Cross-species chromosome painting in the golden mole and elephant-shrew: support for the mammalian clades Afrotheria and Afroinsectiphillia but not Afroinsectivora

Cross-species painting (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 23 human (Homo sapiens (HSA)) chromosome-specific painting probes (HSA 1-22 and the X) was used to delimit regions of homology on the chromosomes of the golden mole (Ghrysochloris asiaticus) and elephant-shrew (Elephantulus rupestris). A cladistic interpretation of our data provides evidence of two unique associations, HSA 1/19p and 5/21/3, that support Afrotheria. The recognition of HSA 5/3/21 expands on the 3/21 synteny originally designated as an ancestral state for all eutherians. We have identified one adjacent segment combination (HSA2/8p/4) that is supportive of Afroinsectiphillia (aardvark, golden mole, elephant-shrew). Two segmental combinations (HSA 10q/17 and HSA 3/20) unite the aardvark and elephant-shrews as sister taxa. The finding that segmental syntenies in evolutionarily distant taxa can improve phylogenetic resolution suggests that they may be useful for testing sequence-based phylogenies of the early eutherian mammals. They may even suggest clades that sequence trees are not recovering with any consistency and thus encourage the search for additional rare genomic changes among afrotheres.

中国猕猴类的蛋白多态性及其遗传分化关系

采用蛋白电泳分析技术研究了来源于我国和越南的猕猴属5个种的蛋白多态性及其遗传分化关系。共分析遗传座位30个。在分析的19只恒河猴中,30个遗传座位有9个座位表现出多态性,多态座位百分比P=0.3,平均等位基因数A=1.4,平均杂合度H=0.1045。此结果表明,恒河猴的遗传多样性在蛋白质水平上是极为丰富的。另外,有10个座位在所分析的猕猴属的5个种中存在2个以上的等位基因,根据基因频率和遗传距离,采用PHYLIP3.5c软件包中的"CONTML"、"NEIGHBOR"和"FITCH",以每一物种作为分类单元,以小懒猴作为外群, 构建了系统树。所得到的3棵系统树均支持恒河猴和食蟹猴聚在一起,表明这两个物种的亲缘关系较为接近,属于一个种组。"ML"树和"FM"树的拓扑结构基本相同,支持将红面猴独立为一个种组,并显示同恒河猴和食蟹猴所聚的一支较为接近;熊猴和藏猴较为接近形成一个种组,聚在树的外部。“NJ”树则将红面猴和熊猴聚为一支,藏猴独立成一支聚在最外部。

Phylogenomic study of the subfamily Caprinae by cross-species chromosome painting with Chinese muntjac paints

Chromosomal homologies have been established between the Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi, MRE, 2n = 46) and five ovine species: wild goat (Capra aegagrus, CAE, 2n = 60), argall (Ovis ammon, OAM, 2n = 56), snow sheep (Ovis nivicola, ONI, 2n = 52), red goral (Naemorhedus cranbrooki, NCR, 2n = 56) and Sumatra serow (Capricornis sumatraensis, CSU, 2n = 48) by chromosome painting with a set of chromosome-specific probes of the Chinese muntjac. In total, twenty-two Chinese muntjac autosomal painting probes detected thirty-five homologous segments in the genome of each species. The chromosome X probe hybridized to the whole X chromosomes of all ovine species while the chromosome Y probe gave no signal. Our results demonstrate that almost all homologous segments defined by comparative painting show a high degree of conservation in G-banding patterns and that each speciation event is accompanied by specific chromosomal rearrangements. The combined analysis of our results and previous cytogenetic and molecular systematic results enables us to map the chromosomal rearrangements onto a phylogenetic tree, thus providing new insights into the karyotypic evolution of these species.

云南保种乳用圭山羊遗传多样性蛋白电泳研究

采用水平式淀粉胶蛋白电泳技术,对路南保种乳用圭山羊33个个体的46个遗传座位的血液蛋白及同工酶的多态性进行了研究。结果发现AKP、LAP、CES-I、ESD、ME和Pa6个座位具多态性,多态座位的基因AKP~(0)、LAP~(A)、CES-I~(1)、ME~(B)、ESD~(1)和Pa~(A)的基因频率较高;多态座位百分比P=0.1304,平均杂合度H=0.0501。在Tf座位,出现两种表型AA、AB,但多态性贫乏;LDH谱带中发现一种不同的类型。

The impact of chromosome sorting and painting on the comparative analysis of primate genomes

Chromosome sorting by flow cytometry is the main source of chromosome-specific DNA for the production of painting probes. These probes have been used for cross-species in situ hybridization in the construction of comparative maps, in the study of karyotype evolution and phylogenetics, in delineating territories in interphase nuclei, and in the analysis of chromosome breakpoints. We review here the contributions that this technology has made to the analysis of primate genomes. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

鹿鞭的微量DNA提取及序列鉴定

采用微量DNA提取技术,从梅花鹿血、毛、鹿鞭、鹿茸、牛鞭、驴鞭中提取DNA,以线粒体DNA细胞色素b通用引物L14841和H15149扩增约307bpDNA片段, 扩增产物纯化后采用双脱氧链终止法测定其序列。结果证明:梅花鹿毛、血和鹿鞭的DNA序列完全一致; 而所谓的“鹿茸”则与其有较大的差异。用所测序列以简约法PAUP3.1.1 程序构建的分子系统树与传统分类系统相吻合。

