R&D cooperation between Spanish firms and scientific partners: what is the role of tertiary education?

This paper explores the factors that determine firm’s R&D cooperation with different partners, paying special attention on the role of tertiary education (degree and PhDs level) in facilitating the connection between the firms and the to scientific bodies (technology centres, public research centres and universities). Here, we attempt to answer two questions. First, are innovative firms that carry out internal and external R&D activities more likely to cooperate on R&D projects with other partners? Second, do Spanish innovative firms with a high participation of researchers with degrees or PhDs tend to cooperate more with scientific partners? To answer both questions we apply a three-dimensional approach on a firm level Panel Data with a sample of 4.998 manufacturing and services Spanish firms. First, we run a complementary test between external R&D acquisition and skilled research workers and find that firms which carry out external R&D activities obtain a greater return on R&D cooperation when they have skilled workers in R&D, especially in high-tech manufactures and KIS services. Second, we carry out a 2-step tobit model to estimate, in the first stage, the determinants that explain whether Spanish innovative firms cooperate or not; and in the second stage the factors that affect the choice of partners. And third, we apply an ordered probit model to test the marginal effects of explanatory variables on the different partners. Here we contrast some of the most interesting empirical hypotheses of previous studies, and which emphasize the role of employees with degrees and PhDs in facilitating cooperative R&D between firms and scientific partners.

Änderung des Therapieziels am Lebensende: Effekte einer Klinik-Leitlinie [Changing the treatment goal at the end of life: effects of a guideline at a hospital].

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Deciding about treatment goals at the end of life is a frequent and difficult challenge to medical staff. As more health care institutions issue ethico-legal guidelines to their staff the effects of such a guideline should be investigated in a pilot project.¦PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Prospective evaluation study using the pre-post method. Physicians and nurses working in ten intensive care units of a university medical center in Germany answered a specially designed questionnaire before and one year after issuance of the guideline.¦RESULTS: 197 analyzable answers were obtained from the first (pre-guideline) and 251 from the second (post-guideline) survey (54 % and 58 % response rate, respectively). Initially the clinicians expressed their need for guidelines, advice on ethical problems, and continuing education. One year after introduction of the guideline one third of the clinicians was familiar with the guideline's content and another third was aware of its existence. 90% of those who knew the document welcomed it. Explanation of the legal aspects was seen as its most useful element. The pre- and post-guideline comparison demonstrated that uncertainty in decision making and fear of legal consequences were reduced, while knowledge of legal aspects and the value given to advance directives increased. The residents had derived the greatest benefit.¦CONCLUSION: By promoting the knowledge of legal aspects and ethical considerations, guidelines given to medical staff can lead to more certainty when making in end of life decision.

Higher memory responses in HIV-infected and kidney transplanted patients than in healthy subjects following priming with the pandemic vaccine.

BACKGROUND: Memory responses require immune competence. We assessed the influence of priming with AS03-adjuvanted pandemic vaccine (Pandemrix®) on memory responses of HIV patients, kidney recipients (SOT) and healthy controls (HC). METHOD: Participants (HIV: 197, SOT: 53; HC: 156) were enrolled in a prospective study and 390/406 (96%) completed it. All had been primed in 2009/2010 with 1 (HC) or 2 (patients) doses of Pandemrix®, and were boosted with the 2010/2011 seasonal influenza vaccine. Geometric mean titres and seroprotection rates were measured 12 months after priming and 4 weeks after boosting. Primary and memory responses were directly compared in 191 participants (HCW: 69, HIV: 71, SOT: 51) followed during 2 consecutive seasons. RESULTS: Most participants (HC: 77.8%, HIV: 77.6%, SOT: 66%) remained seroprotected at 12 months post-priming. Persisting A/09/H1N1 titers were high in HIV (100.2) and HC (120.1), but lower in SOT (61.4) patients. Memory responses reached higher titers in HIV (507.8) than in HC (253.5) and SOT (136.9) patients. Increasing age and lack of HAART reduced persisting and memory responses, mainly influenced by residual antibody titers. Comparing 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 titers in 191 participants followed for 2 seasons indicated lower post-2010/2011 titers in HC (240.2 vs 313.9), but higher titers in HIV (435.7 vs 338.0) and SOT (136 vs 90.3) patients. CONCLUSIONS: Priming with 2 doses of Pandemrix® elicited persistent antibody responses and even stronger memory responses to non-adjuvanted seasonal vaccine in HIV patients than 1 dose in healthy subjects. Adjuvanted influenza vaccines may improve memory responses of immunocompromised patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01022905.

