Marguerite Duras and colonialist discourse: an intertextual reading of 'L'Empire français' and 'Un barrage contre le Pacifique'

This article examines the intertextual relationship between Marguerite Duras' pro-colonialist, propagandist text, L'Empire français (1943), and her seemingly anti-colonialist novel, Un barrage contre le Pacifique (1950). It explores both the transformative and the emulative uses to which descriptive elements, borrowed from the precursor text, are put in the novel's depictions of colonial Indochina. Going against prevalent critical readings of Barrage, the article highlights the ambivalent and ultimately only partial nature of Duras' apparent ideological volte-face

Boundary condition effects in the simulation study of equilibrium properties of magnetic dipolar fluids

In this paper we investigate the equilibrium properties of magnetic dipolar (ferro-) fluids and discuss finite-size effects originating from the use of different boundary conditions in computer simulations. Both periodic boundary conditions and a finite spherical box are studied. We demonstrate that periodic boundary conditions and subsequent use of Ewald sum to account for the long-range dipolar interactions lead to a much faster convergence (in terms of the number of investigated dipolar particles) of the magnetization curve and the initial susceptibility to their thermodynamic limits. Another unwanted effect of the simulations in a finite spherical box geometry is a considerable sensitivity to the container size. We further investigate the influence of the surface term in the Ewald sum-that is, due to the surrounding continuum with magnetic permeability mu(BC)-on the convergence properties of our observables and on the final results. The two different ways of evaluating the initial susceptibility, i.e., (1) by the magnetization response of the system to an applied field and (2) by the zero-field fluctuation of the mean-square dipole moment of the system, are compared in terms of speed and accuracy.

Regulation of Bcl-xL expression by H2O2 in cardiac myocytes.

Oxidative stress promotes cardiac myocyte apoptosis through the mitochondrial death pathway. Since Bcl-2 family proteins are key regulators of apoptosis, we examined the effects of H2O2 on the expression of principal Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, Bad) in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. Protein expression was assessed by immunoblotting. Bcl-2, Bax, and Bad were all down-regulated in myocytes exposed to 0.2 mm H2O2, a concentration that induces apoptosis. In contrast, although Bcl-xL levels initially declined, the protein was re-expressed from 4-6 h. Bcl-xL mRNA was up-regulated from 2 to 4 h in neonatal rat or mouse cardiac myocytes exposed to H2O2, consistent with the re-expression of protein. Four different untranslated first exons have been identified for the Bcl-x gene (exons 1, 1B, 1C, and 1D, where exon 1 is the most proximal and exon 1D the most distal to the coding region). All were detected in mouse or rat neonatal cardiac myocytes, but exon 1D was not expressed in adult mouse hearts. In neonatal mouse or rat cardiac myocytes, H2O2 induced the expression of exons 1B, 1C, and 1D, but not exon 1. These data demonstrate that the Bcl-x gene is selectively responsive to oxidative stress, and the response is mediated through distal promoter regions.

Changes in gene expression induced by H(2)O(2) in cardiac myocytes.

Oxidative stress induces cardiac myocyte apoptosis. At least some effects are probably mediated through changes in gene expression. Using Affymetrix arrays, we examined the changes in gene expression induced by H(2)O(2) (0.04, 0.1, and 0.2mM; 2 and 4h) in rat neonatal ventricular myocytes. Changes in selected upregulated genes were confirmed by ratiometric RT-PCR. p21(Cip1/Waf1) was one of the only two genes upregulated in all conditions studied. Of the heat shock proteins, only Hsp70/70.1 was induced by H(2)O(2) with no change in the expression of Hsp25, Hsp60 or Hsp90. Heme oxygenase 1 was also potently upregulated, but not heme oxygenases 2 or 3. Of the intercellular adhesion proteins, syndecan-1 was significantly upregulated in response to H(2)O(2), with little change in the expression of other syndecans and no change in expression of any of the integrins studied. Thus, oxidative stress, exemplified by H(2)O(2), selectively promotes the expression of specific gene family members.

