Phototropic growth in a reef flat acroporid branching coral species

Many terrestrial plants form complex morphological structures and will alter these growth patterns in response to light direction. Similarly reef building corals have high morphological variation across coral families, with many species also displaying phenotypic plasticity across environmental gradients. In particular, the colony geometry in branching corals is altered by the frequency, location and direction of branch initiation and growth. This study demonstrates that for the branching species Acropora pulchra, light plays a key role in axial polyp differentiation and therefore axial corallite development - the basis for new branch formation. A. pulchra branches exhibited a directional growth response, with axial corallites only developing when light was available, and towards the incident light. Field experimentation revealed that there was a light intensity threshold of 45 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), below which axial corallites would not develop and this response was blue light (408-508 nm) dependent. There was a twofold increase in axial corallite growth above this light intensity threshold and a fourfold increase in axial corallite growth under the blue light treatment. These features of coral branch growth are highly reminiscent of the initiation of phototropic branch growth in terrestrial plants, which is directed by the blue light component of sunlight.

Effects of climate change on reproduction,larval development, and adult health of coral trout (Plectropomus spp.)

Climate change is emerging as the single greatest threat to coral-reef ecosystems.The most immediate impacts will be a loss of diversity and changes to fish community composition and may lead to eventual declines in abundance and productivity of key fisheries species. A key component of this research is to assess effects of projected changes in environmental conditions (temperature and ocean acidity) due to climate change on reproduction, growth and development of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardis).Ultimately, this research will fill key knowledge gaps about climate change impacts on larger fishes, which are fundamental to optimizing resilience-based management, and in turn improve the adaptive capacity of industries and communities along the Great Barrier Reef.

Uncertainty in length measurements of live coral trout: implications for compliance and enforcement of minimum legal size limits.

Report on evidence of shrinkage of live coral trout during professional fishing operations on the Great Barrier Reef in 2000. Excel data includes the following fields: Column A. Fish (fish number from 1 -24) Column B. Bin (1-8, container the fish was held in during the experiment) Column C. Measure (1-7, number of the measurement of each fish) Column D. Observer (1 or 2, making the measurement) Column E. Time 2 Column F. Time (time of the day the measurement was made) Column G. FL (Fork Length) Column H. TL (Total Length) Column I. Difference (difference in length between measures) Column J. Order Column K. Temperature (surface water temp under the boat)

Major Cellular and Physiological Impacts of Ocean Acidification on a Reef Building Coral

As atmospheric levels of CO2 increase, reef-building corals are under greater stress from both increased sea surface temperatures and declining sea water pH. To date, most studies have focused on either coral bleaching due to warming oceans or declining calcification due to decreasing oceanic carbonate ion concentrations. Here, through the use of physiology measurements and cDNA microarrays, we show that changes in pH and ocean chemistry consistent with two scenarios put forward by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) drive major changes in gene expression, respiration, photosynthesis and symbiosis of the coral, Acropora millepora, before affects on biomineralisation are apparent at the phenotype level. Under high CO2 conditions corals at the phenotype level lost over half their Symbiodinium populations, and had a decrease in both photosynthesis and respiration. Changes in gene expression were consistent with metabolic suppression, an increase in oxidative stress, apoptosis and symbiont loss. Other expression patterns demonstrate upregulation of membrane transporters, as well as the regulation of genes involved in membrane cytoskeletal interactions and cytoskeletal remodeling. These widespread changes in gene expression emphasize the need to expand future studies of ocean acidification to include a wider spectrum of cellular processes, many of which may occur before impacts on calcification.

Elevated CO2 affects the behavior of an ecologically and economically important coral reef fish

We tested the effect of near-future CO2 levels (a parts per thousand 490, 570, 700, and 960 mu atm CO2) on the olfactory responses and activity levels of juvenile coral trout, Plectropomus leopardus, a piscivorous reef fish that is also one of the most important fisheries species on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Juvenile coral trout reared for 4 weeks at 570 mu atm CO2 exhibited similar sensory responses and behaviors to juveniles reared at 490 mu atm CO2 (control). In contrast, juveniles reared at 700 and 960 mu atm CO2 exhibited dramatically altered sensory function and behaviors. At these higher CO2 concentrations, juveniles became attracted to the odor of potential predators, as has been observed in other reef fishes. They were more active, spent less time in shelter, ventured further from shelter, and were bolder than fish reared at 490 or 570 mu atm CO2. These results demonstrate that behavioral impairment of coral trout is unlikely if pCO(2) remains below 600 mu atm; however, at higher levels, there are significant impacts on juvenile performance that are likely to affect survival and energy budgets, with consequences for predator-prey interactions and commercial fisheries.

