Energy Efficiency in Electrical Drive Systems: Technical potentials, barriers and policy approaches for small and medium industries in Ghana

Today industries and commerce in Ghana are facing enormous energy challenge. The pressure is on for industries to reduce energy consumption, lower carbon emissions and provide se-cured power supply. Industrial electric motor energy efficiency improvement is one of the most important tools to reduce global warming threat and reduce electricity bills. In order to develop a strategic industrial energy efficiency policy, it is therefore necessary to study the barriers that inhibit the implementation of cost – effective energy efficiency measures and the driving forces that promote the implementation. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the energy consumption pattern of electric motors, study factors that promote or inhibit energy efficiency improvements in EMDS and provide cost – effective solutions that improve energy efficiency to bridge the existing energy efficiency gap in the surveyed industries. The results from this thesis has revealed that, the existence of low energy efficiency in motor-driven systems in the surveyed industries were due to poor maintenance practices, absence of standards, power quality issues, lack of access to capital and limited awareness to the im-portance of energy efficiency improvements in EMDS. However, based on the results pre-sented in this thesis, a policy approach towards industrial SMEs should primarily include dis-counted or free energy audit in providing the industries with the necessary information on potential energy efficiency measures, practice best motor management programmes and estab-lish a minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) for motors imported into the country. The thesis has also shown that education and capacity development programmes, financial incentives and system optimization are effective means to promote energy efficiency in elec-tric motor – driven systems in industrial SMEs in Ghana

Improvement of Energy Efficiency in a Gold Mining Industry: Case Study of a Russian Gold Mining Company

The issue of energy efficiency is attracting more and more attention of academia, business and policy makers worldwide due to increasing environmental concerns, depletion of non-renewable energy resources and unstable energy prices. The significant importance of energy efficiency within gold mining industry is justified by considerable energy intensity of this industry as well as by the high share of energy costs in the total operational costs. In the context of increasing industrial energy consumption energy efficiency improvement may provide significant energy savings and reduction of CO2 emission that is highly important in order to contribute to the global goal of sustainability. The purpose of this research is to identify the ways of energy efficiency improvement relevant for a gold mining company. The study implements single holistic case study research strategy focused on a Russian gold mining company. The research involves comprehensive analysis of company’s energy performance including analysis of energy efficiency and energy management practices. This study provides following theoretical and managerial contributions. Firstly, it proposes a methodology for comparative analysis of energy performance of Russian and foreign gold mining companies. Secondly, this study provides comprehensive analysis of main energy efficiency challenges relevant for a Russian gold mining company. Finally, in order to overcome identified challenges this research conceives a guidance for a gold mining company for implementation of energy management system based on the ISO standard.

Energy efficiency of glassmaking production

Master’s thesis Energy efficiency of glassmaking production gives description of glassmaking production and possible energy saving measures. Due to the high electricity and fuel prices the problem of rational energy utilization rises sharply. In addition the environmental issues also require a great attention. This work represented the feasible increasing of the furnace efficiency as the most productive activity. Thesis also provides a detail description of utilizing waste heat boiler. Also possible boiler characteristics are calculated and represented at the end of the thesis. As well as brief description of the feasibility of using this method of energy saving. The solution of this problem has a huge importance. Due to the increasing of energy costs and limits of raw materials, glassmaking industry should overcome on high efficiency operation mode. Especially, if such measures is making a significant contribution in the safety of environment.

The Elucidation of the involvement of endonuclease DNase y in reducing DNA transfection efficiency in mammalian cells

