Back from the future:the second chance in the past of aller + infinitive

Typological studies (Bybee et al. 1994, Dahl 2000, Bourdin 2008 among many others) have shown a tendency for spatial elements (such as movement verbs) to grammaticalise into temporal expressions. The periphrasis made of aller + infinitive has been very productive in Romance languages. If in French, Spanish or Portuguese, it refers to future, it refers to a simple past in Catalan. fr.: je vais aller au cinéma esp.: voy a ir al cine pt. Vou ira o cine cat.: vaig anar al cine Barceló & Bres (2005:168) indicate that, In French, «vers le XVIème siècle, […] la périphrase a brièvement fonctionné comme un temps du passé (alors même que l’emploi comme temps du futur émergeait)»: (1) Sur ces propos, firent leur accord et, en regardant le lieu le plus propre pour faire cette belle œuvre, elle va dire qu’elle n’en savait point de meilleure ni plus loin de tout soupçon, qu’une petite maison qui était dedans le parc, où il y avait chambre et lit tout à propos. (Marguerite de Navarre, L’Heptaméron) The future value took over so much so that Damourette & Pichon (1911-1936 :117) claimed the past value had disappeared»: Un second tour, encore plus aberrant, n’a plus, que nous sachions, aucune position en pays d’Oui. Nous voulons parler de l’expression d’un passé au moyen de l’auxiliaire aller, suivi de l’infinitif. Ce tour a eu une grande fortune dans le provençal ancien et le catalan […] En français, on n’en trouve que des traces, notamment du XIVe au XVIe siècles . Ex.:[…] Adoncques s’arrêtèrent le conte et Raimondin soubz un grand arbre ; lors va dire le conte à Raimondin: […]. Et Raimondin va lui dire : Sire, ce qu’il vous plaira. That allegedly extinct use is nonetheless alive and kicking in Contemporary French. Larreya (2005:349)notes that it is « très courant dans les récits – en particulier dans les récits oraux» and it is also found in newspaper language as shown by this except from an obituary for Loulou Gasté (Le Monde 1995): (2) Celle-ci se déroule aux Editions Micro, où il a un bureau. Séduit par la jeune interprète, il commence à lui écrire des chansons sur mesure et leur complicité va mettre cinq ans à se transformer en amour. Au début de leur rencontre, Loulou est neurasthénique parce qu’il vient de divorcer et la future Line, exclusivement préoccupée par son métier, ne songe à rien d’autre. Line et Loulou vont rattraper le temps perdu et créer ensemble un millier de petites chansons dont la plupart sont devenues immortelles. Jusqu’à ces derniers mois, il ne va pas se passer une journée sans que Loulou s’empare de sa guitare pour créer un refrain. Would we be witnessing a linguistic resurrection? The same structure seems therefore to have grammaticalised in diverging and even diametrically opposite ways in different Romance languages. In this talk, we shall try to explain how the phrase aller + infinitive is able to function both as a future and a past. We will especially concentrate on the case of contemporary French where, while the future interpretation has obtained the status of tense as futur proche or périphrastique, a past interpretation is now commonplace. Our reflection will be supported by a personal corpus of authentic examples.

