowest dikes, or to localized high-permeability zones (faults) at depth.

(Table 2) Radiocarbon age determination from the polar planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma s for sediment core HU90-013-029

An additional Heinrich ice-rafting event is identified between Heinrich events 5 and 6 in eight cores from the Labrador Sea and the northwest Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by sediment rich in detrital carbonate (40% CaCO3) with high concentration of floating dropstones, high coarse-fraction (% > 150 µm) content, and has a sharp contact with the underlying but grades into the overlying hemipelagic sediment. It also shows lighter d18ONpl values, indicating freshening due to iceberg rafting and/or meltwater discharge. This event is correlated with Dansgaard-Oeschger event 14 and interpreted as an additional Heinrich event, H5a. The thickness of H5a in the Labrador Sea reaches up to 220 cm. This additional Heinrich event has also been reported in cores PS2644 and SO82-5 from the northern North Atlantic. With the recognition of H5a the temporal spacing between Heinrich events 1 to 6 becomes more uniform (~7 ka).

AID assistance to local government : experience and issues /

"PN-AAL-026"--Cover.

Disraeli,

Mode of access: Internet.

A churchman to churchmen : a series of lectures on matters of controversy at the present day /

Includes bibliographical references.

U-M Softball Team, 1978

Front Row: Manager Debbie Snyder, Diane Mettelman, Tammy Herremans, Debbie Allor, Anna Bullard, Theresa Gardocki, Head Coach Gloria Soluk

Second Row: Shelly Piilo, Evelyn Edgecombe, Ann Slade, Kathy VanDeusen, Katy Brady, Sheryl Tominac, Trainer Laura Pieri

Top Row: Brenda Venhuizen, Mary Hibbard, Terry Conlin, Theresa Wyckoff, Roberta Zald, Fran Wiecha, Ass't. Coach Mina Sonda

UM Men's Swimming Team, 1988

Front Row: swimming coach Jon Urbanchek, Rob Silverman, Mike Bayerl, Bill Hayes, Lee Michaud, Alec Campbell, Jan-Erick Olsen, Tim Petsche, Eric Kitchen, Martin Moran, Mike Barrowman, diving coach Dick Kimball

2nd Row: trainer Dave Tomchek, Eric Wise, D, Mott, Rick Reising, M. Smith, Alex Alvizuri, Zeb Esselstyn, Tato Ceresa, D. McNear, M. Curry, E. Gotting

3rd Row: David Parrish, Dan Dewhirst, Sean Gallagher, Steve Pancratz, Scott Van Appledorn, Dave Goch, Bill Kopas, G. Williams, Ron Howard, Rick Wilkening, A. DeLuca

Back Row: assistant coach Joe Parker, Scott Ryan, Bjoern Warland, Jarret Winter, Ron Melnyk, L. Aspenwall, Jeff Heydanek, Mats Nygren, Mike Creaser, graduate assistant Dan Kerska

UM Men's Swimming Team, 1992

Front Row: swimming coach Jon Urbanchek, Steve Duttenhofer, Steve Bigelow, Jim Hume, Noel Strauss, Greg Gooch, Brian Gunn, diving coach Dick Kimball

Middle Row: Gustavo Borges, Tom Hay, Rodney VanTassell, Matt Jaffe, Steve West, Tim Bower Chris Veber

Back Row: Bill Pettit, Dan Abruzzi, Thomas Blake, Kevin Glass, Bill Kopas, Kent Tschannen, trainer J. Petter. Eric Lesser

Not Pictured: Eric Bailey, Alex Bogaerts, Jayson Field, R. Genova, Drew Hansz, Jeff Jozwiak, John Kiani, Brad Lambert, Chad McCloud, asst. coach Mark Noetzel, Scott Pjesky, Abel Sanchez, Rob Silverman, Dan Valdes

Affirmative action and equal employment : a guidebook for employers /

Includes bibliographical references.