Micro-economic drivers of profitability in an ITQ-managed fishery: An analysis of the Queensland Coral Reef Fin-Fish Fishery

An economic survey of the commercial operators currently active in the Queensland Coral Reef Fin-Fish Fishery has been carried out, as part of a research project aimed at evaluating alternative management options for this fishery. This paper presents the background analysis used as a basis to develop the sampling design for this survey. The background analysis focuses on activity patterns of the fleet based on effort and catch information, as well as patterns of quota ownership. Based on this information, a fishing business profile describing the micro-economic structure of fishing operations is developed. This profile, in conjunction with the qualitative information gained in undertaking the economic surveys, allows preliminary understanding of the key drivers of profitability in the CRFFF, and possible impacts of external factors on fishing operations.

Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals

We report for the first time the ingestion of microplastics by scleractinian corals, and the presence of microplastics in coral reef waters adjacent to inshore reefs on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef (GRE, 18°31′S 146°23′E). Analysis of samples from sub-surface plankton tows conducted in close proximity to inshore reefs on the central GBR revealed microplastics, similar to those used in marine paints and fishing floats, were present in low concentrations at all water sampling locations. Experimental feeding trials revealed that corals mistake microplastics for prey and can consume up to ~50 μg plastic cm−2 h−1, rates similar to their consumption of plankton and Artemia nauplii in experimental feeding assays. Ingested microplastics were found wrapped in mesenterial tissue within the coral gut cavity, suggesting that ingestion of high concentrations of microplastic debris could potentially impair the health of corals.

Crystal and Molecular Structure of Sclerophytin F Methyl Ether from the Soft Coral Cladiella krempfi

new cembranoid diterpene was isolated from the soft coral Ckdiella h p f ifrom Minicoy Island (India), and its structure was established by X-ray crystallography to be sclerophytin F methyl ether (21 with the R absolute configuration at all six epimeric centers,assuming a configuration similar to that of sclerophytin C. Compound 2 may be an artifact of the isolation process.

Coral diseases are major contributors to coral mortality in Shingle Island, Gulf of Mannar, southeastern India

The present study reports coral mortality, driven primarily by coral diseases, around Shingle Island, Gulf of Mannar (GOM), Indian Ocean. In total, 2910 colonies were permanently monitored to assess the incidence of coral diseases and consequent mortality for 2 yr. Four types of lesions consistent with white band disease (WBD), black disease (BD), white plaque disease (WPD), and pink spot disease (PSD) were recorded from 4 coral genera: Montipora, Pocillopora, Acropora, and Porites. Porites were affected by 2 disease types, while the other 3 genera were affected by only 1 disease type. Overall disease prevalence increased from 8% (n = 233 colonies) to 41.9% (n = 1219) over the 2 yr study period. BD caused an unprecedented 100% mortality in Pocillopora, followed by 20.4 and 13.1% mortality from WBD in Montipora and Acropora, respectively. Mean disease progression rates of 0.8 +/- 1.0 and 0.6 +/- 0.5 cm mo(-1) over live coral colonies were observed for BD and WBD. Significant correlations between temperature and disease progression were observed for BD (r = 0.86, R-2 = 0.75, p < 0.001) and WBD (R-2 = 0.76, p < 0.001). This study revealed the increasing trend of disease prevalence and progression of disease over live coral in a relatively limited study area; further study should investigate the status of the entire coral reef in the GOM and the role of diseases in reef dynamics.