Gene therapy is predicated upon efficient gene transfer. While viral vectors are the method of choice for transformation efficiency, the immunogenicity and safety concerns remain problematic. Non-viral vectors, on the other hand, have shown high degrees of safety and are mostly non-immunogenic in nature. However, non-viral vectors usually suffer from low levels oftransformation efficiency and transgene expression. Thus, increasing transformation efficiency ofnon-viral vectors, in particular by calcium phosphate co-precipitation technique, is a way of generating a suitable vector for gene therapy and is the aim of this study. It is a long known fact that different cell lines have different transfection efficiencies regardless oftransfection methodology (Lin et a!., 1994). Using commonly available cell lines Madine-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK), HeLa and Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK-293), we have shown a decreasing trend ofDNase activity based on a plasmid digestion assay. From densitometry studies, as much as a 40% reduction in DNase activity was observed when comparing HEK-293 (least active) to MDBK (most active). Using various biochemical assays, it was determined that DNase y, in particular, was expressed more highly in MDBK cells than both HeLa and HEK-293. Upon cloning of the bovine DNase y gene, we utilized the sequence information to construct antisense expressing plasmids via both traditional antisense RNA (pASDGneoM) and siRNA (psiRNA-S4, psiRNA-S11 and psiRNA-S16). For the construction ofpASDGneoM, the 3' end of the DNase y was inserted in opposite orientation under a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter such that the expression ofRNA complementary to the DNase 2 ymRNA occurred. For siRNA plasmids, the sequence was screened to yield optimal short sequences for siRNA inhibition. The silencing ofbovine DNase y led to an increase in transfection efficiency based on traditional calcium phosphate co-precipitation technique; stable clones of siRNA-producing MDBK cell lines (psiRNA-S4 Bland psiRNA-S4 B4) both demol).strated 4-fold increases in transfection efficiency. Furthermore, serial transfection of antisense DNase y plasmid pASDGneoM and reporter pCMV-~ showed a maximum of 8-fold increase in transfection efficiency when the two separate transfections were carried out 4 hours apart (i.e. transfection ofpASDGneoM, separated by four hours, then transfection ofpCMV-~). Together, these results demonstrate the involvement ofDNase y in reducing transfection efficiency, at least by traditional calcium phosphate technique.

Search engine advertising in web retailing : an efficiency analysis

This study examines the efficiency of search engine advertising strategies employed by firms. The research setting is the online retailing industry, which is characterized by extensive use of Web technologies and high competition for market share and profitability. For Internet retailers, search engines are increasingly serving as an information gateway for many decision-making tasks. In particular, Search engine advertising (SEA) has opened a new marketing channel for retailers to attract new customers and improve their performance. In addition to natural (organic) search marketing strategies, search engine advertisers compete for top advertisement slots provided by search brokers such as Google and Yahoo! through keyword auctions. The rationale being that greater visibility on a search engine during a keyword search will capture customers' interest in a business and its product or service offerings. Search engines account for most online activities today. Compared with the slow growth of traditional marketing channels, online search volumes continue to grow at a steady rate. According to the Search Engine Marketing Professional Organization, spending on search engine marketing by North American firms in 2008 was estimated at $13.5 billion. Despite the significant role SEA plays in Web retailing, scholarly research on the topic is limited. Prior studies in SEA have focused on search engine auction mechanism design. In contrast, research on the business value of SEA has been limited by the lack of empirical data on search advertising practices. Recent advances in search and retail technologies have created datarich environments that enable new research opportunities at the interface of marketing and information technology. This research uses extensive data from Web retailing and Google-based search advertising and evaluates Web retailers' use of resources, search advertising techniques, and other relevant factors that contribute to business performance across different metrics. The methods used include Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), data mining, and multivariate statistics. This research contributes to empirical research by analyzing several Web retail firms in different industry sectors and product categories. One of the key findings is that the dynamics of sponsored search advertising vary between multi-channel and Web-only retailers. While the key performance metrics for multi-channel retailers include measures such as online sales, conversion rate (CR), c1ick-through-rate (CTR), and impressions, the key performance metrics for Web-only retailers focus on organic and sponsored ad ranks. These results provide a useful contribution to our organizational level understanding of search engine advertising strategies, both for multi-channel and Web-only retailers. These results also contribute to current knowledge in technology-driven marketing strategies and provide managers with a better understanding of sponsored search advertising and its impact on various performance metrics in Web retailing.

Efficiency in Uncertain Cooperative Games

A contingent contract in a transferable utility game under uncertainty specifies an outcome for each possible state. It is assumed that coalitions evaluate these contracts by considering the minimal possible excesses. A main question of the paper concerns the existence and characterization of efficient contracts. It is shown that they exist if and only if the set of possible coalitions contains a balanced subset. Moreover, a characterization of values that result in efficient contracts in the case of minimally balanced collections is provided.