Web based expert elicitation of uncertainties in environmental model inputs

When constructing and using environmental models, it is typical that many of the inputs to the models will not be known perfectly. In some cases, it will be possible to make observations, or occasionally physics-based uncertainty propagation, to ascertain the uncertainty on these inputs. However, such observations are often either not available or even possible, and another approach to characterising the uncertainty on the inputs must be sought. Even when observations are available, if the analysis is being carried out within a Bayesian framework then prior distributions will have to be specified. One option for gathering or at least estimating this information is to employ expert elicitation. Expert elicitation is well studied within statistics and psychology and involves the assessment of the beliefs of a group of experts about an uncertain quantity, (for example an input / parameter within a model), typically in terms of obtaining a probability distribution. One of the challenges in expert elicitation is to minimise the biases that might enter into the judgements made by the individual experts, and then to come to a consensus decision within the group of experts. Effort is made in the elicitation exercise to prevent biases clouding the judgements through well-devised questioning schemes. It is also important that, when reaching a consensus, the experts are exposed to the knowledge of the others in the group. Within the FP7 UncertWeb project (http://www.uncertweb.org/), there is a requirement to build a Webbased tool for expert elicitation. In this paper, we discuss some of the issues of building a Web-based elicitation system - both the technological aspects and the statistical and scientific issues. In particular, we demonstrate two tools: a Web-based system for the elicitation of continuous random variables and a system designed to elicit uncertainty about categorical random variables in the setting of landcover classification uncertainty. The first of these examples is a generic tool developed to elicit uncertainty about univariate continuous random variables. It is designed to be used within an application context and extends the existing SHELF method, adding a web interface and access to metadata. The tool is developed so that it can be readily integrated with environmental models exposed as web services. The second example was developed for the TREES-3 initiative which monitors tropical landcover change through ground-truthing at confluence points. It allows experts to validate the accuracy of automated landcover classifications using site-specific imagery and local knowledge. Experts may provide uncertainty information at various levels: from a general rating of their confidence in a site validation to a numerical ranking of the possible landcover types within a segment. A key challenge in the web based setting is the design of the user interface and the method of interacting between the problem owner and the problem experts. We show the workflow of the elicitation tool, and show how we can represent the final elicited distributions and confusion matrices using UncertML, ready for integration into uncertainty enabled workflows.We also show how the metadata associated with the elicitation exercise is captured and can be referenced from the elicited result, providing crucial lineage information and thus traceability in the decision making process.

Oxygen, pH and calcium dynamics and fluxes at the thallus surface under ambient (8.1) and low (7.8) seawater pH and across a range of irradiances

Presently, an incomplete mechanistic understanding of tropical reef macroalgae photosynthesis and calcification restricts predictions of how these important autotrophs will respond to global change. Therefore, we investigated the mechanistic link between inorganic carbon uptake pathways, photosynthesis and calcification in a tropical crustose coralline alga (CCA) using microsensors. We measured pH, oxygen (O2), and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics and fluxes at the thallus surface under ambient (8.1) and low (7.8) seawater pH (pHSW) and across a range of irradiances. Acetazolamide (AZ) was used to inhibit extracellular carbonic anhydrase (CAext), which mediates hydrolysis of HCO3-, and 4,4' diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulphonate (DIDS) that blocks direct HCO3- uptake by anion exchange transport. Both inhibited photosynthesis, suggesting both diffusive uptake of CO2 via HCO3- hydrolysis to CO2 and direct HCO3- ion transport are important in this CCA. Surface pH was raised approximately 0.3 units at saturating irradiance, but less when CAext was inhibited. Surface pH was lower at pHSW 7.8 than pHSW 8.1 in the dark, but not in the light. The Ca2+ fluxes were large, complex and temporally variable, but revealed net Ca2+ uptake under all conditions. The temporal variability in Ca2+ dynamics was potentially related to localized dissolution during epithallial cell sloughing, a strategy of CCA to remove epiphytes. Simultaneous Ca2+ and pH dynamics suggest the presence of Ca2+/H+ exchange. Rapid light-induced H+ surface dynamics that continued after inhibition of photosynthesis revealed the presence of a light-mediated, but photosynthesis-independent, proton pump. Thus, the study indicates metabolic control of surface pH can occur in CCA through photosynthesis and light-inducible H+ pumps. Our results suggest that complex light-induced ion pumps play an important role in biological processes related to inorganic carbon uptake and calcification in CCA.

