Infrastructure Investment and Spanish Economic Growth, 1850-1935

This paper analyzes the impact of infrastructure investment on Spanish economic growth between 1850 and 1935. Using new infrastructure data and VAR techniques, this paper shows that the growth impact of local-scope infrastructure investment was positive, but returns to investment in large nation-wide networks were not significantly different from zero. Two complementary explanations are suggested for the last result. On the one hand, public intervention and the application of non-efficiency investment criteria were very intense in large network construction. On the other hand, returns to new investment in large networks might have decreased dramatically once the basic links were constructed.

Le pouvoir e(s)t l'eau. Une géo-histoire foucauldienne de l'eau urbaine en Suisse entre 1850 et aujourd'hui.

S'inscrivant dans le sous-domaine interdisciplinaire de l'Urban Political Ecology (UPE), cette thèse dresse une géo-histoire foucauldienne de l'eau urbaine, particulièrement l'eau en réseau, en Suisse entre 1850 et nos jours. Plus précisément, il s'agit d'une étude des modes d'exercice du pouvoir (les formes de gouvernementalité) et de leurs outils (les technologies de pouvoir), focalisée sur l'eau en réseau et menée à l'aide d'une méthode archéogénéalogique. Cette recherche apporte des contributions théoriques et empiriques à l'UPE. Du côté théorique, elle propose l'adoption d'une approche foucauldienne dans le domaine de l'UPE, elle définit le potentiel et les implications de son éthique de la recherche et elle décrit certains parmi les principaux concepts, théories et méthodes foucauldiens mobilisables au sein de l'UPE de l'eau. Du côté empirique, elle applique l'approche proposée à une série d'études de cas, permettant de dresser la géo-histoire mentionnée plus haut mais aussi de nuancer le cadre théorique et méthodologique, de l'enrichir et d'en pointer les limites. A travers l'étude d'archives de la presse locale, les trois premières études de cas montrent que deux formes de gouvernementalité ont coexisté en Suisse pendant la période étudiée, à savoir le biopouvoir et la gouvernementalité néolibérale. Cependant, ces deux formes de gouvernementalité dévient considérablement des modèles proposés par Michel Foucault. Par exemple, des technologies de pouvoir permettant le gouvernement à distance relatives à la santé de la population ont fait leur apparition dès la deuxième moitié du dix-neuvième siècle, ce qui interroge la définition du biopouvoir telle qu'elle avait initialement été proposée par Michel Foucault. La dernière étude de cas est centrée sur l'époque contemporaine. Elle indique qu'à l'heure actuelle une production centralisée d'argumentaires destinés aux citoyens-consommateurs a lieu dans des espaces non-statutaires d'inspiration néolibérale (les soft spaces). Cette production discursive centralisée se révèle efficace et contribue, paradoxalement, au maintien d'un modèle helvétique décentralisé et démocratique en matière d'eau du robinet. Des recherches ultérieures pourraient permettre de tester la pertinence de l'approche foucauldienne adoptée ici dans d'autres cas d'étude, de nuancer et enrichir ultérieurement le cadre théorique et d'améliorer la méthode utilisée.

"A Hard Battle to Fight": Natural Theology and the Dismal Science, 1820-1850

William Whewell's and Richard Jones's criticism of Jeremy Bentham's and David Ricardo's "dismal" views on the relation of theory and evidence in political economy was motivated by the former's views on the structuring role of natural theology for questions of method and evidence in the sciences, including political economy. In comparison, natural theology was for Richard Whately as structuring on these issues as it was for the Cambridge men. Whately's view on natural theology, however, conformed with the Ricardian predilection for theory over facts. The differences between the Cambridge men and Whately became manifest after (or better: during) the publication of Jones's book on rent in 1831 and led to a somewhat acerbic exchange of views on the role of definitions in science and the use of history for establishing scientific evidence. As far as political economy was concerned, Whately's stance carried the day in Victorian England.