Entorns col•laboratius virtuals asíncrons basats en Web i enfocats en la gestió del coneixement = Web-based Asynchronous Collaborative Environments Focused on Knowledge Management

Report for the scientific sojourn at the University of California at Berkeley, USA, from september 2007 until july 2008. Communities of Learning Practice is an innovative paradigm focused on providing appropriate technological support to both formal and especially informal learning groups who are chiefly formed by non-technical people and who lack of the necessary resources to acquire such systems. Typically, students who are often separated by geography and/or time have the need to meet each other after classes in small study groups to carry out specific learning activities assigned during the formal learning process. However, the lack of suitable and available groupware applications makes it difficult for these groups of learners to collaborate and achieve their specific learning goals. In addition, the lack of democratic decision-making mechanisms is a main handicap to substitute the central authority of knowledge presented in formal learning.

R&D cooperation between Spanish firms and scientific partners: what is the role of tertiary education?

This paper explores the factors that determine firm’s R&D cooperation with different partners, paying special attention on the role of tertiary education (degree and PhDs level) in facilitating the connection between the firms and the to scientific bodies (technology centres, public research centres and universities). Here, we attempt to answer two questions. First, are innovative firms that carry out internal and external R&D activities more likely to cooperate on R&D projects with other partners? Second, do Spanish innovative firms with a high participation of researchers with degrees or PhDs tend to cooperate more with scientific partners? To answer both questions we apply a three-dimensional approach on a firm level Panel Data with a sample of 4.998 manufacturing and services Spanish firms. First, we run a complementary test between external R&D acquisition and skilled research workers and find that firms which carry out external R&D activities obtain a greater return on R&D cooperation when they have skilled workers in R&D, especially in high-tech manufactures and KIS services. Second, we carry out a 2-step tobit model to estimate, in the first stage, the determinants that explain whether Spanish innovative firms cooperate or not; and in the second stage the factors that affect the choice of partners. And third, we apply an ordered probit model to test the marginal effects of explanatory variables on the different partners. Here we contrast some of the most interesting empirical hypotheses of previous studies, and which emphasize the role of employees with degrees and PhDs in facilitating cooperative R&D between firms and scientific partners. JEL classification: O31, O33, O38. Key words: Determinants R&D cooperation, industry-university flows, PhD research workers.

Dynamics of a paleoecosystem reef associated with oceanic change in carbonate sedimentary regime and carbon cycling (Oxfordian, Swiss Jura)

Herein we report an analysis of an Oxfordian (Upper Jurassic) paleoreef located in the Swiss Jura Mountains. The paleoreef is located in a Middle Oxfordian transitional interval in which sedimentation switched from marl-dominated to carbonate-dominated deposits. The paleoecosystem is composed of four successive fossil communities characterized by microsolenid corals and organisms that specialized in suspension feeding. Carbon isotopes measured from echinoid spine carbonates exhibit a positive trend from similar to 1.0 parts per thousand to 2.5 parts per thousand in delta(13)C values from the base to the top of the paleoreef. Comparison of delta(13)C curves with organic matter and belemnites shows different patterns not compatible with a global variation of the carbon cycle. Similar fossil assemblages and stratigraphic sequences identical in age are found along the continental margin of the Tethys-Atlantic Ocean. This biolithostratigraphic succession corresponds to increasing delta(13)C values of marine and biogenic carbonates, to the transition from marl-dominated to carbonate-dominated deposits, and to the development of carbonate platforms, which together suggest a change in the carbon cycling regime within the Tethys-Atlantic Ocean system.