Benthic organic carbon flux and oxygen penetration depth in the Southern Ocean

For the investigation of organic carbon fluxes reaching the seafloor, oxygen microprofiles were measured at 145 sites in different sub-regions of the Southern Ocean. At eleven sites, an in situ oxygen microprofiler was deployed for the measurement of oxygen profiles and the calculation of organic carbon fluxes. At four sites, both in situ and ex situ data were determined for high latitudes. Based on this dataset as well as on previous published data, a relationship was established for the estimation of fluxes derived by ex situ measured O2 profiles. The fluxes of labile organic matter range from 0.5 to 37.1 mgC m**2/day. The high values determined by in situ measurements were observed in the Polar Front region (water depth of more than 4290 m) and are comparable to organic matter fluxes observed for high-productivity, upwelling areas like off West Africa. The oxygen penetration depth, which reflects the long-term organic matter flux to the sediment, was correlated with assemblages of key diatom species. In the Scotia Sea (~3000 m water depth), oxygen penetration depths of less than 15 cm were observed, indicating high benthic organic carbon fluxes. In contrast, the oxic zone extends down to several decimeters in abyssal sediments of the Weddell Sea and the southeastern South Atlantic. The regional pattern of organic carbon fluxes derived from micro-sensor data suggest that episodic and seasonal sedimentation pulses are important for the carbon supply to the seafloor of the deep Southern Ocean.

Interpretational variability of structural traps : implications for exploration risk and volume uncertainty

We would like to acknowledge and thank Frank Peel and Seb Turner for taking time to review this paper. Also thanks to Marguerite Fleming for perpetual encouragement. From: Richards, F. L., Richardson, N. J., Rippington, S. J., Wilson, R. W. & Bond, C. E. (eds) 2015. Industrial Structural Geology: Principles, Techniques and Integration. Geological Society, London,

Interpretational variability of structural traps : implications for exploration risk and volume uncertainty

We would like to acknowledge and thank Frank Peel and Seb Turner for taking time to review this paper. Also thanks to Marguerite Fleming for perpetual encouragement. From: Richards, F. L., Richardson, N. J., Rippington, S. J., Wilson, R. W. & Bond, C. E. (eds) 2015. Industrial Structural Geology: Principles, Techniques and Integration. Geological Society, London,

Dynamiques familiales de la communauté hindoue de Montréal : contrer la violence intrafamiliale

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Dynamiques familiales de la communauté hindoue de Montréal : contrer la violence intrafamiliale

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Trace element composition of IODP Site 304-U1309 and 305-U1309 (Table A2)

IODP Site U1309 was drilled at Atlantis Massif, an oceanic core complex, at 30°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). We present the results of a bulk rock geochemical study (major and trace elements) carried out on 228 samples representative of the different lithologies sampled at this location. Over 96% of Hole U1309D is made up of gabbroic rocks. Diabases and basalts cross-cut the upper part of the section; they have depleted MORB compositions similar to basalts sampled at MAR 30°N. Relics of mantle were recovered at shallow depth. Mantle peridotites show petrographic and geochemical evidence of extensive melt-rock interactions. Gabbroic rocks comprise: olivine-rich troctolites (> 70% modal olivine) and troctolites having high Mg# (82-89), high Ni (up to 2300 ppm) and depleted trace element compositions (Yb 0.06-0.8 ppm); olivine gabbros and gabbros (including gabbronorites) with Mg# of 60-86 and low trace element contents (Yb 0.125-2.5 ppm); and oxide gabbros and leucocratic dykes with low Mg# (< 50), low Ni (~65 ppm) and high trace element contents (Yb up to 26 ppm). Troctolites and gabbros are amongst the most primitive and depleted oceanic gabbroic rocks. The main geochemical characteristics of Site U1309 gabbroic rocks are consistent with a formation as a cumulate sequence after a common parental MORB melt, although (lack of systematic) downhole variations indicate that the gabbroic series were built by multiple magma injections. In detail, textural and geochemical variations in olivine-rich troctolites and gabbronorites suggest chemical interaction (assimilation?) between the parental melt and the intruded lithosphere. Site U1309 gabbroic rocks do not represent the complementary magmatic product of 30°N volcanics, although they sample the same mantle source. The bulk trace element composition of Site U1309 gabbroic rocks is similar to primitive MORB melt compositions; this implies that there was no large scale removal of melts from this gabbro section. The occurrence of such a large magmatic sequence implies that a high magmatic activity is associated with the formation of Atlantis Massif. Our results suggest that almost all melts feeding this magmatic system stays trapped into the intruded lithosphere.