Personalised Grid Service Discovery

We take a broad view that ultimately Grid- or Web-services must be located via personalised, semantic-rich discovery processes. We argue that such processes must rely on the storage of arbitrary metadata about services that originates from both service providers and service users. Examples of such metadata are reliability metrics, quality of service data, or semantic service description markup. This paper presents UDDI-MT, an extension to the standard UDDI service directory approach that supports the storage of such metadata via a tunnelling technique that ties the metadata store to the original UDDI directory. We also discuss the use of a rich, graph-based RDF query language for syntactic queries on this data. Finally, we analyse the performance of each of these contributions in our implementation.

O problema da reestruturação de dívida soberana : uma resenha das contribuições recentes

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Brazilian international and inter-state trade flows: an exploratory analysis using the gravity model

Recent efforts toward a world with freer trade, like WTO/GATT or regional Preferential Trade Agreements(PTAs), were put in doubt after McCallum's(1995) finding of a large border effect between US and Canadian provinces. Since then, there has been a great amount of research on this topic employing the gravity equation. This dissertation has two goals. The first goal is to review comprehensively the recent literature about the gravity equation, including its usages, econometric specifications, and the efforts to provide it with microeconomic foundations. The second goal is the estimation of the Brazilian border effect (or 'home-bias trade puzzle') using inter-state and international trade flow data. It is used a pooled cross-section Tobit model. The lowest border effect estimated was 15, which implies that Brazilian states trade among themselves 15 times more than they trade with foreign countries. Further research using industry disaggregated data is needed to qualify the estimated border effect with respect to which part of that effect can be attributed to actual trade costs and which part is the outcome of the endogenous location problem of the firm.

Os dois métodos da teoria econômica

Economic theory deals with a complex reality, which may be seen through various perspectives, using different methods. Economics’ three major branches – development economics, macroeconomics, and microeconomics – cannot be unified because the former two use preferentially a historical-deductive, while the later, an essentially hypothetical-deductive or aprioristic method. Smith, Marx and Keynes used an essentially the method of the new historical facts, while Walras, an aprioristic one to devise the neoclassical general equilibrium model. The historical-deductive method looks for the new historical facts that condition the economic reality. Economic theory remains central, but it is more modest, or less general, as the economist that adopt principally this method is content to analyze stabilization and growth in the framework of a given historical phase or moment of the economic process. As a trade off, his models are more realistic and conducive to more effective economic policies, as long as he is not required to previously abandon, one by one, the unrealistic assumptions required by a excessively general theory, but already starts from more realistic ones

Efeito do ganho de peso dos 13 aos 18 meses de idade sobre o desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas de corte acasaladas ao sobreano no outono

O objetivo foi de avaliar os efeitos da intensidade do ganho de peso no período de recria, dos 13 aos 18 meses de idade, sobre a taxa de prenhez (TP) de novilhas de corte mantidas em pastagem nativa e acasaladas no sobreano durante o outono. O período experimental foi compreendido entre 15/11/2002 à 20/09/2003, sendo a recria, de 15/11/2002 à 23/04/2003 e o acasalamento, de 24/04/2003 à 07/06/2003. Os tratamentos foram constituídos em: 20 novilhas com peso médio de 208 kg submetidas a um ganho diário médio (GDM) de 0,595 kg/dia (G600); 23 novilhas com peso médio de 197 kg submetidas a um GDM de 0,656 kg/dia (G700) e 24 novilhas com peso médio de 181 kg submetidas a um GDM de 0,723 kg/dia (G800). Os GDM foram estabelecidos para que todos os animais atingissem, aproximadamente, 300 kg ao início da estação de monta. Foram avaliados os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre o peso, a altura da garupa (AG), o perímetro torácico (PT), a relação peso:altura (PA), o escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR) e sobre a TP. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) no incremento da AG (GAG) e do PT (GPT) e na PA, ao início do acasalamento, em relação aos grupos experimentais. O peso vivo foi altamente correlacionado (P<0,05) com a AG, PT e PA ao longo de todo o período de recria. As taxas de prenhez foram 30,0, 47,8 e 50,0% para os grupos G600, G700 e G800, respectivamente, não existindo diferença significativa entre os grupos (P>0,05). Os grupos G700 e G800, submetidos a maior taxa de ganho de peso, apresentaram maiores valores (P<0,05) de ETR em relação ao G600 ao início da estação de monta. Novilhas com ETR mais elevados apresentaram uma tendência (P>0,05) de maior TP. A TP de novilhas de corte ao sobreano esteve associada com a intensidade de ganho de peso na recria independente das variações de peso no acasalamento.