The opossum Didelphis virginiana as a synanthropic reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi in Dzidzilché, Yucatán, México

In México, the role of mammals in the transmission cycle of Trypanosoma cruzi is poorly known. In the State of Yucatán, an endemic area of Chagas disease, both Didelphis virginiana and D. marsupialis occur sympatrically. However, until now, only the former species had been found infected with T. cruzi. To evaluate the role of D. virginiana in a peridomestic transmission, nine periods of capture-recapture were performed around the village of Dzidzilché, Yucatán. The sex, age, reproductive status, location, and presence of infection with T. cruzi were recorded for each opossum. The chromosome morphology was used to identify the opossum species. T. cruzi was identified by the presence of pseudocysts of amastigotes in cardiac muscle fibers of Balb/c mice inoculated with strains isolated from opossums. However, xenodiagnosis was the best diagnostic method. Triatoma dimidiata, the vector, were collected in and around the opossums' nests, and human dwellings; and were checked for T. cruzi. From 102 blood samples of D. virginiana examined 55 (53.9%) were positive to T. cruzi, the only two D. marsupialis captured were negative. Significant differences were found between infection, and both sex and reproductive condition. Eight out of 14 triatomines collected in peridomestic nests (57.1%), and 32 of 197 captured inside houses (16.3%) were found infected, suggesting a peridomestic transmission. The statistically high abundance of infected opossums and triatomines during the dry season (March to May) suggested the existence of a seasonality in the peridomestic transmission of T. cruzi in Dzidzilché.

Analyse de facteurs déterminants de la substitution par des médicaments génériques en Suisse

