人工藻结皮对库布齐沙地土壤酶活性的影响

土壤酶是土壤内存在的具有生物活性的蛋白质,土壤是土壤酶的良好介质,为各种酶类提供酶促条件,且土壤成分与酶通过共价键、离子键或氢键等方式的吸附结合作用,能防止酶的钝化失活。目前已发现的土壤酶约60种,主要来自于土壤微生物,土壤酶的主要作用是参与C、N、P、S等重要营养元素的循环,在植物营养物质的转化中起着重要作用,它与土壤微生物一起共同推动土壤生物化学的全过程,土壤酶活性作为土壤质量的生物活性指标已被广泛接受。我国对土壤酶的研究始于20世纪60年代,20世纪80年代后,随着环境科学的发展,土壤酶研究越来越受

黄颡前驼形线虫发生和成熟的季节动态

报道了寄生于黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)胃、肠中的黄颡前驼形线虫(Procamallanus fulvidraconis)的成熟和感染丰度的季节动态。从2001年2月到2002年7月的18个月中,对来自于湖北省梁子湖的900尾黄颡鱼进行了调查,结果表明:该线虫的感染率除在2002年1月比较低(32%)外,其他月份都在90%以上,且没有显著的季节性变化(G=16.96F0.01[17,882]=1.98)。在对黄颡前驼形线虫雌虫成虫的三个阶段(成熟期、怀卵期和怀幼期)和雄虫成虫的

西藏亚东鲑的胚胎发育

通过对2002年12月-2003年3月养殖的亚东鲑胚胎进行观察,并结合1999年12月-2000年5月和2000年12月-2001年5月所取样品的对照,对其胚胎发育的过程进行了详细描述。根据胚胎发育的外部形态及典型特征将亚东鲑胚胎发育过程分为10个时期;在平均水温4.3℃条件下,从受精到出膜需要大约339.7~447.2积温(度.日)不等;胚胎发育的天数与积温呈明显的线性相关;胚胎发育的各期对外界环境的敏感性不同,体节形成至发眼前期这一阶段对外环境比较敏感;不同大小的卵对孵化率没有显著影响;出膜时仔鱼的平

Beyond 2D-grids: A dependence maximization view on image browsing

Ideally, one would like to perform image search using an intuitive and friendly approach. Many existing image search engines, however, present users with sets of images arranged in some default order on the screen, typically the relevance to a query, only. While this certainly has its advantages, arguably, a more flexible and intuitive way would be to sort images into arbitrary structures such as grids, hierarchies, or spheres so that images that are visually or semantically alike are placed together. This paper focuses on designing such a navigation system for image browsers. This is a challenging task because arbitrary layout structure makes it difficult - if not impossible - to compute cross-similarities between images and structure coordinates, the main ingredient of traditional layouting approaches. For this reason, we resort to a recently developed machine learning technique: kernelized sorting. It is a general technique for matching pairs of objects from different domains without requiring cross-domain similarity measures and hence elegantly allows sorting images into arbitrary structures. Moreover, we extend it so that some images can be preselected for instance forming the tip of the hierarchy allowing to subsequently navigate through the search results in the lower levels in an intuitive way. Copyright 2010 ACM.

家用洗涤剂磷对斜生栅藻生长的影响

以斜生栅藻为材料研究了四种家用洗涤剂对藻类生长的效应。结果发现 ,不同种类的家用洗涤剂对斜生栅藻生长均有明显的促进作用 ,斜生栅藻现存量超过国内外通用的富营养化评价标准。尤其是高磷洗衣粉 ,在日常生活用量的情况下 ,对斜生栅藻生长的促进作用较低磷洗衣粉增加 6 0 %。在整个实验中 ,无磷对照组斜生栅藻生长率均低于有磷实验组 ,磷量的增加将引起藻的现存量的增加。因此 ,限制洗涤剂磷盐的输入 ,减少营养供应率 ,降低水体中营养浓度 ,可起到控制水体富营养化的作用。

Carbon nanotubes: Present and future commercial applications

Worldwide commercial interest in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is reflected in a production capacity that presently exceeds several thousand tons per year. Currently, bulk CNT powders are incorporated in diverse commercial products ranging from rechargeable batteries, automotive parts, and sporting goods to boat hulls and water filters. Advances in CNT synthesis, purification, and chemical modification are enabling integration of CNTs in thin-film electronics and large-area coatings. Although not yet providing compelling mechanical strength or electrical or thermal conductivities for many applications, CNT yarns and sheets already have promising performance for applications including supercapacitors, actuators, and lightweight electromagnetic shields.

环境因子对萼花臂尾轮虫休眠卵萌发率的影响

萼花臂尾轮虫（Ｂｒａｃｈｉｏｎｕｓ ｃａｌｙｃｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ Ｐａｌｌａｓ）休眠卵在不同萌发条件下累积萌发率的结果显示：保存在休眠卵形成的原液中，温度为２０℃－３０℃时萌发率均较高，３０℃时用过滤湖水萌发时的萌发率最高（６５％）；保存在无机培养液中的休眠卵，用曝气自来水萌发时最高，用湖水次之，无机液萌发效果较差２０℃和２５℃时三种萌发液中的萌发率接近；母体投喂小球藻形成的休眠卵的累积萌发率高于投喂混合藻组，且以过滤湖水为孵化液时效果较佳；累积萌发率与光照时间的长短并无直接关系（Ｐ＞０．０５）；休眠卵在５℃

武汉东湖富营养化的综合评价

兼顾富营养化评价和水生态系统常规监测,提出了以7种常见营养物(NO_3-N,NO_2-N,NH_4-N,TN,PO_4-P,TP,SiO_2)和浮游植物3个常用参数(日平均初级生产量P_G,生物量B,chla)为指标体系的湖泊营养类型评价标准;使用层次分析法,对上述10个因子作出权重分配,从而建立起评价湖泊富营养化程度的一种新方法。评价结果表明:尽管近年来东湖浮游植物的几项指标有所下降,但东湖富营养化程度奉有明显改变,

中国淡水鱼类寄生粘孢子虫角形科一新种

<正> 1979年8月25日,我们在江苏省洪泽湖进行鱼类寄生虫区系调查过程中,从岔尾黄颡鱼Pseudobagrus eupogon Boulenger 的胆囊中发现一种粘孢子虫。经鉴定,是属于角形科 Ceratomyxidae角形虫属Ceratomyxa的代表,不仅是科学上的新种,也是角形科角形虫属的种类在我国第一次发现,同时又为该属记录了在淡水鱼类中第二种寄主。 模式标本保存在中国科学院水生生物研究所。

Assessment effects of cage culture on nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a shallow lake in China

Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in relation to fallowing in a fish cage farm was investigated in a shallow lake in China. Four sampling sites were set: beneath the cages, at the cage sides, and 50 and 100 m east of the cage farm. Total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in lake water and sediment were analyzed during a 2-year rearing cycle. The cage culture had a fish yield of 16.3-39.2 tonnes in the study period. Based on the mass balance equation, 1533-3084 kg TN and 339-697 kg TP were contributed to the lake environment. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations showed greater increase in the first culture period than in the second rearing cycle. No obvious changes were found at the sampling sites 50 and 100 m east of the cages during the study periods. Main impacts were found close to the cages (beneath the cages and at the cage side); the sampling points at the cage side showed relatively high TN and TP sedimentation. After 3 months of fallowing, water TN and TP decreased significantly but the sediment TN and TP contents remained high. Therefore, recovery seems to happen during fallowing but attention should be paid to whether the culture continues to operate in the future.

Molecular cloning and expression characterization of ApoC-I in the orange-spotted grouper

Endogenous yolk nutrients are crucial for embryo and larval development in fish, but developmental behavior of the genes that control yolk utilization remains unknown. Apolipoproteins have been shown to play important roles in lipid transport and uptake through the circulation system. In this study, EcApoC-I, the first cloned ApoC-I in teleosts, has been screened from pituitary cDNA library of female orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), and the deduced amino acid sequence shows 43.5% identity to one zebrafish (Danio rerio) hypothetical protein similar to ApoC-I, and 21.2%, 21.7%, 22.5%, 20%, and 22.5% identities to Apo C-I of human (Homo sapiens), house mouse (Mus musculus), common tree shrew (Tupaia glis), dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), respectively. Although the sequence identity is low, amphipathic alpha-helices with the potential to bind to lipid were predicted to exist in the EcApoC-I. RT-PCR analysis revealed that it was first transcribed in gastrula embryos and maintained a relatively stable expression level during the following embryogenesis. During embryonic and early larval development, a very high level of EcApoC-I expression was in the yolk syncytial layer, indicating that it plays a significant role in yolk degradation and transfers nutrition to the embryo and early larva. By the day 7 after hatching, EcApoC-I transcripts were observed in brain. In adult, EcApoC-I mRNA was detected abundantly in brain and gonad. In transitional gonads, the EcApoC-I expression is restricted to the germ cells. The data suggested that EcApoC-I might play an important role in brain and gonad morphogenesis and growth.

Characterization and deformation response of orthotropic fibre networks with auxetic out-of-plane behaviour

In the present paper, highly porous fibre networks made of 316L fibres, with different fibre volume fractions, are characterized in terms of network architecture, elastic constants and fracture energies. Elastic constants are measured using quasi-static mechanical and modal vibration testing, yielding local and globally averaged properties, respectively. Differences between quasi-static and dynamic elastic constants are attributed to through-thickness shear effects. Regardless of the method employed, networks show signs of material inhomogeneity at high fibre densities, in agreement with X-ray nanotomography results. Strong auxetic (or negative Poisson's ratio) behaviour is observed in the through-thickness direction, which is attributed to fibre kinking induced during processing. Measured fracture energies are compared with model predictions incorporating information about in-plane fibre orientation distribution, fibre volume fraction and single fibre work of fracture. Experimental values are broadly consistent with model predictions, based on the assumption that this energy is primarily associated with plastic deformation of individual fibres within a process zone of the same order as the inter-joint spacing. © 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Acta Materialia Inc. All rights reserved.

Identification and characterization of a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from Taenia solium metacestode

Taenia solium metacestode, a larval pork tapeworm, is a causative agent of neurocysticercosis, one of the most common parasitic diseases in the human central nervous system. In this study, we identified a cDNA encoding for a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from the T solium metacestode (TsCL-1) and characterized the biochemical properties of the recombinant enzyme. The cloned cDNA of 1216 bp encoded 339 amino acids with an approximate molecular weight of 37.6 kDa which containing a typical signal peptide sequence (17 amino acids), a pro-domain (106 amino acids), and a mature domain (216 amino acids). Sequence alignments of TsCL-1 showed low sequence similarity of 27.3-44.6 to cathepsin L-like cysteine proteases from other helminth parasites, but the similarity was increased to 35.9-55.0 when compared to mature domains. The bacterially expressed recombinant protein (rTsCL-1) did not show enzyme activity; however, the rTsCL-1 expressed in Pichia pastoris showed typical biochemical characteristics of cysteine proteases. It degraded human immunoglobulin G (IgG) and bovine serum albumin (BSA), but not collagen. Western blot analysis of the rTsCL-1 showed antigenicity against the sera from patients with cysticercosis, sparganosis or fascioliasis, but weak or no antigenicity against the sera from patients with paragonimiasis or clonorchiasis. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier B.V.