Concessão de rodovias : uma análise crítica

Analisa diversos aspectos de Concessões de Rodovias, enfocando aspectos jurídicos, históricos e casos reais das concessões no Brasil. Enfoca modelos e variáveis de Parcerias Público-Privadas, especialmente as rodoviárias. Analisa problemas específicos da cobrança de pedágios. Como conclusões apresenta sugestões para novos modelos de concessão de rodovias; propõe mudanças para o barateamento das tarifas de concessões em andamento; sugere formas para tomar a cobrança de pedágios mais justa

Bounds for the probability distribution function of the linear ACD process

This paper derives both lower and upper bounds for the probability distribution function of stationary ACD(p, q) processes. For the purpose of illustration, I specialize the results to the main parent distributions in duration analysis. Simulations show that the lower bound is much tighter than the upper bound.

Convex combinations of long memory estimates from different sampling rates

Convex combinations of long memory estimates using the same data observed at different sampling rates can decrease the standard deviation of the estimates, at the cost of inducing a slight bias. The convex combination of such estimates requires a preliminary correction for the bias observed at lower sampling rates, reported by Souza and Smith (2002). Through Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate the bias and the standard deviation of the combined estimates, as well as the root mean squared error (RMSE), which takes both into account. While comparing the results of standard methods and their combined versions, the latter achieve lower RMSE, for the two semi-parametric estimators under study (by about 30% on average for ARFIMA(0,d,0) series).

Idade, incapacidade e a inflação do número de pessoas com deficiência

Estudamos a evolução do número das pessoas com deficiência, através da consolidação e condensação de um vasto acervo de informações que abordam essa questão: Inquéritos de 1972 e de 1900, Censos de 1920 e 1940; microdados dos suplementos de saúde da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostras de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE) de 1981 e 1998; da Pesquisa de Condições de Vida (PCV/Seade); e os microdados censitários de 1991 e 2000. O Censo Demográfico de 2000 informa que 24,5 milhões de brasileiros são portadores de deficiência no país, 14,5% da população, número bastante superior aos levantamentos anteriores: menos de 2%. Isto não ocorre porque tenha aumentado a incidência de deficiências, mas pela mudança dos instrumentos de coleta de dados seguindo as últimas recomendações da OMS, incorporando ao universo das deficiências os indivíduos com “alguma ou grande dificuldade de andar, ouvir ou enxergar”. Tal inovação permite realizar um diagnóstico diferenciado de acordo com o grau de deficiência. A fim de entender a evolução temporal das estatísticas a respeito da incidência de deficiências no Brasil, propomos a separação no grupo de deficientes em geral do grupo com maior gravidade das deficiências reportadas, aqui convencionadas como pessoas com incapacidade (PPIs). Três metodologias distintas (análises bivariadas, regressões logísticas e análise de correspondência) apontam a questão etária como principal determinante para o advento das deficiências em geral. O impacto da idade se apresenta menor no caso das incapacidades. Concluímos que o Censo Demográfico de 2000 ao incorporar no universo das deficiências aquelas do tipo “alguma ou grande dificuldade” acabou por classificar grande parte da população idosa com tal, o que sugere a aplicação de políticas distintas para esses dois grupos populacionais. Dada a transição demográfica ora em curso, projeções populacionais indicam que até 2025, mantidas as taxas de deficiência e incapacidades por faixa etária, a taxas agregadas devem atingir 18,6% e 3,01%, respectivamente, crescendo 30,6% e 19,3% em relação a 2000.