Cadre de l'étude La part des dépenses de santé dans les budgets des pays occidentaux est importante et tend à croître depuis plusieurs décennies. Une des conséquences, notamment pour la Suisse, est une augmentation régulière des primes d'assurance maladie, dont l'impopularité incite les responsables politiques à trouver des stratégies de frein à la croissance des coûts de la santé. Les médicaments, qui contribuent notablement à l'augmentation de ces coûts, constituent l'une des cibles classiques d'interventions visant à une réduction des dépenses de santé. Le niveau de coûts des médicaments représente plus de 20% des dépenses de soins du domaine ambulatoire à la charge de l'assurance obligatoire des soins (AOS), soit une dépense annuelle de plus de 4 milliards de francs. Différentes mesures peuvent être utilisées par le gouvernement pour contenir cette facture à charge de la collectivité : baisse du prix des médicaments, limitation du nombre de produits remboursés par l'assurance de base et incitations à la concurrence sur les prix en autorisant les importations parallèles. Depuis que de plus en plus de brevets pour des médicaments sont arrivés à échéance, un autre angle d'attaque s'est concrétisé avec l'incitation à la prescription de médicaments génériques. Les génériques sont définis comme des produits thérapeutiques chimiquement identiques à des composés déjà utilisés, appelés médicaments originaux. En principe, une économie substantielle devrait pouvoir être réalisée sur les coûts totaux des médicaments si tous les génériques disponibles sur le marché étaient systématiquement prescrits par les professionnels et acceptés par les patients. Les résultats publiés par les caisses maladie et les offices fédéraux sont des estimations globales et les montants publiés par l'industrie pharmaceutique concernent l'ensemble du marché, incluant les médicaments utilisés dans les séjours hospitaliers, sont par ailleurs exprimés en prix de fabrique. De plus, aucune étude n'a tenu compte de la substituabilité des produits d'un point de vue pharmaceutique. L'objectif général de la thèse est d'évaluer aussi précisément que possible l'économie pouvant être encore réalisée dans le secteur ambulatoire en substituant aux médicaments originaux les produits génériques présents sur le marché et de caractériser plusieurs facteurs qui influencent la substitution générique. Pour cette étude, nous avons pu disposer de l'ensemble des factures pharmaceutiques de la caisse maladie CSS, pour tous ses assurés des cantons d'Argovie, du Tessin et de Vaud, soit plus de 169'000 assurés représentant les trois régions linguistiques de la Suisse. Les 1'341'197 prescriptions médicales qui ont été analysées concernent l'année 2003. C'est un moment critique dans l'histoire des génériques en Suisse, approprié pour établir un premier bilan après l'entrée en vigueur de la première mesure relative au droit de substituer octroyé en 2001 aux pharmaciens et, pour identifier idéalement les principaux déterminants de la substitution par les praticiens avant l'introduction de la quote-part différenciée en 2006. La présence d'un même principe actif n'est pas une condition suffisante pour permettre une substitution et pour ce travail des critères tenant compte des caractéristiques pharmaceutiques des produits ont été établis et appliqués pour valider la substituabilité des originaux par les génériques disponibles sur le marché. Ces critères concernent notamment le mode d'administration, le dosage et le nombre de doses dans l'emballage. L'étude a été réalisée selon deux approches, d'abord par une analyse descriptive sur l'ensemble de la population source pour estimer le marché des génériques et ensuite par une analyse statistique (régression logit multivariée) sur 173'212 prescriptions agrégées, qui concernent spécifiquement soit un générique soit un original substituable, pour caractériser les facteurs déterminants de la substitution générique. Résultats Dans l'ensemble de la population source, les génériques et les originaux substituables représentent 17,4% du marché en termes de coûts facturés, avec 3,4% de génériques et 14,0% d'originaux substituables ce qui correspond à un taux de substitution de 19,5%. En termes de dépenses, les substitutions génériques réalisées représentent une économie de 1,3% du total du marché étudié alors qu'il reste un potentiel notable d'économie par la substitution de 4,6%. Les taux de substitution sont très variables selon les cantons : 10,1% au Tessin, 29,0% pour le canton de Vaud et 35,8% pour Argovie. L'analyse univariée des 173'212 prescriptions de génériques ou d'originaux substituables, montre des taux de substitution plus élevés chez les patients jeunes et lorsqu'il y a d'importantes différences de prix entre les originaux et les génériques. Des taux de substitution peu élevés sont observés chez les patients les plus âgés et pour ceux qui ont des traitements médicamenteux complexes. Les patients ayant plus de 10 médicaments différents durant la même année, présentent une probabilité relative de substituer inférieure (-24%) par rapport aux patients ayant 6 à 10 médicaments différents dans l'année. Cependant, l'analyse multivariée montre que l'effet négatif sur le taux de substitution de l'âge combiné à la complexité des traitements n'excède pas 3%. Bien que le niveau de franchises et la participation financière à la quote-part soient liées à une augmentation de la prescription de génériques, leurs effets sont modérés pour les patients avec des franchises supérieures à 300 francs (effet marginal de 1%) et pour les patients qui n'ont pas atteint le plafond de participation (effet marginal de 2%). La différence de taux substitution entre les médecins hospitaliers et les spécialistes est diminuée de façon notable (effet marginal de -13%) et elle est cependant moins marquée avec les médecins généralistes (effet marginal de -3%). Les facteurs associés au marché ont une influence notable sur la substitution générique et des effets positifs sont observés avec l'augmentation de la taille du marché, du nombre de génériques pour un même original substituable et de l'économie relative entre l'original et le générique. Par contre, la diversification des formes galéniques et des tailles d'emballages au niveau de l'offre des médicaments originaux a des effets fortement négatifs sur la substitution générique (-7%). Le canton de domicile a aussi un impact notable sur la substitution et le canton du Tessin présente un taux plus bas (-26%) que le canton d'Argovie. Conclusion et perspectives Ce travail a montré qu'il y a encore un important potentiel d'économies à réaliser par la substitution générique, calculé à plus de 4% des dépenses pharmaceutiques prises en charge par l'AOS en ambulatoires. Une extrapolation à l'ensemble du marché suisse, qui doit être faite avec prudence, fait apparaître un potentiel d'économies de 127 millions pour les médicaments délivrés par les pharmacies en 2003. L'étude a mis en évidence un certain nombre de déterminants qui freinent la substitution générique, notamment la prescription par un médecin hospitalier. Sur ce point la prescription en DCI (dénomination commune internationale) pourrait favoriser la dispensation de génériques moins chers. Un taux de substitution plus faible est observé chez les patients âgés avec des traitements complexes. Ce constat peut être mis en relation avec la crainte d'avoir un traitement moins efficace ou moins bien supporté et les risques de confusion lors du passage d'un original substituable à un générique ou d'un générique à un autre générique. Sur ces éléments, l'indication claire et précise du nom de la substance, aussi bien sur les emballages des originaux substituables que sur ceux des génériques, pourrait rassurer les patients et diminuer les risques d'erreurs dans la prise des médicaments. Certaines précautions à prendre lors de la prescription de génériques sont reconnues, notamment pour les médicaments à faible marge thérapeutique, et des informations sur la bioéquivalence, régulièrement mises à jour et à disposition des professionnels, pourraient augmenter la confiance dans l'utilisation des génériques. Les industries pharmaceutiques préservent par différentes tactiques leurs parts de marché et notamment avec succès en introduisant de nouvelles formes galéniques juste avant l'expiration des brevets. Des directives complémentaires sur la fixation des prix pour le remboursement, en particulier l'introduction d'un prix de référence quelle que soit la forme galénique, pourraient diminuer l'effet de barrage des médicaments originaux. Les incitations économiques, telles que la franchise et les participations sont efficaces si l'on considère l'impact sur les taux de substitution. Leur effet global reste toutefois modeste et il serait nécessaire de mesurer concrètement l'impact de l'introduction en 2006 de la quote-part différenciée. Les différences de prix entre les originaux et les génériques exigées à 50% pour les gros marchés, c'est-à-dire de plus de 16 millions, devraient aussi avoir un impact qu'il serait opportun de mesurer.

