Alterations of the global water cycle and their effects on river structure, function and services

River structure and functioning are governed naturally by geography and climate but are vulnerable to natural and human-related disturbances, ranging from channel engineering to pollution and biological invasions. Biological communities in river ecosystems are able to respond to disturbances faster than those in most other aquatic systems. However, some extremely strong or lasting disturbances constrain the responses of river organisms and jeopardise their extraordinary resilience. Among these, the artificial alteration of river drainage structure and the intense use of water resources by humans may irreversibly influence these systems. The increased canalisation and damming of river courses interferes with sediment transport, alters biogeochemical cycles and leads to a decrease in biodiversity, both at local and global scales. Furthermore, water abstraction can especially affect the functioning of arid and semi-arid rivers. In particular, interception and assimilation of inorganic nutrients can be detrimental under hydrologically abnormal conditions. Among other effects, abstraction and increased nutrient loading might cause a shift from heterotrophy to autotrophy, through direct effects on primary producers and indirect effects through food webs, even in low-light river systems. The simultaneous desires to conserve and to provide ecosystem services present several challenges, both in research and management.

Intensity-moments characterization of general pulsed paraxial beams with the Wigner distribution function

On the basis of the space-time Wigner distribution function (STWDF), we use the matrix formalism to study the propagation laws for the intensity moments of quasi-monochromatic and polychromatic pulsed paraxial beams. The advantages of this approach are reviewed. Also, a least-squares fitting method for interpreting the physical meaning of the effective curvature matrix is described by means of the STWDF. Then the concept is extended to the higher-order situation, and what me believe is a novel technique for characterizing the beam phase is presented. (C) 1999 Optical Society of America [S0740-3232(99)001009-1].

Understanding function and function-to-form evolution

This is a report on a workshop held at Cambridge University Engineering Design Centre, 17-10 June 1992. This workshop was held to discuss the issue of 'function' and 'function-to-form' evolution in mechanical design. The authors organised this workshop as they felt that their understanding of these topics was incomplete and that discussions between researchers might help to clarify some key issues.

The topic chosen for the workshop proved to be a stimulating one. The term 'function' is part of a designer's daily vocabulary, however there is poor agreement about its definition. In order to develop computer systems to support product evolution, a precise definition is required. Further the value of 'function' and 'function-to-form' evolution as a good choice of workshop topic is evident from the lack of firm conclusions that resulted from the sessions. This lack of consensus made for lively discussion and left participants questioning many of their preconceived ideas.

Attendance at the workshop was by invitation only. A list of the participants (not all those invited could attend due to time and financial constraints) is given in Appendix 1.

Análise da função diastólica em mulheres medicadas com antraciclínicos no tratamento do câncer de mama

O Câncer de mama é um dos problemas de saúde pública mais importantes em nosso país. São estimados, para 2010, 49.400 novos casos de câncer de mama no Brasil, com um risco estimado de 51 casos a cada 100 mil mulheres. A estratégia de tratamento das pacientes com tumores de mama pode passar pelo uso de quimioterapia. A doxorrubicina é uma das drogas mais ativas para o câncer de mama, pertencendo ao grupo das antraciclinas. A família das antraciclinas apresenta como efeito colateral dano ao miocárdio que pode chegar a 36% dependendo da dose utilizada. O efeito sobre o miocárdio costuma ocorrer mais comumente durante ou logo após o último ciclo de quimioterapia podendo, entretanto ocorrer após vários anos do último ciclo de quimioterapia. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as alterações da função diastólica ventricular esquerda em mulheres usuárias de antraciclínicos no tratamento do câncer de mama. Realizamos um estudo prospectivo, em uma coorte de mulheres entre 18 e 69 anos, com câncer de mama e indicação de quimioterapia com doxorrubicina. Acompanhamos por período não inferior a 18 meses um grupo de 38 pacientes que cumpriram os critérios de elegibilidade. A dose de doxorrubicina utilizada variou de 50 a 60 mg/m/SC. Todos os pacientes são do sexo feminino, e portadores do tipo histológico carcinoma ductal infiltrante. Duas pacientes faleceram durante o estudo, de causa não cardíaca. Em nossa avaliação, ao final do estudo observamos que os parâmetros: dimensões do átrio esquerdo, dimensões do ventrículo esquerdo na diástole, dimensões do ventrículo esquerdo na sístole, velocidade da onda E, relação da fase de enchimento rápido pela sístole atrial, velocidade diastólica tardia do anel mitral, velocidade diastólica precoce do anel mitral, tempo de desaceleração e a relação da velocidade de enchimento rápido precoce de VE pela velocidade diastólica precoce do anel mitral demonstraram serem parâmetros de grande utilidade para seguimento da lesão cardíaca por antraciclínicos. Já o que não ocorreu com: a fração de encurtamento, fração de ejeção, volume do AE, volume do AE corrigido pela superfície corporal, velocidade diastólica tardia, tempo de relaxamento isovolumétrico, velocidade sistólica do anel mitral, que não apresentaram alterações significativas neste estudo. A análise da função diastólica utilizando o ecocardiograma mostrou ser um método eficaz, que em conjunto com a da função sistólica possibilita detectar precocemente o possível dano miocárdico, oriundo ao uso da quimioterapia com antraciclínicos, favorecendo uma intervenção terapêutica precoce e adequada.

Extended bidirectional reflectance distribution function for polarized light scattering from subsurface defects under a smooth surface

By introducing the scattering probability of a subsurface defect (SSD) and statistical distribution functions of SSD radius, refractive index, and position, we derive an extended bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) from the Jones scattering matrix. This function is applicable to the calculation for comparison with measurement of polarized light-scattering resulting from a SSD. A numerical calculation of the extended BRDF for the case of p-polarized incident light was performed by means of the Monte Carlo method. Our numerical results indicate that the extended BRDF strongly depends on the light incidence angle, the light scattering angle, and the out-of-plane azimuth angle. We observe a 180 degrees symmetry with respect to the azimuth angle. We further investigate the influence of the SSD density, the substrate refractive index, and the statistical distributions of the SSD radius and refractive index on the extended BRDF. For transparent substrates, we also find the dependence of the extended BRDF on the SSD positions. (c) 2006 Optical Society of America.

A note on the von Bertalanffy growth function concerning the allocation of surplus energy to reproduction

We propose an extended form of the von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF), where the allocation of surplus energy to reproduction is considered. Any function can be used in our model to describe the ratio of energy allocation for reproduction to that for somatic growth. As an example, two models for energy allocation were derived: a step-function and a logistic function. The extended model can jointly describe growth in adult and juvenile stages. The change in growth rate between the two stages can be either gradual or steep; the latter gives a biphasic VBGF. The results of curve fitting indicated that a consideration of reproductive energy is meaningful for model extension. By controlling parameter values, our comprehensive model gives various growth curve shapes ranging from indeterminate to determinate growth. An increase in the number of parameters is unavoidable in practical applications of this new model. Additional information on reproduction will improve the reliability of model estimates.