Código de conduta: uma potencialidade para o desenvolvimento sustentável da floricultura do Agropolo Cariri/CE

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Efeitos da punição sobre respostas mantidas em diferentes sistemas econômicos (aberto e fechado) em Rattus norvegicus

Os sistemas econômicos comportamentais são definidos como diferentes relações existentes entre o consumo e a forma como o organismo o obtém. Existem tipicamente dois tipos de sistemas econômicos: a economia fechada, na qual a porção alimentar diária do sujeito só pode ser adquirida dentro da sessão experimental; e a economia aberta, na qual, além desta, o sujeito recebe uma complementação alimentar após a sessão. Este estudo teve como objetivo averiguar os efeitos da punição positiva sobre respostas mantidas em diferentes sistemas econômicos. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No Experimento 1 dois Rattus norvegicus, machos, privados de água por 24 horas, divididos entre as duas economias: A1 (aberta) e F1 (fechada). O estímulo aversivo foi um Jato de ar-quente (JAQ) por 5 segundos e contingente a cada resposta de pressão à barra (RPB). Cada sujeito passou pelas seguintes fases: Nível Operante, Modelagem da RPB, Fortalecimento em CRF, Punição e Recondicionamento. No Experimento 2 foram utilizados quatro Rattus norvegicus, Wistar, machos, privados de água por 24 horas, divididos em duas duplas: FAF (Fechada/Aberta/Fechada) e AFA (Aberta/Fechada/Aberta). O estímulo aversivo foi um choque de 1.3mA, por cinco segundos e contingente a cada RPB. Durante o experimento, ambos passaram pelas seguintes fases: Nível Operante, Modelagem da RPB, Fortalecimento em FR10, Punição (em uma economia), Recondicionamento, Punição (em uma economia diferente da anterior), outro Recondicionamento, por fim, uma sessão de Punição na economia inicial. Os dados dos dois Experimentos demonstraram uma supressão média no responder durante as fases de Punição em comparação com as fases de Fortalecimento/Recondicionamento, em ambas as economias e em todos os sujeitos: 48,7%(F1); 96,6%(A1); 99,9%, 99,9% e 89,8%(FAF1); 93,2%, 99,4% e 84,8% (FAF2); 99,8%, 83,6% e 95% (AFA1); 92,3%, 90,9% e 91,6% (AFA2). Estes resultados demonstram que tanto o choque quanto o JAQ funcionaram como estímulos aversivos, porém a diferença entre as duas economias foi maior nos sujeitos que tiveram suas respostas punidas com o JAQ.

O mito da inclusão produtiva: o discurso ideológico de cidadania, inclusão social e crescimento econômico do estado brasileiro de FHC à Dilma

A presente dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo central analisar a concepção de inclusão produtiva, caracterizada por ações de qualificação da força de trabalho vigoradas com maior frequência a partir da Presidência de Lula da Silva, em 2003, e orientada pelo Ministério de Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS) como tentativa contraditória de promoção do desenvolvimento econômico e enfrentamento à pobreza no Brasil. Os objetivos específicos visam identificar em que momento a inclusão produtiva passou a ser disseminada pelo Governo Federal Brasileiro; investigar os documentos oficiais do Governo Brasileiro, bem como de organismos internacionais que se referem à noção de inclusão produtiva; e analisar os documentos oficiais apreendendo as categorias que explicam a concepção de inclusão produtiva para o MDS. Para tanto, o percurso metodológico de análise do objeto de estudo, dar-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, norteada pelas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental. Assim, busca-se apreender a concepção de inclusão produtiva a partir da análise de 13 (treze) documentos e informações das paginas eletrônicas das instituições como o MTE, a CEPAL e o MDS. Os resultados da pesquisa permitem inferir que a inclusão produtiva incorporada pelo governo petista (Lula da Silva e Dilma Rousseff) é sustentada pelo discurso ideológico de cidadania, inclusão social, crescimento econômico, protagonismo, desenvolvimento de capacidades que integram a noção de qualificação/educação profissional como mediação da inserção laborativa da população pobre no mundo do trabalho. Portanto, essas categorias têm tendência em escamotear o desemprego estrutural, a exploração do trabalho, as desigualdades sociais e promover por meio do ajustamento da população às demandas do capital e, ainda, para que aceite sua posição dentro da sociedade: a de superpopulação necessária à acumulação capitalista.

On a class of abstract neutral functional differential equations

By using the theory of semigroups of growth α, we discuss the existence of mild solutions for a class of abstract neutral functional differential equations. A concrete application to partial neutral functional differential equations is considered.

Saddle Point and Second Order Optimality in Nondifferentiable Nonlinear Abstract Multiobjective Optimization

This article deals with a vector optimization problem with cone constraints in a Banach space setting. By making use of a real-valued Lagrangian and the concept of generalized subconvex-like functions, weakly efficient solutions are characterized through saddle point type conditions. The results, jointly with the notion of generalized Hessian (introduced in [Cominetti, R., Correa, R.: A generalized second-order derivative in nonsmooth optimization. SIAM J. Control Optim. 28, 789–809 (1990)]), are applied to achieve second order necessary and sufficient optimality conditions (without requiring twice differentiability for the objective and constraining functions) for the particular case when the functionals involved are defined on a general Banach space into finite dimensional ones.