Testing Mean-Variance Efficiency in CAPM with Possibly Non-Gaussian Errors : An Exact Simulation-Based Approach

In this paper we propose exact likelihood-based mean-variance efficiency tests of the market portfolio in the context of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), allowing for a wide class of error distributions which include normality as a special case. These tests are developed in the frame-work of multivariate linear regressions (MLR). It is well known however that despite their simple statistical structure, standard asymptotically justified MLR-based tests are unreliable. In financial econometrics, exact tests have been proposed for a few specific hypotheses [Jobson and Korkie (Journal of Financial Economics, 1982), MacKinlay (Journal of Financial Economics, 1987), Gib-bons, Ross and Shanken (Econometrica, 1989), Zhou (Journal of Finance 1993)], most of which depend on normality. For the gaussian model, our tests correspond to Gibbons, Ross and Shanken’s mean-variance efficiency tests. In non-gaussian contexts, we reconsider mean-variance efficiency tests allowing for multivariate Student-t and gaussian mixture errors. Our framework allows to cast more evidence on whether the normality assumption is too restrictive when testing the CAPM. We also propose exact multivariate diagnostic checks (including tests for multivariate GARCH and mul-tivariate generalization of the well known variance ratio tests) and goodness of fit tests as well as a set estimate for the intervening nuisance parameters. Our results [over five-year subperiods] show the following: (i) multivariate normality is rejected in most subperiods, (ii) residual checks reveal no significant departures from the multivariate i.i.d. assumption, and (iii) mean-variance efficiency tests of the market portfolio is not rejected as frequently once it is allowed for the possibility of non-normal errors.

The Dynamic (In)efficiency of Monetary Policy by Committee

This paper develops a model where the value of the monetary policy instrument is selected by a heterogenous committee engaged in a dynamic voting game. Committee members differ in their institutional power and, in certain states of nature, they also differ in their preferred instrument value. Preference heterogeneity and concern for the future interact to generate decisions that are dynamically ineffcient and inertial around the previously-agreed instrument value. This model endogenously generates autocorrelation in the policy variable and provides an explanation for the empirical observation that the nominal interest rate under the central bank’s control is infrequently adjusted.

The Supreme Court’s Understanding of Federalism: Efficiency at the Expense of Diversity

This paper is an examination of the Supreme Court of Canada's interpretation of federalism since constitutional repatriation in 1982. It argues that the lure of centralist efficiency is overpowering a fundamentally important part of our federal order: regionalism. The author contends that changes made by the Court to certain fundamental concepts of Canadian constitutional law now provide Parliament with greater latitude than before in the exercise of its legislative powers. According to the author, these changes are disturbing because they are structured so as to preclude consideration of the legitimate concerns of regional polities. Furthermore, he argues that the Court has reinforced the central government's power to regulate the economy, including intraprovincial matters affecting trade, by resorting to highly functional tests that emphasize economic efficiency over other criteria. This, he claims, makes it more difficult to invoke legitimate regional interests that would lead to duplication, overlapping and even, in the eyes of some, inefficiency. The author the focuses on the Court's treatment of environmental protection in an attempt to show the tension between the Court's desire to use a functional approach and the need to recognize regional interests. Finally, through an examination of recent case law, he attemps to demonstrate that the Court's dominant perspective remains functional despite its endorsement of a more community-oriented undestanding of federalism in Secession Reference. If the Court chooses to proceed in this manner, it will alienate regional polities and may encourage them to choose more radical means of asserting their differences. Further, the author argues that strict adherence to the functional effectiveness approach will undermine the very values that federalism is meant to promote.

The Efficiency of Collective Bargaining in Public Schools.

This paper develops a bargaining model of wage and employment determination for the public sector. the solution to the model generates structural wage and employment equations that are estimated using data from New York State teacher-school district collective bargaining agreements.

Encapsulation de Dehalococcoides: avantage pour la déhalogénation des solvants chlorés en sites contaminés