Hydrological evidence for a North Atlantic oscillation during the Little Ice Age outside its range observed since 1850.

An annual-resolved precipitation reconstruction for the last 800 yr in Southern Spain has been performed using stable carbon isotope (δ13C) of Pinus nigra tree rings. The reconstruction exhibits high- to low-frequency variability and distinguishes a Little Ice Age (LIA, AD 13501850) characterized by lower averaged rainfall than both in the transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly to the LIA and in the 20th century. The driest conditions are recorded during the Maunder solar Minimum (mid 17thearly 18th centuries), in good agreement with the Spanish documentary archive. Similar linkage between solar activity (maximum/minimum) and precipitation (increase/decrease) is observed throughout the entire LIA. Additionally, the relationship between the hydrological pattern in the Iberian Peninsula and Morocco during the LIA suggests different spatial distribution of precipitation in the south-eastern sector of the North Atlantic region such as it is known currently. Whereas in the instrumental record the precipitation evolves similarly in both regions and opposite to the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO) index, the coldest periods of the LIA shows a contrasting pattern with drier conditions in the South of Spain and wetter in Northern Africa. We suggest an extreme negative NAO conditions, accompanied by a southward excursion of the winter rainfall band beyond that observed in the last century, can explain this contrast. The sustained NAO conditions could have been triggered by solar minima and higher volcanic activity during the LIA.

The long run development of Chile and the Natural Resources curse. Linkages, policy and growth, 1850-1950

This chapter analyses the effects of Natural Resources on the Chilean economy in the long run -1850-1950-. Specifically, the authors focus their attention on the mining cycles -nitrates and copper- and their impact on the mining activity. We also compare it with the evolution of the industry and whole economy, and how this has affected the economic growth of the country. In that sense, the industrial performance in Chile at the end of the 19th century until the Great Depression is still under debate. The optimistic view of Kirsch -1977- forehead the pessimistic view of Lagos -1966- and Palma -1979-. The new data and its analyses shows a neutral effect of the Natural Resources in the industrial development.

O médico George Thomson e os primeiros desenvolvimentos do conceito de gás

The word gas was coined by the "chemical philosopher" Joan Baptista Van Helmont (1579 -- 1644) to name a very broad concept in his chemico-medical system. Eventually, some physicians who followed Helmontian ideas adopted the concept. The present paper aims to analyze the reception of the original idea of gas by an English Helmontian physician, George Thomson (1619 -- 1677). Thomson wrote that the "material cause" of the plague was a gas, and compared it to the "Gas of sulphur". He also related the human archeus to a gas, and explained some observations in the laboratory in terms of production of gases. We observe, however, that Thomson was not as interested as Van Helmont in discussing details about the structure of the matter. Thus, gas did not have the same relevance in Thomson's work as it had in Van Helmont's.

Kuinka dystopia toteutuu? 2000-luvun näkökulmia George Orwellin poliittiseen satiiriin Nineteen Eighty-Four

