Predictors of attempted suicide among Swiss patients with alcohol-use disorders

Objective: Suicide attempts are common in patients being treated for alcohol-use disorders (AUDs). However, clinical assessment of suicide risk is difficult. In this Swiss multisite study, we propose a decision tree to facilitate identification of profiles of AUD patients at high risk for suicidal behavior. Method: In this retrospective study, we used a sample of 700 patients (243 female), attending 1 of 12 treatment programs for AUDs in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. Sixty-nine patients who reported a suicide attempt in the 3 months before the index treatment were compared using risk factors with 631 patients without a suicide attempt. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to identify patients at risk of having had a suicide attempt in the previous 3 months. Results: Consistent with previous empirical findings in AUD patients, a prior history of attempted suicide and severe symptoms of depression and aggression considerably increased the risk of a suicide attempt and, in combination, raised the likelihood of a prior suicide attempt to 52%. In addition, one third of AUD patients who had a history of suicide attempts and previous inpatient psychiatric treatment, or who were male and had previous inpatient psychiatric treatment, also reported a suicide attempt. Conclusions: The empirically supported decision tree helps to identify profiles of suicidal AUD patients in Switzerland and supplements clinicians' judgments in making triage decisions for suicide management.

Der Gott der Anderen. Interkulturelle Transformationen religiöser Traditionen

Unter kulturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive lassen sich Religionen als gemeinschaftsstiftende Sinndeutungssysteme verstehen, mit deren Hilfe die Verständigung über gemeinsame Glaubens- und Wertvorstellungen geregelt werden kann. Religionen erwachsen aus interkulturellen Prozessen, denn sie speisen aus unterschiedlichen kulturellen Quellen und Bedeutungstraditionen und ‘migrieren’ aus der ursprünglichen ‘Gemeinde’ in andere kulturelle Kontexte. ‘Fremd-Religionen’ werden adaptiv verändert und in die eigene kulturelle Praxis überführt. Solche Veränderungen von Religionen werden durch Literatur begleitet und bewahrt. Sie verleiht Sinnstiftungsprozessen von Kultur sprachliche Gestalt und reflektiert damit auch immer implizit oder explizit religiöse Vorstellungen. Unter interkultureller Perspektive läßt sich Literatur also auch als Speicher religiöser Vorstellungen unter den Bedingungen ihrer epochen- und kulturspezifischen Veränderungen verstehen. Der Band sucht diesen Veränderungen in der Literatur und ihrer Spiegelung in den Medien nachzugehen und zu prüfen, wie dadurch Gemeinsamkeiten, aber auch kulturelle Differenzen bewußt gemacht werden.

Wie kann man vom 'Deutschen' leben? Zur Paxisrelevanz der interkulturellen Germanistik

In vielen Teilen der Welt ist die akademische Beschäftigung mit der deutschen Sprache, Literatur und Kultur in Bedrängnis geraten. Während mancherorts die Absolventen der (interkulturellen) Germanistik noch ohne Schwierigkeiten eine Anstellung finden, für die sie ausgebildet wurden, wird andernorts ein Studium der Germanistik mangels einschlägiger Berufsaussichten erst gar nicht mehr aufgenommen. Daher stellt sich die Frage, was im Fache und von seinen Repräsentanten getan werden kann, um die Praxisrelevanz der (interkulturellen) Germanistik zu begründen bzw. zu steigern und die Absolventen in die Lage zu versetzen, (wieder) ‘vom Deutschen’ leben zu können. Die internationale Germanistik mit ihren je eigenen, oft regional und gar lokal geprägten Fachidentitäten ist stark an der Ausbildung von komparativen, multiperspektivischen und interkulturellen Betrachtungs- und Zugangsweisen interessiert, die den methodologischen Unilateralismus überwinden. Gerade die ‘Auslandsgermanistiken’ könnten sich so als Schnittstellendisziplinen profilieren und zugleich konsolidieren.

Deutsch im interkulturellen Begegnungsraum Ostmitteleuropa

Der Band macht das ebenso geschichtsträchtige wie aktuelle und zukunftsweisende Thema «Ostmitteleuropa als Begegnungsraum» zum Gegenstand eines interdisziplinären Dialogs zwischen den Teilfächern der Germanistik einerseits und zwischen der Germanistik und anderen Fächern wie den Sozial-, Wirtschafts- und Kommunikationswissenschaften anderseits. Der Titel verweist auf alle Arten der Begegnung – kulturelle, sprachliche, literarische, wirtschaftliche, soziale, mediale, konfessionelle – in dieser (insbesondere nach der sogenannten Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union in den Focus des Interesses geratenen) Region mit all ihren komplizierten historischen, politischen und ökonomischen Verwerfungen und Verflechtungen. Ostmitteleuropa als Schnittstelle eines facettenreichen interkulturellen Raums zwischen ehemals verfeindeten politischen Blöcken bietet eine Vielzahl von wenig erforschten Fragestellungen, bei deren Bearbeitung sich verschiedene theoretische Ansätze bewähren und die nicht selten auf empirischen Untersuchungen fußen. In vollem Bewusstsein der historischen Tiefendimension des Themas konzentrieren sich die Beiträge überwiegend auf die Gegenwart und jüngere Vergangenheit, um einerseits der ständig zunehmenden Bedeutung interkultureller Kommunikation auf den tangierten Fachgebieten gerecht zu werden, andererseits um das kreative Potential dieser in vielerlei Hinsicht stimulierenden europäischen Region zu erschließen.