Le tétrachloroéthène (PCE) et les éthènes chlorés qui lui sont apparentés ont été abondamment utilisés pour plusieurs applications en industrie dès le début du 20e siècle. Ils sont cependant comptés parmi les polluants les plus communs des sols et de l’eau et beaucoup d’efforts sont déployés afin de les éliminer. Nous croyons que la conversion des éthènes chlorés en éthènes par des microorganismes est une solution prometteuse. Le premier aspect du projet visait donc à établir les conditions pour lesquelles un consortium enrichi en Dehalococcoides ethenogenes permettrait la conversion complète de PCE en éthène. Les expériences réalisées nous ont permis de souligner le rôle de l’acide lactique ajouté aux cultures comme source de carbone et source indirecte d’électrons pour la déhalorespiration. Nous avons également pu établir l’effet de la concentration initiale de biomasse dans les cultures sur le profil de déhalogénation du PCE. Le deuxième aspect du projet visait à développer un protocole d’encapsulation du consortium dans une matrice polymérique afin de profiter des nombreux avantages potentiels de l’encapsulation. Nous avons testé trois montages d’encapsulation différents : atomisation avec jet d’air, atomisation avec vibrations ultrasoniques et « drop-wise ». Le dernier montage prévoyait l’encapsulation des cultures dans des billes d’alginate enrobées de chitosane gélifié par du lignosulfonate. C’est le seul montage qui nous a permis d’encapsuler le consortium de façon efficace sans effet significatifs négatifs sur son activité de déchlorination. Aussi, la comparaison des profils de déhalogénation du PCE de cellules encapsulées et cellules libres a montré une plus faible accumulation de TCE, 1,2-DCE et VC dans les échantillons de cellules encapsulée et, par conséquent, une conversion plus rapide et plus complète du PCE en éthène. Finalement, nous avons observé une tendance favorable à l’idée que les microorganismes encapsulés bénéficient d’un effet de protection contre de faibles concentrations d’oxygène.

Mise au point de nanoparticules polymères pour l'administration parentérale d'agents anticancéreux hydrophobes

Plusieurs agents anticancéreux très puissants sont caractérisés par une solubilité aqueuse limitée et une toxicité systémique importante. Cette dernière serait liée d’une part à la solubilisation des agents anticancéreux à l’aide de surfactifs de bas poids moléculaire, connus pour leur toxicité intrinsèque, et d’autre part, par le manque de spécificité tissulaire des anticancéreux. Les vecteurs colloïdaux à base de polymères permettraient de résoudre certains défis liés à la formulation d’agents anticancéreux hydrophobes. D’abord, les polymères peuvent être sélectionnés afin de répondre à des critères précis de compatibilité, de dégradation et d’affinité pour le médicament à formuler. Ensuite, le fait d’encapsuler l’agent anticancéreux dans un vecteur peut améliorer son efficacité thérapeutique en favorisant son accumulation au niveau du tissu cible, i.e. la tumeur, et ainsi limiter sa distribution au niveau des tissus sains. Des travaux antérieurs menés au sein de notre laboratoire ont mené à la mise au point de micelles à base de poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone)-bloc-poly(D,L-lactide) (PVP-b-PDLLA) capables de solubiliser des agents anticancéreux faiblement hydrosolubles dont le PTX. Ce dernier est commercialisé sous le nom de Taxol® et formulé à l’aide du Crémophor EL (CrEL), un surfactif de bas poids moléculaire pouvant provoquer, entre autres, des réactions d’hypersensibilité sévères. Bien que les micelles de PVP-b-PDLLA chargées de PTX aient démontré une meilleure tolérance comparée au Taxol®, leur potentiel de ciblage tumoral et leur efficacité thérapeutique étaient similaires à la forme commerciale à doses égales. Ceci était possiblement dû au fait que les micelles étaient rapidement déstabilisées et ne pouvaient retenir leur cargo suite à leur administration intraveineuse. Nous avons donc décidé de poursuivre les travaux avec un autre type de vecteur, soit des nanoparticules, qui possèdent une stabilité intrinsèque supérieure aux micelles. L’objectif principal de cette thèse de doctorat était donc de mettre au point des nanoparticules polymères pour l’administration parentérale d’agents anticancéreux faiblement solubles dans l’eau. Les nanoparticules devaient permettre d’encapsuler des agents anticancéreux hydrophobes et de les libérer de manière contrôlée sur plusieurs jours. De plus, elles devaient démontrer un temps de circulation plasmatique prolongée afin de favoriser l’accumulation passive du médicament encapsulé au niveau de la tumeur. La première partie du travail visait à employer pour la première fois le copolymère amphiphile PVP-b-PDLLA comme émulsifiant dans la préparation de nanoparticules polymères. Ainsi, une méthode de fabrication des nanoparticules par émulsion huile-dans-eau a été appliquée afin de produire des nanoparticules à base de PDLLA de taille inférieure à 250 nm. Grâce aux propriétés lyoprotectrices de la couronne de PVP présente à la surface des nanoparticules, celles-ci pouvaient retrouver leur distribution de taille initiale après lyophilisation et redispersion en milieu aqueux. Deux anticancéreux hydrophobes, soit le PTX et l’étoposide (ETO), ont été encapsulés dans les nanoparticules et libérés de ces dernières de façon contrôlée sur plusieurs jours in vitro. Une procédure de « salting-out » a été appliquée afin d’améliorer le taux d’incorporation de l’ETO initialement faible étant donnée sa solubilité aqueuse légèrement supérieure à celle du PTX. Le second volet des travaux visait à comparer le PVP comme polymère de surface des nanoparticules au PEG, le polymère le plus fréquemment employé à cette fin en vectorisation. Par le biais d’études d’adsorption de protéines, de capture par les macrophages et de biodistribution chez le rat, nous avons établi une corrélation in vitro/in vivo démontrant que le PVP n’était pas un agent de surface aussi efficace que le PEG. Ainsi, malgré la présence du PVP à la surface des nanoparticules de PDLLA, ces dernières étaient rapidement éliminées de la circulation sanguine suite à leur capture par le système des phagocytes mononucléés. Par conséquent, dans le troisième volet de cette thèse, le PEG a été retenu comme agent de surface, tandis que différents polymères biodégradables de la famille des polyesters, certains synthétiques (PDLLA et copolymères d’acide lactique/acide glycolique), d’autres de source naturelle (poly(hydroxyalkanoates)(PHAs)), ont été investiguées comme matériaux formant le cœur des nanoparticules. Il en est ressorti que les propriétés physicochimiques des polyesters avaient un impact majeur sur l’efficacité d’encapsulation du PTX et son profil de libération des nanoparticules in vitro. Contrairement aux PHAs, les polymères synthétiques ont démontré des taux d’incorporation élevés ainsi qu’une libération contrôlée de leur cargo. Des études de pharmacocinétique et de biodistribution ont démontré que les nanoparticules de PDLLA dotées d’une couronne de PEG conféraient un temps de circulation plasmatique prolongé au PTX et favorisaient son accumulation tumorale. Les nanoparticules polymères représentent donc une alternative intéressante au Taxol®.

