Rub��n Dar��o's new unpublished and unknown documents: on La "Isla de Oro", the "Poema del Oto��o" and the years of "Mundial"

This article studies and reproduces a group of documents that includes some hand-written and typed texts most likely authored by Rub��n Dar��o, along with others where Dar��o���s authorship can be easily contested. These documents seem to have originated during the years of Mundial Magazine (1912-1914), and besides the interest for their probably unpublished nature, they also show the cooperation between Dar��o and his collaborators in the preparation of his original manuscripts right before being sent to the publishers.

Dogs in the paradise: The influence of the cynical philosophy in the construction of the myth of the good savage

This paper studies the influence of cynic philosophy in the construction of the myth of the good savage. In the first part it studies the importance of cynicism in the XVI century and how the cynic influence of Erasmus, More and Montaigne was fundamental to the way that Europe approached the American indigenous. In the second part it studies the cynic motives that could have influenced in the construction of the myth of the good savage.

El idiotismo de la sociedad tradicionalista tecnificada de principios de siglo XX en Colombia: La cr��tica de Luis Vidales a trav��s de "Suenan timbres"

En este art��culo tratamos, por medio de Suenan timbres de Luis Vidales, el idiotismo de la sociedad tradicionalista tecnificada de principios de siglo XX en Colombia. Estudio que realizamos desde el concepto de idiotismo de Vidales, en estrecha relaci��n con el de cultura de vi��eta de Rafael Guti��rrez Girardot, para plantear la burla del poeta a la sociedad capitalista, que cuestiona la presencia de la Iglesia cat��lica y la pol��tica conservadora en todos los estadios de la vida nacional.

La m��sica pr��ctica en san Agust��n: "vestigium" y "signum"

En distintos momentos de su producci��n intelectual, Agust��n se refiri�� al asunto de la m��sica. En este art��culo mostraremos que Agust��n uso dos esquemas conceptuales distintos para describir el fen��meno de la m��sica pr��ctica en su relaci��n con el mundo espiritual, el esquema de las Artes Liberales y el de la teor��a del signo, y que en virtud de ello la m��sica ser��a concebida de dos modos diferentes: como vestigium y como signum del mundo espiritual, respectivamente. Al final del art��culo analizaremos la diferencia entre las dos concepciones considerando tres elementos: la naturaleza de la relaci��n entre mundo material y espiritual, el contenido espiritual al que remite y la noci��n de belleza que implica.

Notas sobre el "primum cognitum" en Cayetano y su v��nculo con la metaf��sica

Cayetano tuvo un papel protag��nico en los debates intelectuales de su ��poca (s. XVI), destac��ndose como un aut��ntico adalid del tomismo; inclusive muchas de sus tesis pasaron a formar parte de tal doctrina, las cuales ���a veces matizadas y otras no tanto��� perviven hasta nuestros d��as. Entre los diversos temas que afront�� se destaca su particular noci��n de primum cognitum. Aqu��, partimos del hecho de que la tradici��n tomista no ha visto mayores inconvenientes en equiparar lo que entienden Cayetano y el Aquinate por el ens primo cadit; empero nosotros estamos en condiciones de afirmar que tal equiparaci��n al menos es problem��tica. En este sentido, nos ocuparemos de realizar un primer acercamiento al tema del ente primer conocido cayetaniano para intentar mostrar su real significado. Asimismo, procuraremos ver, ayudados por los aportes de algunos estudiosos contempor��neos ���en especial el de Lawrence Dewan���, hasta qu�� punto tal noci��n se corresponde o no con los desarrollos te��ricos de Tom��s de Aquino, sobre todo con el v��nculo entre el primer conocido y el ente como objeto de la metaf��sica.

Property rights and competing for the affections of Demos: The Impact of the 1867 Reform Act on stock prices

The 1867 Reform Act in Britain extended the electoral franchise to the skilled but propertyless urban working classes. Using stock market data and exploiting the fact that foreign and domestic equities traded simultaneously on the London market, this paper finds that investors in British firms reacted negatively to the passage of this Act. We suggest that this finding is consistent with investors foreseeing future alterations of property rights arising from the pressure that the large newly enfranchised group would bring to bear on government policy. We also suggest that our findings appear to be more consistent with the Tory political competition explanation for the Act rather than the Whig threat-of-revolution explanation.