Richness of Lichen Species, Especially of Threatened Ones, Is Promoted by Management Methods Furthering Stand Continuity

Lichens are a key component of forest biodiversity. However, a comprehensive study analyzing lichen species richness in relation to several management types, extending over different regions and forest stages and including information on site conditions is missing for temperate European forests. In three German regions (Schwäbische Alb, Hainich-Dün, Schorfheide-Chorin), the so-called Biodiversity Exploratories, we studied lichen species richness in 631 forest plots of 400 m2 comprising different management types (unmanaged, selection cutting, deciduous and coniferous age-class forests resulting from clear cutting or shelterwood logging), various stand ages, and site conditions, typical for large parts of temperate Europe. We analyzed how lichen species richness responds to management and habitat variables (standing biomass, cover of deadwood, cover of rocks). We found strong regional differences with highest lichen species richness in the Schwäbische Alb, probably driven by regional differences in former air pollution, and in precipitation and habitat variables. Overall, unmanaged forests harbored 22% more threatened lichen species than managed age-class forests. In general, total, corticolous, and threatened lichen species richness did not differ among management types of deciduous forests. However, in the Schwäbische-Alb region, deciduous forests had 61% more lichen species than coniferous forests and they had 279% more threatened and 76% more corticolous lichen species. Old deciduous age classes were richer in corticolous lichen species than young ones, while old coniferous age-classes were poorer than young ones. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of stand continuity for conservation. To increase total and threatened lichen species richness we suggest (1) conserving unmanaged forests, (2) promoting silvicultural methods assuring stand continuity, (3) conserving old trees in managed forests, (4) promoting stands of native deciduous tree species instead of coniferous plantations, and (5) increasing the amount of deadwood in forests.

Gingival labial recessions in orthodontically treated and untreated individuals: a case - control study

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the long-term development of labial gingival recessions during orthodontic treatment and retention phase. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective case-control study, the presence of gingival recession was scored (Yes or No) on plaster models of 100 orthodontic patients (cases) and 120 controls at the age of 12 (T12 ), 15 (T15 ), 18 (T18 ), and 21 (T21 ) years. In the treated group, T12 reflected the start of orthodontic treatment and T15 - the end of active treatment and the start of retention phase with bonded retainers. Independent t-tests, Fisher's exact tests and a fitted two-part "hurdle" model were used to identify the effect of orthodontic treatment/retention on recessions. RESULTS The proportion of subjects with recessions was consistently higher in cases than controls. Overall, the odds ratio for orthodontic patients as compared with controls to have recessions is 4.48 (p < 0.001; 95% CI: 2.61-7.70). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of the present research design, orthodontic treatment and/or the retention phase may be risk factors for the development of labial gingival recessions. In orthodontically treated subjects, mandibular incisors seem to be the most vulnerable to the development of gingival recessions.

Occurrence, quantification, and genotyping of Mycoplasma conjunctivae in wild Caprinae with and without infectious keratoconjunctivitis

Mycoplasma conjunctivae, the causative agent of infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), was recently detected in asymptomatic Alpine ibex (Capra ibex ibex). This suggested that an external source of infection may not be required for an IKC outbreak in wildlife but might be initiated by healthy carriers, which contradicted previous serologic investigations in chamois. Our aims were to 1) assess the prevalence of M. conjunctivae among asymptomatic ibex and Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) and its frequency in IKC-affected animals, 2) determine mycoplasma loads in different disease stages, and 3) characterize the M. conjunctivae strains involved. Eye swabs from 654 asymptomatic and 204 symptomatic animals were collected in diverse Swiss regions between 2008 and 2010, and tested by TaqMan real-time PCR. Data analysis was performed considering various patterns of IKC occurrence in the respective sampling regions. Strains from 24 animals were compared by cluster analysis. Prevalence of M. conjunctivae was 5.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7-8.1%) in asymptomatic ibex and 5.8% (CI: 3.0-9.9%) in asymptomatic chamois, with significant differences between years and regions in both species. Detection frequency in symptomatic animals was significantly higher during IKC outbreaks than in nonepidemic situations (i.e., regular but low incidence or sporadic occurrence). Mycoplasma load was significantly lower in eyes from healthy carriers and animals with mild signs than from animals with moderate and severe signs. Although some strains were found in both asymptomatic and diseased animals of the same species, others apparently differed in their pathogenic potential depending on the infected species. Overall, we found a widespread occurrence of M. conjunctivae in wild Caprinae with and without IKC signs. Our results confirm the central role of M. conjunctivae in outbreaks but suggest that other infectious agents may be involved in IKC cases in nonepidemic situations. Additionally, presence and severity of signs are related to the quantity of M. conjunctivae in the eyes rather than to the strain. We propose that individual or environmental factors influence the clinical expression of the disease and that persistence of M. conjunctivae in populations of wild Caprinae cannot be excluded.