Stable hydrogen and carbon isotope records and concentration data for four long chain n-alkanes from core GIK16160-3 derived from the Zambezi delta in the Mozambique Channel during the last 37,000 years

Hydrogen isotope values (dD) of sedimentary terrestrial leaf wax such as n-alkanes or n-acids have been used to map and understand past changes in rainfall amount in the tropics because dD of precipitation is commonly assumed as the first order controlling factor of leaf wax dD. Plant functional types and their photosynthetic pathways can also affect leaf wax dD but these biological effects are rarely taken into account in paleo studies relying on this rainfall proxy. To investigate how biological effects may influence dD values we here present a 37,000-year old record of dD and stable carbon isotopes (d13C) measured on four n-alkanes (n-C27, n-C29, n-C31, n-C33) from a marine sediment core collected off the Zambezi River mouth. Our paleo d13C records suggest that each individual n-alkanes had different C3/C4 proportional contributions. n-C29 was mostly derived from a C3 dicots (trees, shrubs and forbs) dominant vegetation throughout the entire record. In contrast, the longer chain n-C33 and n-C31 were mostly contributed by C4 grasses during the Glacial period but shifted to a mixture of C4 grasses and C3 dicots during the Holocene. Strong correlations between dD and d13C values of n-C33 (correlation coefficient R2 = 0.75, n = 58) and n-C31 (R2 = 0.48, n = 58) suggest that their dD values were strongly influenced by changes in the relative contributions of C3/C4 plant types in contrast to n-C29 (R2 = 0.07, n = 58). Within regions with variable C3/C4 input, we conclude that dD values of n-C29 are the most reliable and unbiased indicator for past changes in rainfall, and that dD and d13C values of n-C31 and n-C33 are sensitive to C3/C4 vegetation changes. Our results demonstrate that a robust interpretation of palaeohydrological data using n-alkane dD requires additional knowledge of regional vegetation changes from which nalkanes are synthesized, and that the combination of dD and d13C values of multiple n-alkanes can help to differentiate biological effects from those related to the hydrological cycle.

Life, writings, and correspondence of George Borrow : derived from official and other authentic sources /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

An assessment of the water quality of the Rock River Basin derived from a biological investigation /

"Prepared for the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency."

An assessment of the water quality of the Cache River Basin derived from a biological investigation /

"Prepared for the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency."

An assessment of the water quality of the Mississippi River Basin-north derived from a biological investigation /

"Prepared for the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency."

An assessment of the water quality of the Wabash River basin derived from a biological investigation /

"Prepared for the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency."

The Canadas as they now are. Comprehending a view of their climate, rivers, lakes, canals, government, laws, taxes, towns, trade, &c. With a description of the soil ... Derived from the reports of the inspectors made to the justices at quarter-sessions, and from other authentic sources, assisted by local knowledge ...

Sabin 10390; Staton and Tremaine, no. 1638.

Etymologicon universale: or, Universal etymological dictionary. On a new plan. In which it is shewn, that consonants are alone to be regarded in discovering the affinities of words, and that the vowels are to be wholly rejected; that languages contain the same fundamental idea; and that they are derived from the earth, and the operations, accidents, and properties belonging to it. /

Not a continuation of the author's "Etymologicon magnum."

Royal friendships; the story of two royal friendships as derived from histories, diaries, biographies, letters, etc., etc.

Queen Anne and the Duchess [of Marlborough].--Queen Charlotte and Mrs. Delany.

Antiproliferative and phenotype-transforming antitumor agents derived from cysteine

Selective destruction of malignant tumor cells without damaging normal cells is an important goal for cancer chemotherapy in the 21st century. Differentiating agents that transform cancer cells to either a nonproliferating or normal phenotype could potentially be tissue-specific and avoid side effects of current drugs. However, most compounds that are presently known to differentiate cancer cells are histone deacetylase inhibitors that are of low potency or suffer from low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, reversible differentiation, and nonselectivity for cancer cells over normal cells. Here we describe 36 nonpeptidic compounds derived from a simple cysteine scaffold, fused at the C-terminus to benzylamine, at the N-terminus to a small library of carboxylic acids, and at the S-terminus to 4-butanoyl hydroxamate. Six compounds were cytotoxic at nanomolar concentrations against a particularly aggressive human melanoma cell line (MM96L), four compounds showed selectivities of greater than or equal to5:1 for human melanoma over normal human cells (NFF), and four of the most potent compounds were further tested and found to be cytotoxic for six other human cancer cell lines (melanomas SK-MEL-28, DO4; prostate DU145; breast MCF-7; ovarian JAM, CI80-13S). The most active compounds typically caused hyperacetylation of histones, induced p21 expression, and reverted phenotype of surviving tumor cells to a normal morphology. Only one compound was given orally at 5 mg/kg to healthy rats to look for bioavailaiblity, and it showed reasonably high levels in plasma (C-max 6 mug/mL, T-max 15 min) for at least 4 h. Results are sufficiently promising to support further work on refining this and related classes of compounds to an orally active, more tumor-selective, antitumor drug.

Functionalized macrocycles from functionalized tetra-amines: Pendent-arm macrocycles derived from dichloropivalic acid

Reaction between ethane-1,2-diamine and 3,3'-dichloropivalic acid results in different, isomeric tetra-amine derivatives, one a tetraamino carboxylic acid and the other a carboxamidotriamino alcohol, depending upon reaction conditions, Intended conversion of the Cu(II) complex of the former to a cyclam-like macrocycle through reaction with nitroethane and formaldehyde results in isolation of derivatives of both the former and the latter. This can be rationalized by assuming the intermediacy of an azetidinone, a species similar to that seen in simpler reactions of dichloropivalates. A single reaction thereby provides pendent-arm macrocycles where one has an electrophilic and the other a nucleophilic substituent. Parallel chemistry is not seen in the reaction between propane-1,3-diamine and 3,3'-dichloropivalate.