Digging up the frequency of phrasal verbs in English for the Police: the case of "up"

The present study focuses on the frequency of phrasal verbs with the particle up in the context of crime and police investigative work. This research emerges from the need to enlarge McCarthy and O’Dell’s (2004) scope from purely criminal behavior to police investigative actions. To do so, we relied on a corpus of 504,124 running words made up of spoken dialogues extracted from the script of the American TV series Castle shown on ABC since 2009. Based on Rudzka-Ostyn’s (2003) cognitive motivations for the particle up, we have identified five different meaning extensions for our phrasal verbs. Drawing from these findings, we have designed pedagogical activities for those L2 learners that study English at the Police Academy.

Princesses et duchesses bibliophiles à la cour de René d'Anjou

De nombreuses dames de la cour d'Anjou ont exercé un mécénat littéraire et bibliophilique important à la cour d'Anjou. Parmi elles se trouvent Marie de Blois (v. 1340-1404), Yolande d'Aragon (1381-1442), Isabelle de Lorraine (v. 1400-1453), Jeanne de Laval (1433-1498) et Marie de Clèves (1426-1487). Le mécénat de ces femmes, parentes, épouses ou amies de René d'Anjou, est ici abordé à travers les documents d'archives et les manuscrits conservés qui attestent d'un intérêtréel et constant pour l'art du livre et de l'enluminure et pour la littérature en vogue à la cour. Une attention toute particulière est réservée au Pèlerinage de Vie humaine de Guillaume de Digulleville dont la version rimée, et plus tard la version en prose commandée par Jeanne de Laval, n'a cessé de captiver le lectorat féminin et notamment Marguerite d'Anjou, Blanche d'Anjou et Guyonne de Beauvau

Paul Villeneuve : fondateur des Caisses d'établissement du Québec (1903-1971)

Le 23 octobre 1950, M. Paul Villeneuve fondait la Caisse d'établissement de Vaudreuil-Soulanges, coopérative d'épargne et crédit, première institution du genre au Canada. Cette formule séduisante allait entraîner dans son orbite l'ensemble des régions de la belle province et donnerait naissance à la Fédération des Caisses d'établissement du Québec. Jusqu'ici, personne n'avait entrepris de retracer la vie de M. Paul Villeneuve. D'ailleurs, sa vie active fut courte puisqu'une grave maladie, survenue au tout début de la cinquantaine, freinait la course de ce bâtisseur. La rareté des documents dépeignant celui-ci frappe dès l'abord. Son maniement habile des précautions oratoires transparaît dans l'unique copie qui nous soit restée de l'un de ses nombreux discours (Il s'agit de l'allocution présentée lors du 50e anniversaire de la Caisse populaire de Lévis). On repère d'autres traces de son passage dans quelques périodiques comme La Terre de chez nous et dans des procès-verbaux de l'Union catholique des cultivateurs, de la Caisse populaire de Vaudreuil et des trois Caisses d'établissement qu'il a fondées. M. Paul-Émile Doré mentionne sa contribution dans son essai de maîtrise en coopération intitulé: Les Caisses d'établissement et le crédit agricole (1986). Malheureusement, aucune correspondance ou article de journal n'émanait de cet homme au charisme remarquable; aussi, les personnes l'ayant connu s'avéraient des plus susceptibles de nous renseigner de manière pertinente sur ce captivant personnage. Quelques-unes se sont rendues à l'invitation: c'est le cas de ses enfants Marguerite, Jeanne, François et de son gendre, M. Edgar Marcoux. De précieux collaborateurs de M. Villeneuve, MM. Joseph-Edouard Carrière et Lazare Rozon, nous ont gracieusement accordé de leur temps, tout comme M. Paul-Emile Doré, membre fondateur de la Caisse d'établissement du Saguenay-Lac St-Jean (la plus vieille Caisse d'établissement à l'heure actuelle, celle de Vaudreuil-Soulanges s'étant fusionnée à la Caisse populaire de Vaudreuil).