Use of uniform designs in combination with neural networks for viral infection process development

This work aimed to compare the predictive capacity of empirical models, based on the uniform design utilization combined to artificial neural networks with respect to classical factorial designs in bioprocess, using as example the rabies virus replication in BHK-21 cells. The viral infection process parameters under study were temperature (34°C, 37°C), multiplicity of infection (0.04, 0.07, 0.1), times of infection, and harvest (24, 48, 72 hours) and the monitored output parameter was viral production. A multilevel factorial experimental design was performed for the study of this system. Fractions of this experimental approach (18, 24, 30, 36 and 42 runs), defined according uniform designs, were used as alternative for modelling through artificial neural network and thereafter an output variable optimization was carried out by means of genetic algorithm methodology. Model prediction capacities for all uniform design approaches under study were better than that found for classical factorial design approach. It was demonstrated that uniform design in combination with artificial neural network could be an efficient experimental approach for modelling complex bioprocess like viral production. For the present study case, 67% of experimental resources were saved when compared to a classical factorial design approach. In the near future, this strategy could replace the established factorial designs used in the bioprocess development activities performed within biopharmaceutical organizations because of the improvements gained in the economics of experimentation that do not sacrifice the quality of decisions.

Consumption Diagnosis of Sweet Cassava in three Municipalities in Cuba

Cassava is an important staple food for human and animal feeding in Cuba. Despite its importance, there is little or nonexistent information to diagnose preferences and frequency of consumption of cassava in that country. In this sense, the present article characterizes the preferences and frequency of consumption of cassava in the municipalities of Plaza de la Revolución-La Habana province, El Salvador–Guantanamo province and San José de Las Lajas–Mayabeque province in Cuba. A survey was conducted through a questionnaire containing twelve closed and two open questions. The sample was determined based on the number of total population of each municipality considering 95% as confidence interval and 5% as error margin. The results were statistically analyzed by calculating the absolute and the relative frequencies of each question. It was observed that the acquisition of cassava in the municipalities of Plaza de la Revolución, El Salvador and San José de las Lajas in Cuba is done by purchase small quantities of fresh cassava for home consumption within one week, due to the extreme perishability of cassava, which limits consumers' ability to store fresh roots at home. The choice of cassava is made based on both skin colour (light brown) and pulp (white) and empirical knowledge about its ease of cooking, and that cassava is mostly consumed in boiled and fried forms up to four times a week in times where there is root market supply with the desirable culinary characteristics (cooking facility), that is, from September to December.

South Carolina Home Economics Association Records - Accession 22

This collection is a valuable source on home economics history in South Carolina during the twentieth century. While there is information on the SCHEA from its beginning in 1914 to 1980, the actual records do not start until 1920. An outline of what the South Carolina Home Economics Association was doing from 1914 to 1920, is provided in the “historical file” (see Box 1, folders 1 to 4). The inclusive dates for a particular series may vary and, for most series, the records are incomplete. The collection contains all the records normally created by an organization, including constitutions, correspondence, minutes, reports, handbooks, etc. A wide variety of research topics could be developed from the records, including the SCHEA’s impact on the legislative process in South Carolina (e.g. the passage of the bill for the enrichment of cornmeal and grits in 1943), its cooperation and relationship with relief agencies in the state and its role in improving child health during the 1930s.

The Economics of Managing Wildlife Disease

The spread of infectious disease among and between wild and domesticated animals has become a major problem worldwide. Upon analyzing the dynamics of wildlife growth and infection when the diseased animals cannot be identified separately from healthy wildlife prior to the kill, we find that harvest-based strategies alone have no impact on disease transmission. Other controls that directly influence disease transmission and/or mortality are required. Next, we analyze the socially optimal management of infectious wildlife. The model is applied to the problem of bovine tuberculosis among Michigan white-tailed deer, with non-selective harvests and supplemental feeding being the control variables. Using a two-state linear control model, we find a two-dimensional singular path is optimal (as opposed to a more conventional bang-bang solution) as part of a cycle that results in the disease remaining endemic in the wildlife. This result follows from non-selective harvesting and intermittent wildlife productivity gains from supplemental feeding.