Effets de la purification d’alginate et de la co-encapsulation avec des cellules canaliculaires sur la survie et fonction d’îlots de Langerhans microencapsulés

La transplantation d’îlots chez des sujets diabétiques permet la normalisation de leur glycémie mais nécessite l’utilisation d’immunosuppresseurs. Afin d’éliminer l’utilisation de ceux-ci, une capsule d’alginate capable d’immunoprotéger l’îlot a été proposée. Cependant, un problème persiste : la survie de l’implant est limitée. Deux moyens afin d’améliorer ce facteur seront présentés dans ce mémoire: l’utilisation d’alginate purifié et la co-encapsulation des îlots avec des cellules canaliculaires pancréatiques. La première étude rapporte un aspect nouveau : les effets directs de l’alginate non-purifié, versus purifié, sur la survie d’îlots encapsulés. Ceci est démontré in vitro sur la viabilité à long terme des îlots, leur fonction et l’incidence de leur mort cellulaire par apoptose et nécrose. Ces investigations ont permis de conclure que l’alginate purifié permet de maintenir à long terme une meilleure survie et fonction des îlots. De plus, cette étude ajoute un autre rôle aux contaminants de l’alginate en plus de celui d’initier la réaction immunitaire de l’hôte; celle-ci étant indirectement reliée à la mort des îlots encapsulés. La deuxième étude consiste à déterminer les impacts possibles d’une co-encapsulation d’îlots de Langerhans avec des cellules canaliculaires pancréa-tiques. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que cette co-encapsulation n’améliore pas la survie des îlots microencapsulés, par des tests de viabilité et de morts cellulaires, ni leur fonction in vivo testée par des implantations chez un modèle murin immmunodéficient. Pour conclure, la survie des îlots encapsulés peut être améliorée par la purification de l’alginate mais reste inchangée lors d’une co-encapsulation avec des cellules canaliculaires pancréatiques.