Determinación de la implementación de buenas prácticas pecuarias, para el proceso de rastreabilidad de carne en fincas ganaderas de "El Coral", Chontales

Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en el Municipio de “El Coral”, localizado al sureste de la ciudad de Managua. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron: a) Elaborar el Protocolo de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias; b) Determinar el grado de cumplimento de BPP en fincas ganaderas del municipio de “El Coral”; y c) Elaborar una estrategia para la implementación del programa de rastreabilidad de carne bovina. La metodología utilizada para el primer objetivo consistió en una revisión de fuentes secundarias y una encuesta a personal clave en tres aspectos de los ítems del Manual de BPP y se abordó tres aspectos: si están de acuerdo con cada ítem, si es exigible y si tienen otro ítem que agregar al protocolo; en el caso del segundo objetivo consistió en un diagnóstico modificado de PROGANIC, con preguntas cerradas aplicado a 70 fincas y su procesamiento en un programa de cómputo Excel; y en el caso del tercer objetivo se aplico una matriz de estrategia para la determinación del rol y proceso de implementación. Se obtuvo como resultado de 29 personas claves que fueron encuestadas, 55 (98%) de los 56 (100%) ítems en total del protocolo propuesto obtuvieron un consenso positivo de parte de los encuestados, para que estos ítem fueran aplicados en el diagnóstico de finca y se resulto un “Protocolo de BPP” de 50 ítem en total, de un total de 72 ítem que tenia el “Manual de BPP de la producción primaria” de la resolución 117-2004 de la Asamblea Nacional. El diagnóstico practicado a 70 fincas ganaderas que representan el 21% del municipio, mostró que el 100% de las fincas ganaderas no cumplen con las BPP definidas en el protocolo de BPP, siendo 9 ítems sobre manejo los que más afectan el no cumplimiento de las BPP. El resultado de la matriz de estrategia muestra que se debe organizar, definir el rol y establecer un mecanismo para la implementación del sistema de rastreabilidad de carne bovina en “El Coral”. Se concluye: a) El “Protocolo de Buenas Prácticas Pecuarias” aplicado en este estudio es apropiado y valido para fincas ganaderas; b) Ninguna de las fincas ganaderas cumple con las BPP para fincas ganaderas; d) Las principales causas de la no aplicación de las BPP son: el desconocimiento de las mismas; la falta de asistencia técnica directa y el bajo incentivo de la producción y e) la principal estrategia para la implementación del programa de rastreabilidad en el municipio, es la sensibilización a todos los actores locales que participaran en el programa.

Evaluacion del efecto de anabolicos de crecimiento (Zeranol over, Overmax L.A. Premium y Zeranol implante) en novillos de engorde en un periodo de cien dias en la finca El Rastro, El Coral, Chontales

Para el estudio se utilizaron 68 novillos producto del cruce de la raza Pardo Suizo x Brahman con un peso inicial de 230 ± 33 kg, con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de tres tratamientos anabólicos sobre la ganancia de peso total en pastoreo libre durante un periodo de 100 días, siendo los tratamientos los siguientes: T 1 (Zeranol implante: Zeranol Over®), T2 (Zeranol Over® formulación tixotrópico), T3. (Overmax® LA Premium: Zeranol + ivermectina 3.15%), comparado con el T4 Testigo o Control (Sin implante). A los animales pesados y organizados en tres grupos con características semejantes, se les aplicó los tratamientos y cada grupo estuvo conformado por 17 novillos; de igual manera, fueron desparasitados con Vermectina La Premium 3. 15 %, a razón de 1ml por cada 50 kg de peso vivo (kg p.v), antes de aplicar los agentes anabólicos. Se determinó el incremento en peso a partir del peso final e inicial, y se calculó la Ganancia Media Diaria (GMD) en cada uno de los tratamientos. Para el diseño de dos vías se utilizó el test de Fisher (Análisis de Varianza) y el Test de Friedman, y categorización estadística mediante la Mínima Diferencia Significativa (DMS, P=O.OS). El análisis estadístico determinó efecto altamente significativo (P=O.OOl) en la GMD, en donde la GMD fue de 739, 624, 590 y de 536 gramos para los tratamientos T3 (Overeas® LA Premium: Zeranol + ívermectina), TI (Zeranol implante: Zeranol Over®), T2 (Zeranol Over'l formulación tixotrópica) y el Control, respectivamente. El implante Overmax® LA Premium (Zeranol+ivermectina3.15%) superó en más de 27 % al tratamiento sin implante, siendo este el tratamiento de mayor rentabilidad, con 83.43 dólares en ganancia de peso por animal, y una relación Beneficio/Costo de 1.27 por cada unidad monetaria invertida.

Proposal to permit experimental artificial reefs inside and outside the Big Sycamore Canyon Ecological Reserve

(Document pdf contains 19 pages)