The role of energy and nutritional support in the intensive care unit.

Malnutrition is common in critically ill, hospitalized patients and so represents a major problem for intensive care. Nutritional support can be beneficial in such cases and may help preserve vital organ and immune function. Energy requirements, route of delivery and potential complications of nutritional support are discussed in this paper.

Osteoid osteoma and osteoid osteoma-mimicking lesions: biopsy findings, distinctive MDCT features and treatment by radiofrequency ablation.

OBJECTIVE: To report the biopsy findings of osteoid osteoma (OO) and OO-mimicking lesions, assess their distinctive multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) features and evaluate treatment by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). METHODS: In this multicentric retrospective study, 80 patients (54 male, 26 female, mean age 24.1 years, range 5-48) with presumed (clinical and MDCT features) OO were treated by percutaneous RFA between May 2002 and June 2009. Per-procedural biopsies were always performed. The following MDCT features were assessed: skeletal distribution and location within the bone, size, central calcification, surrounding osteosclerosis and periosteal reaction. Clinical success of RFA was evaluated. RESULTS: Histopathological diagnoses were: 54 inconclusive biopsies, 16 OO, 10 OO-mimicking lesions (5 chronic osteomyelitis, 3 chondroblastoma, 1 eosinophilic granuloma, 1 fibrous dysplasia). OO-mimicking lesions were significantly greater in size (p = 0.001) and presented non-significant trends towards medullary location (p = 0.246), moderate surrounding osteosclerosis (p = 0.189) and less periosteal reaction (p = 0.197), compared with OO. Primary success for ablation of OO-mimicking lesions was 100% at 1 month, 85.7% at 6 and 12 months, and 66.7% at 24 months. Secondary success was 100%. CONCLUSION: Larger size, medullary location, less surrounding osteosclerosis and periosteal reaction on MDCT may help differentiate OO-mimicking lesions from OO. OO-mimicking lesions are safely and successfully treated by RFA.