Tutkielmani aiheena on dystooppisen kirjallisuuden tunnetuin teos, George Orwellin Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), ja erityisesti sen tarkoitusperien vastaavuus nykymaailman kanssa. Avoimen poliittisen kirjailijan tavoite läpi uran oli mobilisoida kansalaisia haastamaan heitä hallitsevia voimia. Viimeisessä ja uransa huipentumaksi jääneessä romaanissaan Orwell maalaa lohduttoman ääriesimerkin lähitulevaisuuteen sijoitetusta totalitaristisesta maailmasta, jossa ihmisyydellä ei ole enää sijaa. Teoksesta on muodostunut käytetyin esimerkki puhuttaessa negatiivisista tulevaisuudenvisioista. Työni jakautuu kahteen päälukuun, joista ensimmäisessä tutkin romaanin käsitystä siitä, kuinka kieltä manipuloimalla (Newspeak) voidaan vaikuttaa myös ajatteluun (Doublethink), todellisuuden kokemiseen ja historian muistamiseen, sekä romaanista nykykieleen jääneitä sanoja ja termejä. Toisessa pääluvussa pohdin kirjailijan varsinaista kritiikin kohdetta totalitarismia, kuinka se on romaaniin rakennettu, millaista sen valta on, ja millaiset ihmiset siihen suostuvat. Lopuksi tarkastelen, kuinka romaani aikanaan otettiin vastaan ja miten sitä yhä (hyväksi)käytetään. Pääpainotus tutkielmassani on pääteemojen kytkeminen niiden konkreettisiin ja mentaalisiin vaikutuksiin reaalimaailmassa. Orwell oli huolissaan erityisesti poliittisen kielen turmelevasta vaikutuksesta, joten pohdin, mitä ovat nykyajan uuskieli ja kaksoisajattelu sekä millaisia seurauksia kielen manipuloinnilla on. Usein utopioita ja dystopioita arvostetaan virheellisesti niiden toteutuneiden yksityiskohtien kautta, ja siksi yritän selvittää, miltä osin ja millaisena dystopia ylipäänsä voi mielekkäästi toteutua. Missä suhteessa Orwell oli ”oikeassa” tai ”väärässä” laajassa, ei-triviaalissa mielessä? Mitä hänen teoksensa tarjoaa 2000-luvun lukijalle? Perusteesini on, että tavallisen varoitukseksi tai profetiaksi tulkitsemisen sijaan romaani on satiiri, jollaisena kirjailija itsekin sitä piti. Samalla todistan, että läpitunkeva valvontayhteiskunta, joka on samalla romaanin tunnetuin puoli ja jota termi orwellian nykyään kuvaa, on itse asiassa vain illuusio. Uutta näkökulmaa romaanin tulkintaperinteeseen tuon näyttämällä, kuinka ääripessimistisenä pidettyyn tekstiin on huolellisesti piilotettu toiveikkuutta, jolla kirjailija on halunnut herätellä kansalaisia, jotka ovat piittaamattomia tai tietämättömiä heidän elämäänsä kontrolloivista voimista. Yritän tutkielmassani osoittaa, kuinka vaikea on kuvitella sellaista yhteiskuntaa, jossa Nineteen Eighty-Four ei olisi jollain tavalla ajankohtainen.

George Enescu - compozitor : Montaj in limba germana

Digitoitu 29. 5. 2008.

La desigualdad en el consumo familiar. Diferencias de género en la España contemporánea (1850-1930)

In the last few years, Economic Theory has revised two basic ideas around the economics of the household: that family income is the result of the individual income of each of its members (income pooling), and that all family members living in the household have equal access to its resources. Unequal access to family resources (among women and men, on the one hand, and among the elderly, adults and children, on the other), is now understood as an input (for instance, that women eat less food and of worst quality than men), and as an output (for instance that women have poorer health, higher epidemic mortality, or are less tall than men as a result, among other things, of having received less food and poorer medical care, and/or of a heavier workload). Despite the fact that inequality in intra‐family consumption has become the center of attention in academic and international agencies, it can still not be found in the agenda of Economic History. In this paper we look at some of the resources consumed by Spanish families in the 19th century: food, alcoholic beverages, clothes and shoes. Medical topographies, our main source, suggest that unequal access to family resources among household members had a strong impact on their health and wellbeing.

Espacios olvidados, lugares diferenciados: transformación social del espacio urbano en Bogotá (1850- 1880) = Forgotten Spaces, distinct places: Social transformation of urban space in Bogotá (1850-1880)

The purpose of this article is linked to some forms of recovery of social and urban spaces fallen into oblivion that are evident in the social transformation of urban space in Bogotá between 1850 and 1880.The following paper presents the preliminary results of the research entitled practices and social uses of water in Bogotá (1850-1888). The text links in first discussions about the understanding of the city as a drawing in space, moving to describe, the growth of the city, integrating its historical, social and cultural structuring

George W. Bushin apologia

Kirjallisuusarvostelu