Essays on Industrial Organization and Environmental Economics

This dissertation studies environmental regulation issues in the hog production industry as well as forces behind the reorganization of the industry during the past two decades. Federal and State-level environmental regulations imposed on U.S. hog production during the year 2003 are examined in Chapter 1. Based on the number of regulations passed by the Federal government and states, the 2003 regulatory index is constructed. The regulatory stringency index suggests that state-level regulations vary across states and have increased over the years. In addition, state-level regulations are more stringent than federal regulations. Chapter 2 develops an empirically implementable theoretical model which allows us to investigate the long-run effects of environmental regulations on the U.S. hog industry. Hog feeding operations (HFOs) are divided into large feeding operations (LHFOs) and small feeding operations (SHFOs). The impact of the presence of a large number of LHFOs on the entry and exit of CHFOs is also examined. Results of this study suggest that: Increased state-level regulation stringency significantly lowers the output of SHFOs; increased state-level regulation stringency significantly lowers the output of LHFOs; increased state-level regulation stringency significantly lowers the number of SHFOs; SHFO output rises significantly in states that have a greater number of LHFOs; LHFO output rises significantly in states that have a greater number of LHFOs; the number of SHFOs significantly increases in states that have a greater numbers of LHFOs; regulation increases the average SHFO size; and regulation decreases the average LHFO size. Chapter 3 examines the importance of input availability, market attractiveness, agglomeration economies and environmental regulations on the reorganization of U.S. hog production for a panel of 22 U.S. hog producing states which include, Northern states, Southern states and Midwest states for the period 1994-2006. Results from this study suggest that: Hog production in a state is positively affected by hog production in a nearby state, confirming the presence of agglomeration economies; Environmental regulations and high corn price have negative effects on state-level U.S. hog production; High hog prices, and favorable labor cost, and land values attract hog production; and transportation cost has no effect on hog production. Advisors: Azzeddine Azzam and Karina Schoengold

The Economics of Threatened Species Conservation: A Review and Analysis

Stabilizing human population size and reducing human-caused impacts on the environment are keys to conserving threatened species (TS). Earth's human population is ~ 7 billion and increasing by ~ 76 million per year. This equates to a human birth-death ratio of 2.35 annually. The 2007 Red List prepared by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) categorized 16,306 species of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and other organisms (e.g., lichens, algae) as TS. This is ~ 1 percent of the 1,589,161 species described by IUCN or ~ 0.0033 percent of the believed 5,000,000 total species. Of the IUCN’s described species, vertebrates comprised relatively the most TS listings within respective taxonomic categories (5,742 of 59,811), while invertebrates (2,108 of 1,203,175), plants (8,447 of 297,326), and other species (9 of 28,849) accounted for minor class percentages. Conservation economics comprises microeconomic and macroeconomic principles involving interactions among ecological, environmental, and natural resource economics. A sustainable-growth (steady-state) economy has been posited as instrumental to preserving biological diversity and slowing extinctions in the wild, but few nations endorse this approach. Expanding growth principles characterize most nations' economic policies. To date, statutory fine, captive breeding cost, contingent valuation analysis, hedonic pricing, and travel cost methods are used to value TS in economic research and models. Improved valuation methods of TS are needed for benefit-cost analysis (BCA) of conservation plans. This Chapter provides a review and analysis of: (1) the IUCN status of species, (2) economic principles inherent to sustainable versus growth economies, and (3) methodological issues which hinder effective BCAs of TS conservation.

Using GIS to Locate Areas for Growing Quality Coffee in Honduras

Abstract Small-scale coffee producers worldwide remain vulnerable to price fluctuations after the 1999-2003 coffee crisis. One way to increase small-scale farmer economic resilience is to produce a more expensive product, such as quality coffee. There is growing demand in coffee-producing and coffee-importing countries for user-friendly tools that facilitate the marketing of quality coffee. The purpose of this study is to develop a prototypical quality coffee marketing tool in the form of a GIS model that identifies regions for producing quality coffee in a country not usually associated with quality coffee, Honduras. Maps of areas for growing quality coffee were produced with information on climate, soils, topography, areas vulnerable to environmental degradation, the location of current quality coffee farms, and infrastructure. The maps depict suitable coffee-growing land in portions of eight western Honduran departments.

Cellulosic Ethanol: The Benifits, Obstacles, and Implications for Nebraska

Abstract Ethanol is a biofuel that has unique capabilities to mitigate global climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions while simultaneously supporting rural economies and decreasing the United States’ dependence on foreign oil. Currently, the state of Nebraska depends on corn ethanol, which may be unsustainable. Cellulosic ethanol is a promising alternative but it is not without its problems, including high production costs and potential environmental damage. This thesis is an attempt to understand the benefits, downfalls, and processes of corn-based and cellulosic ethanol and the potential implications to Nebraska. This research should shed some light on the current obstacles and environmental problems involved with production, as well as evaluate the potential economic benefits to Nebraska, while pointing out issues that should be further researched before implementation.

Nebraska Wind Power: A Comparitive Study of Knowledge and Attitudes

Abstract The goal of this project is to assess the knowledge and attitudes of Nebraskans on the issue of wind power. The point of this research is to learn whether the presence of wind power has a positive effect on a person’s knowledge about and attitudes toward wind power and wind turbines. Using mail surveys, qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the towns of Pierce and Ainsworth Nebraska. The surveys aided in seeing patterns of knowledge about wind power and wind turbines and positive and negative attitudes and major concerns regarding wind power.