Karyotypic conservatism in the suborder Feliformia (Order Carnivora)

Multidirectional comparative chromosome painting was used to investigate the karyotypic relationships among representative species from three Feliformia families of the order Carnivora ( Viverridae, Hyaenidae and Felidae). Complete sets of painting probes derived from flow-sorted chromosomes of the domestic dog, American mink, and human were hybridized onto metaphases of the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta, 2n = 40) and masked palm civet (Paguma larvata, 2n = 44). Extensive chromosomal conservation is evident in these two species when compared with the cat karyotype, and only a few events of chromosome fusion, fission and inversion differentiate the karyotypes of these Feliformia species. The comparative chromosome painting data have enabled the integration of the hyena and palm civet chromosomes into the previously established comparative map among the domestic cat, domestic dog, American mink and human and improved our understanding on the karyotype phylogeny of Feliformia species. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

云南马关保种无角山羊血液蛋白多态性研究

采用水平板淀粉胶电泳技术分析了云南马关保种无角山羊的血液蛋白多态性。对36个个体45个基因座位的分析得出:Esd、Pep-B、Lap、Akp、Ces-1、Ces-2共6个座位出现多态性,且Esd~(A)、Pep-B~(A)、Lap~(A)、Akp~(B)、Ces-1~(A)、Ces-2~(A)的基因频率较高。多态座位百分率P=0.133,平均杂合度H=0.04863。

Karyotype relationships of six bat species (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) from China revealed by chromosome painting and G-banding comparison

The Vespertilionidae is the largest family in the order Chiroptera and has a worldwide distribution in the temperate and tropical regions. In order to further clarify the karyotype relationships at the lower taxonomic level in Vespertilionidae, genome-wid

一种从鱼类卵巢制备地高辛标记 mtDNA 探针的简易方法

线粒体 DNA 限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析, 已被广泛地应用于动物的系统进化和遗传多样性研究, 取得了许多有意义的结果. 线粒体 DNA RFLP 分析一般有两条途径: 一是从动物组织中提取 mtDNA 后, 酶切, 紫外灯下观察, 或放射性自显影. 这要求所提取的 mtDNA 量足够多, 或纯度相当高; 二是将基因组DNA酶切后, 用 mtDNA 探针进行 Southern 杂交. 该途径不需要专门提纯 mtDNA, 特别适合于微量 mtDNA 的 RFLP 分析进行 Southern 杂交分析, 关键在于要有高质量的探针. 用于制备探针的 mtDNA, 纯度要求较高, 一般采用氯化铯密度梯度离心或制备 mtDNA 克隆等方法获得. 这些方法, 不仅操作步骤繁锁, 而且设备条件要求高, 在一般实验室难以实施。

Tandem chromosome fusions in karyotypic evolution of Muntiacus: evidence from M-feae and M-gongshanensis

The muntjacs (Muntiacus, Cervidae) are famous for their rapid and radical karyotypic diversification via repeated tandem chromosome fusions, constituting a paradigm for the studies of karyotypic evolution. Of the five muntjac species with defined karyotyp

云南绵羊线粒体DNA遗传多态性研究

该研究用12种识别六碱基的限制性内切酶对来自云南省3个地方绵羊品种11个样本的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)进行了限制性片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)，结果表明，云南绵羊群体平均核苷歧异度为0.086%，平均遗传距离为0.004，说明mtDNA变异度很低，遗传多样性贫乏，提示云南绵羊可能起源于同一个共同祖先;昭通绵羊与德钦绵羊距离较远，大约分歧于30万年前，德钦绵羊与腾冲绵羊大约分歧于11万年前，而腾冲绵羊与昭通绵羊也于18万年前发生分歧。

Phylogenomics of several deer species revealed by comparative chromosome painting with Chinese muntjac paints

A set of Chinese muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi) chromosome-specific paints has been hybridized onto the metaphases of sika deer (Cervus nippon, CNI, 2n = 66), red deer (Cervus elaphus, CEL, 2n = 62) and tufted deer (Elaphodus cephalophus, ECE, 2n = 47). Thir

Y染色体单倍型在中国汉族人群中的多态性分布与中国人群的起源及迁移

观察了由19个单核苷酸多态位点（SNP）组成的Y染色体单倍型在全国22个省市汉族人群中的分布。结果表明，中国南北人群的Y染色体单倍型组成有较大差异，南方人群的多态性明显高于北方人群，而后者中的单倍型仅含前者的一部分，其中单倍型H7，H10和H12仅出现在南方群体，这一观察结果与中国南北少数民族人群间差异相符，提示现代人类自南方进入中国，随后由南向北逐渐迁移，同时对携带南北人群共同的单倍型个体在3个Y染色体微卫星标记位点进行了基因组分型，据此估算了现代人类进入中国的时间大致在18000#approx#60000a前。

Chromosomal mechanisms underlying the karyotype evolution of the oriental voles (Muridae, Eothenomys)

We have investigated the karyotype relationships of two oriental voles, i.e. the Yulong vole (Eothenomys proditor, 2n = 32) and the large oriental vole (Eothenomys miletus, 2n = 56) as well as the Clarke's vole (Microtus clarkei, 2n = 52), by a combined a