The romances of Alexandre Dumas.

4. The count of Monte Cristo / illustrated by Edmund H. Garrett -- 5. Agénor de Mauléon : a romance of the reign of Charles V. of France / illustrated by J. Wagrez -- 6. Agénor de Mauléon : a romance of the reign of Charles V. of France / illustrated by J. Wagrez -- 7. The Brigand : a romance of the reign of Don Carlos and Black the story of a dog / illustrated by Eugéne Grivaz -- 8. Ascanio : a romance of the reign of Francis First / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 9. The two Dianas : a romance of the reign of Henry ll. / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 10. The two Dianas : a romance of the reign of Henry ll. / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 11. The page of the Duke of Savoy : a romance of the reign of Henry ll. / illustrated by Frank T. Merrill -- 12. The horoscope : a romance of the reign of Francois ll. and tales of the caucasus / illustrated by Eugéne Grivaz -- 13. Marguerite de Valois : a romance of the reign of Charles lX. / illustrated by Félix Oudart -- 14. La Dame de Monsoreau : a romance of the reign of Henry lll. / illustrated by Eugéne Courboin -- 15. The fourty-five : a romance of the reign of Henri lll. / illustrated by Eugéne Courboin -- 16. The Three Musketeers : a romance of the reign of Louis Xlll. / illustrated by E. Abot, Gustave Doré, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 17. The Three Musketeers : a romance of the reign of Louis Xlll. / illustrated by E. Abot, Gustave Doré, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 20. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 21. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 22. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett --23. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 24. Sylvandire : a romance of the time of Louis XlV. and The Woman with the Velvet Necklace : a romance of the Revolution / illustrated by J. Wagrez -- 25. The war of women : a romance of the Fronde / illustrated by Eugéne Grivaz -- 26. Le Chevalier D'Harmental : a romance of the regency of Philippe, Duc D'Orléans / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 27. The Regents daughter and the black tulip / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 28. Olympe de Cléves and Chauvelin's will : romances of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 29. Olympe de Cléves and Chauvelin's will : romances of the reign of Louis XV. illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 30. Memoirs of a physician : a romance of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Evert Van Muyden and Eugéne Courbion -- 31. Memoirs of a physician : a romance of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Evert Van Muyden and Eugéne Courbion -- 32. Memoirs of a physician : a romance of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Evert Van Muyden and Eugéne Courbion -- 33. The Queens necklace : a romance of the reign of Louis XVl. / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion, Félix Oudart and Evert Van Muyden -- 34. The Queens necklace : a romance of the reign of Louis XVl. / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion, Félix Oudart and Evert Van Muyden -- 35. Ange Pitou and Blanche de Beaulieu : romances of the French Revolution / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 36. Ange Pitou and Blanche de Beaulieu : romances of the French Revolution / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 37. La Comtesse de Charny : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 38. La Comtesse de Charny : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 39. La Comtesse de Charny : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 40. The Chevalier de Maison-Rouge : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by E. Abot -- 41. The companions of Jehu : a romance of the consulate under Napoleon / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden and F. T. Merrill -- 42. The whites and the blues : a romance of the directory / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 43.The whites and the blues : a romance of the directory / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 44. The She-Wolves of Machecoul : a romance of the Last Vendée to which are added The Corsican Brothers / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 45. The She-Wolves of Machecoul : a romance of the Last Vendée to which are added The Corsican Brothers / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett.