东灵山森林生态系统若干水分问题的研究

东灵山地区年均降水量659.7mm，单次降水以雨量小、雨强低的降水为主。水汽压（年均17.7mb）、相对湿度（年均66％）的季节变化呈现生长季高、冬季低的趋势。年均蒸发量1019.5mm;气温、风速、日照时间和水压与月蒸发量和日蒸量相关显著;气温、日照时间和水压分别在11-6月、7－8月和9－10月为决定蒸发量的首要因子。枯枝落叶层、土壤层湿度主要受前十日降水量和坡向影响。 植物体含水量生长季节较高，冬季较低;含水量随径级的增大而降低。六个灌木树种的平均含水量大小顺序为：毛榛（48.62%）最高荆条（36.32%）最低;七个乔木树种水分含量为油松，56.14%;蒙椴，54.19%;华北落叶松，52.91%;五角枫，43.64%;辽东栎，41.87%;棘皮桦，41.13%;大叶白腊，37.79%。几种植被类型的储水量为：辽东栎林，82.08mm;华北落叶松林，47.35mm;混交林，34.60mm;油松林，31.33mm;灌丛，12.40mm。各树种叶片日最低水势的季节均值为：辽东栎，-16.1bar;五角枫，-15.8bar;大叶白腊，-15.1bar;糠椴，-13.4bar;棘皮桦，-12.3bar;蒙椴，-12.2bar。叶片水势的日间变化均呈一“V”形曲线;光照在叶片水势的日间变化中起着决定性作用。 96年各树种平均单株树干茎流量为辽东栎，30.3mm(4.19%);华北落叶松，16.1mm(2.22%);油松，8.9mm(1.23%);棘皮桦，2.9mm(0.40%)。两个生长季各林分冠层的水量平衡为：辽东栎林，树干流茎量101.87mm(9.18%)，穿透降水量823.08mm(74.15%)，截留量185.05mm(16.67%);华北落叶松林，树干径流量66.88mm(6.03%)，穿透降水量836.92mm(75.40%)，截留量206.20mm(18.58);混交林，树干径流量50.13(4.52%)，穿透降水量846.78mm(76.29%)，截留量212.20mm(19.12%);油松林，树干径流量33.90mm(3.05%)，穿透降水量934.88mm(84.22%)，截留量141.22mm(12.72%)。多元回归分析表明，树干流茎量S与降水量P和前24小时降水量P_1呈显著正相关关系;穿透降水量T与降水量P和最大雨强M正相关显著。附加截留量与降水时间成正比。 枯枝落叶层的生物量为：油松林，25.56t/hm~2;华北落叶松林20.01t/hm~2;辽东栎林，8.31t/hm~2;混交林，7.98t/hm~2。枯枝落叶层的平均实际持水量和有效持水量均以油松林最大，其次是华北落叶松林，而混交林和辽东栎林较低;枯枝落叶层的实际持水量和有效持水量的季节变化分别与前十日降水量P10成正相关和负相关关系。枯枝落叶层的截留量为油松林＞华北落叶松林＞辽东栎林＞混交林;油松林（145.632mm和90.800mm）混交林(61.816mm和54.504mm)。油松林、辽东栎林、混交林和华北落叶松林去除枯枝落叶层后，土壤入渗量比对照平均降低100mm以上;表层土壤含水量分别比对照土壤下降了6.26、18.26、15.06和15.07个百分点。地表径流量分别增加了，辽东栎林34.299mm(603%)和15.816mm(525%);油松林14.593mm(732%)和10.584mm(1321%);混交林12.004mm(181%)和7.275mm(364%);华北落叶松林3.555mm(118%)，3.275mm(229%)。96年生长季，各土壤流失量分别增加了：油松林172.751t/hm~2(124倍);辽东栎林836.500t/hm~2(119倍);混交林172.499t/hm~2(47倍);华北落叶松林11.557t/hm~2(11倍)。表层土壤容重分别增加了：油松林15.0%和20.6%，辽东栎林18.4%和28.2%，混交林11.5%和38.5%，华北落叶松林4.3%和17.1%。 0-60cm深度土壤容重平均值的大小顺序为：草地>灌丛>辽东栎林>油松林>混交林>华北落叶松林;而土壤孔隙度的大小顺序为华北落叶松林>混交林>油松林>辽东栎林>灌丛>草地。两个生长季为土壤实际储水量的均值：油松林，124.45mm，78.62mm;辽东栎林，131.23mm，87.72mm;混交林，180.41mm，113.90mm;华北落叶松林，165.53mm，127.95mm;灌丛，172.50mm，89.81mm;草地，152.92mm，89.59 mm分别比干旱年份97年高出45.83mm、43.51mm、51.63mm、37.58mm、82.69mm和63.33mm。两个生长季的地表径流量为草地，30.930mm(2.79%);灌丛，16.321mm(147%);油松林，2.911mm(0.26%);辽东栎林，8.703mm(0.78%);混交林，8.625mm(0.78%);华北落叶松林，4.447mm(0.40%)。油松林、混交林和华北落叶松林地表径流量与降水量P(mm)和最大雨强(mm/h)正相关显著;而辽东栎林、灌丛和草地的地表径流量则与降水量P(mm)、平均雨强Q(mm/hr)和最大雨强M(mm/hr)三者之间呈显著正相关关系。与草地相比(1220.093kg/hm~2，100％)，灌丛、辽东栎林、混交林、油松林和华北落叶松林96年生长季的土壤流失量分别降低了85.05%、94.26%、96.99%、98.86和99.14%。 降水量是影响小流域径流量时间变化的主要因素;南沟和马牙石沟96年的径流量分别是97年的8.19倍和7.87倍，而径流深(46.25mm，52.75mm)分别比97年(5.65mm,6.70mm)高出40.60mm和46.05mm。两个小流域由于面积的差异而使南沟两年的径流量分别比马牙石沟高出2773.136m~3(13.15%)和235.434m~3(8.79%)。96年和97年马牙石沟径流深比南沟高出6.5mm(14.05%)和1.05mm(18.58%)。在地处大陆性季风气候区的东灵山地区，用0.010m~3/min/km~2/hr能较好地分割小流域的洪峰和基流。在五次暴雨水文曲线中，马牙石沟的快速径流量分别比南沟高出25.00%到143.33%。五次洪水水文响应R的平均值南沟为0.218%，马牙石沟为0.404%;与海洋性气候地区相比，东灵山地区小流域的R值要低一到两个数量级。马牙石沟洪峰流量Qp的平均值为418.772L/min要比南沟(281.191L/min)大48.9%。东灵山地区小流域的洪水径流过程可分为三种类型。

Preliminary observations on the effect of electrical seine on fish catch

Forty-six experiments were done with the electric seine in 24 tanks with a.c. and interrupted a.c. The source of electrical energy was a 3 Kw a.c. generator of water-cooled diesel engine. A control seining without applying electricity was conducted for every experiment with electric "seine" to have a comparison for the efficiency of electric "seine" over control ones. Electric seine was found to have an increased catch over control seining both in numbers and in weight. Electric seine with two electrodes was found to have better effect over three electrodes. Benthic fishes like Cirrhina mrigala, Notopterus notopterus, Cyprinus carpio, Glassogobius giuris, Ophicephalus sp. and Mystus sp. were found to be more sensitive in electric "seine". Increased catch of small fishes like C. mrigala, N, notopterus and Ophicephalus sp. has been observed in electrical "seine" in addition to larger ones.

Unsteady transition in an axial-flow turbine. Part 1. Measurements on the turbine rotor

Previously published measurements in a low-speed, single-stage, axial-flow turbine have been reanalyzed in the light of more recent understanding. The measurements include time-resolved hot-wire traverses and surface hot film gage measurements at the midspan of the rotor suction surface with three different rotor-stator spacings. This paper investigates the suction surface boundary layer transition process, using surface-distance time plots and boundary layer cross sections to demonstrate the unsteady and two-dimensional nature of the process.

Pescaria de camarāo e gestāo: alguns exemplos de experiências de outras áreas

In volume 60 of the FAO Statistical Yearbook of Fisheries, we can see that the world shrimp catch in 1985 was 1.9 million tons. This represents an increase, since 1980, of 250 tons (15%). Catches of shrimp is about 2.5% of global marine fishery products. But as we know, its economic value in the global market is much higher, reaching a value of 30%.

Ground improvement methods for liquefaction remediation

Soil liquefaction continues to be a major source of damage to buildings and infrastructure after major earthquake events. Ground improvement methods are widely used at many sites worldwide as a way of mitigating liquefaction damage. The relative success of these ground improvement methods in preventing damage after a liquefaction event and the mechanisms by which they can mitigate liquefaction continue to be areas of active research. In this paper the emphasis is on the use of dynamic centrifuge modelling as a tool to investigate the effectiveness of ground improvement methods in mitigating liquefaction risk. Three different ground improvement methods will be considered. First, the effectiveness of in situ densification as a liquefaction resistance measure will be investigated. It will be shown that the mechanism by which soil densification offers mitigation of the liquefaction risk can be studied at a fundamental level using dynamic centrifuge modelling. Second, the use of drains to relieve excess pore pressures generated during an earthquake event will be considered. It will be shown that current design methods can be further improved by incorporating the understanding obtained from dynamic centrifuge tests. Finally, the use of soil grouting to mitigate liquefaction risk will be investigated. It will be shown that by grouting the foundation soil, the settlement of a building can be reduced following earthquake loading. However, the grouting depth must extend the whole depth of the liquefiable layer to achieve this reduction in settlements.

Proteomic Analysis of Proteins Involved in Spermiogenesis in Mouse

Spermiogenesis is a unique process in mammals during which haploid round spermatids mature into spermatozoa in the testis. Its successful completion is necessary for fertilization and its malfunction is an important cause of male infertility. Here, we report the high-confidence identification of 2116 proteins in mouse haploid germ cells undergoing spermiogenesis: 299 of these were testis-specific and 155 were novel. Analysis of these proteins showed many proteins possibly functioning in unique processes of spermiogenesis. Of the 84 proteins annotated to be involved in vesicle-related events, VAMP4 was shown to be important for acrosome biogenesis by in vivo knockdown experiments. Knockdown of VAMP4 caused defects of acrosomal vesicle fusion and significantly increased head abnormalities in spermatids from testis and sperm from the cauda epididymis. Analysis of chromosomal distribution of the haploid genes showed underrepresentation on the X chromosome and overrepresentation on chromosome 11, which were due to meiotic sex chromosome inactivation and expansion of testis-expressed gene families, respectively. Comparison with transcriptional data showed translational regulation during spermiogenesis. This characterization of proteins involved in spermiogenesis provides an inventory of proteins useful for understanding the mechanisms of male infertility and may provide candidates for drug targets for male contraception and male infertility.

Illegal fishing of inland water bodies of Nigeria: Kainji experience

It is a common knowledge that illegal fishing which includes use of wrong gears, explosives, excessive exploitation of choice stocks, enhancement and stocking of water body and pollution has devastating effects on the critical biomass of fish biodiversity and livelihood activities associated with fishing. Efforts worldwide to arrest these menace are significant because it has been found that illegal fishing has made fishing non sustainable, resulted in poor fishermen catches, and exacerbated the use of illegal gears in an effort to a must catch. Conflict between fisher folk and policies has continued to generate different strategies in the control of illegal fishing. Some of these strategies at regional and National levels include creation and implementation of fisheries laws, fishing edicts, code of conduct for responsible fisheries, policing of inland water bodies, capacity building and capability through training of fishermen, creating necessary awareness, arrest and punishment of offenders. There are also other initiative on conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems which have interrelation with illegal fishing. This paper examines efforts in promoting and boosting the fisheries of Lake Kainji, through creating necessary awareness, campaign visits, radio programmes, gear control, reward systems, integration and diversification of livelihood activities, community based management and policing. It further analyses what is working, problems, and prospect of fisheries laws, the need to integrate factors of political policies, other global initiative on water management for people and nature. Recommendations on strategies including protection of fishing grounds, establishment of catch data base, integration of other intervention as alternative source of income to enhance livelihood, reduce fishing pressure, and capacity building of fisher folks, development of rules and regulations that is community based are highlighted.

Somatic mutations of mitochondrial genome in early stage breast cancer

The complete mitochondrial genomes of the primary cancerous, matched paracancerous normal and distant normal tissues from 10 early-stage breast cancer patients were analyzed in this study, with special attempt (i) to investigate whether the reported high

脱抗原牛角胎骨移植家兔后的特异性免疫反应

目的 研究脱抗原水牛角胎移植后的免疫排斥反应和成骨效应。方法 以日本大耳白兔为动物模型，分别植入经30% H_2O_2、0.6 mol/L HCl脱抗原脱钙，30% H_2O_2脱抗原不脱钙2种温和方法处理的水牛角胎至兔左侧肢骨缺损处。体外检测外周血特异性T淋巴细胞转化率和ELISA检测血清特异性抗角胎IgG抗体。结果 脱抗原脱钙处理显著地降低了角胎的抗原性，与对照相比，未见受体对移植物产生显著的特异性细胞和体液免疫反应（P > 0.05），尤其是脱抗原不脱钙角胎效果更佳。两者成骨效果均良好。结论 脱抗原角胎是一种免疫原性低、成骨效果好、来源方便的骨移植材料。

Smoking of shrimp and fish from coastal village of north-west Bangladesh

Traditional smoking of mixed shrimp species is a method of preservation in coastal region of Bangladesh. Besides traditional smoked shrimp, attempt had been made to produce smoked shrimp from brown shrimp, Metapenaeus monoceros and fish from mugil, Liza parsia and the quality of smoked product was found good very on the basis of physical properties, proximate composition and mineral contents of the products.

Dissecting the matrilineal components of Tongjiang cattle from Southwest China

Tongjiang cattle are a local cattle population of Sichuan Province, China, numbering approximately half a million in 2005. They have long been grouped into the Bashan breed, although they have a unique breeding history and phenotypic characteristics, as w