The gap between scientific evidence and clinical practice : 5-aminosalicylates are frequently used for the treatment of Crohn's disease

BACKGROUND: There is uncertain evidence of effectiveness of 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) to induce and maintain response and remission of active Crohn's disease (CD), and weak evidence to support their use in post-operative CD. AIM: To assess the frequency and determinants of 5-ASA use in CD patients and to evaluate the physicians' perception of clinical response and side effects to 5-ASA. METHODS: Data from the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort, which collects data since 2006 on a large sample of IBD patients, were analysed. Information from questionnaires regarding utilisation of treatments and perception of response to 5-ASA were evaluated. Logistic regression modelling was performed to identify factors associated with 5-ASA use. RESULTS: Of 1420 CD patients, 835 (59%) were ever treated with 5-ASA from diagnosis to latest follow-up. Disease duration >10 years and colonic location were both significantly associated with 5-ASA use. 5-ASA treatment was judged to be successful in 46% (378/825) of treatment episodes (physician global assessment). Side effects prompting stop of therapy were found in 12% (98/825) episodes in which 5-ASA had been stopped. CONCLUSIONS: 5-Aminosalicylates were frequently prescribed in patients with Crohn's disease in the Swiss IBD cohort. This observation stands in contrast to the scientific evidence demonstrating a very limited role of 5-ASA compounds in the treatment of Crohn's disease.

Evaluation of two immunoassays for the measurement of human chorionic gonadotropin in urine for anti-doping purposes.

Background: Urinary human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) concentration is routinely measured in all anti-doping laboratories to exclude the misuse of recombinant or urinary hCG preparations. In this study, extended validation of two commercial immunoassays for hCG measurements in urine was performed. Both tests were initially designed for hCG determination in human serum/plasma. Methods: Access (R) and Elecsys (R) 1010 are two automated immunoanalysers for central laboratories. The limits of detection and quantification, as well as intra-laboratory and inter-technique correlation, precision, and accuracy, were determined. Stability studies of hCG in urine following freezing and thawing cycles (n = 3) as well as storage conditions at room temperature, 4 degrees C and 20 degrees C, were performed. Results: Statistical evaluation of hCG concentrations in male urine samples (n = 2429) measured with the Elecsys (R) 1010 system enabled us to draw a skewed frequency histogram and establish a far outside value equal to 2.3 IU/L. This decision limit corresponds to the concentration at which a sportsman will be considered positive for hCG. Intra-assay precision for the Access (R) analyser was less than 4.0 A, whereas the inter-assay precision was closer to 4.5 % (concentrations of the official external controls contained between 5.5 and 195.0 IU/L). Intra and inter-assay precision for the Elecsys (R) 1010 analyser was slightly better. A good inter-technique correlation was obtained when measuring various urine samples (male and female). No urinary hCG loss was observed after two freeze/thaw cycles. On the other hand, time and inappropriate storage conditions, such as temperatures above 10 degrees C for more than 5 days, can deteriorate urinary hCG. Conclusions: Both analysers showed acceptable performances and are suitable for screening urine for anti-doping analyses. Each laboratory should validate and establish its own reference values because hCG concentrations measured in urine can be different from one immunoassay to another. The time delay between urine collection and analysis should be reduced as much as possible, and urine samples should be transported in optimal conditions to avoid a loss of hCG immunoreactivity.

Psycho-oncological interventions and psychotherapy in the oncology setting.

A person who faces the diagnosis of cancer is subjected to changes within his body, but also with regard to his view of himself and his social relationships. Cancer-related psychological distress occurs frequently and has been reported to have different prevalence according to cancer type and stage of disease. Psychological disorders are known to be underdiagnosed and thus undertreated in the oncology setting, since clinicians might miss the symptoms of psychological distress, misinterpret them, or lack the time and resources to respond adequately. The main psychiatric disturbances observed in patients with cancer are adjustment disorders and affective disorders (anxiety and depression), which in the majority of patients are due to stressors related to the disease and pre-existing psychological vulnerabilities; however, they might also be a direct consequence of biological causes either resulting from treatment side effects or from modifications induced by the cancer. This chapter aims to provide theoretical and practical information concerning psycho-oncological approaches, complemented by some reflexions on their clinical and scientific evidence, focussing essentially on verbal psychological interventions and especially on psychotherapy in patients with cancer.