The Hekla 1947 tephra in the North of Ireland: regional distribution, concentration and geochemistry.

A cryptotephra layer from the eruption of Hekla in 1947 has recently been discovered in Irish peatlands. This tephra layer represents the most recent deposition of volcanic ash in the UK prior to the eruption of Eyjafjallaj��kull in 2010. Here we examine the concentration and geochemistry of the Hekla 1947 tephra in 14 peat profiles from across Northern Ireland. Electron probe microanalysis of individual tephra shards (n?=?91) reveals that the tephra is of dacitic���andesitic geochemistry and is highly similar to the Hekla 1510 tephra, although spheroidal carbonaceous particle profiles can be used for successful discrimination of the two layers. The highest concentrations of Hekla 1947 are found in western sites, probably reflecting the pathway of the ash fall event due to the prevailing wind direction. Comparable tephra concentrations from two cores (1?km apart) from a single bog and from nearby sites may suggest that tephra shard concentrations in peat profiles reflect ash fallout densities across a specific region, rather than site-specific factors associated with peatlands. This paper firmly establishes Hekla 1947 as a useful chronostratigraphic marker for the twentieth century, although within a restricted zone.

The Terror that Underpins the ���Peace���: The Political Economy of Colombia's Paramilitary Demobilization Process

Studies on terrorism have traditionally focused on non-state actors who direct violence against liberal states. These studies also tend to focus on political motivations and, therefore, have neglected the economic functions of terrorism. This article challenges the divorce of the political and economic spheres by highlighting how states can use terrorism to realise interconnected political and economic goals. To demonstrate this, we take the case of the paramilitary demobilisation process in Colombia and show how it relates to the US-Colombian free trade agreement. We argue that the demobilisation process fulfils a dual role. First, the process aims to improve the image of the Colombian government required to pass the controversial free trade agreement through US Congress to protect large amounts of US investment in the country. Second, the demobilisation process serves to mask clear continuities in paramilitary terror that serve mutually supportive political and economic functions for US investment in Colombia.

Transitional justice, demobilization, and peacebuilding amid political violence: Examining individual preferences in the Caribbean coast of Colombia

The conventional wisdom in the transitional justice literature is that there is no one-size-fits-all approach. This article suggests that this may also be true within a given state. The current paper reports on quantitative and qualitative data from 184 participants in a survey conducted in the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Results suggest widespread support for transitional justice mechanisms ��� such as perpetrator accountability, public acknowledgement and structural change ��� but dissatisfaction with national-level initiatives, specifically the 2005 Justice and Peace Law. Yet, despite a distrust of the national government and protracted conflict, individuals report social trust, community cohesion and reliance on local government institutions. These attitudes and behaviours suggest that decentralised transitional justice mechanisms may be more effective in meeting victims' needs. Moreover, analyses indicate that individual preferences are influenced by community factors, such as the presence of demobilised paramilitaries, which can be addressed through more localised approaches to promote peacebuilding. The paper concludes with best practices derived from the findings.

Antimicrobial Heteroresistance: an Emerging Field in Need of Clarity

<p>SUMMARY: "Heteroresistance" describes a phenomenon where subpopulations of seemingly isogenic bacteria exhibit a range of susceptibilities to a particular antibiotic. Unfortunately, a lack of standard methods to determine heteroresistance has led to inappropriate use of this term. Heteroresistance has been recognized since at least 1947 and occurs in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Its clinical relevance may be considerable, since more resistant subpopulations may be selected during antimicrobial therapy. However, the use of nonstandard methods to define heteroresistance, which are costly and involve considerable labor and resources, precludes evaluating the clinical magnitude and severity of this phenomenon. We review the available literature on antibiotic heteroresistance and propose recommendations for definitions and determination criteria for heteroresistant bacteria. This will help in assessing the global clinical impact of heteroresistance and developing uniform guidelines for improved therapeutic outcomes.</p>