Systematic study of the blue green algae of Ceylon kept at the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya

The collection of blue green algae kept at the herbarium of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Peradeniya, was collected by Ferguson more than 70 years ago. Since then many changes have taken place in the taxonomy of the blue green algae. West (1902), Lemmermann (1907), Wine (1915), Crow (1923), Bharadwaja (1934) and Holsinger (1935) had described some of the blue green algae of Ceylon. While examining the collections of blue green algae kept at the herbarium, the authors found that most of the identifications were incorrect and required revision. In the present paper 20 blue green algae are described. The classification and key to the species are based on the characters given by Desikachary (1959). Blue green algae are important to fisheries since Chanos larvae feed on them.

Sirahu Valai: a passive fishing gear in Ceylon

There are many types of passive fishing gear in use in the estuarine waters and lagoons in Ceylon such as the stake seine net or Kattudel, the tat trap or Jalcottu and the wing net or Sirahu valai. Of these Siraku valai is very popular in the shallow and near shore areas of the sea in north Ceylon. Sirahu valai is popular since it is relatively more economical, less time consuming and more efficient than other forms of fishing gear in shallow waters. More over the fishermen do not have to remain in the fishing grounds while his gear is fishing. Pearson (1923) described this gear as a stake net having a complicated arrangement. Sirahu valai is also referred to as Siraku valai or Kurukku valai.

黑麂Y染色体的鉴别和Sry基因的克隆及定位

以流式细胞仪分离小麂(Muntiacus reevesi)Y染色体和黑麂(M. crinifrons)Y_(1),Y_(2),X+4和1号染色体,利用DOP-PCR技术富集了分离的各单条染色体。然后,将小麂的Y染色体的DOP-PCR产物经Cy_(3)标记后直接作为涂染探针,应用染色体涂染技术与雌雄黑麂的核型标本进行杂交,确认了黑麂真正的Y染色体为Y_(2)染色体。再以黑麂的Y_(1),Y_(2),X+4和1号染色体的DOP-PCR产物为模板,用人的特异性的SRY基因引物对其进行扩增,结果表明黑麂只有Y_(2)染色体出现了SRY扩增片段。

The present-day fishery of the Uganda waters of Lake Victoria

The Uganda waters of Lake Victoria comprise an area of 28,500 square kilometres with a shore line of 2,380 kilometres extending from the Uganda/Tanzania border in the west to the Uganda/Kenya border in the east. A large part of the Uganda waters of the lake is less than 60 metres deep, waters deeper than 60 metres being on the eastern side of the lake. Thus the Uganda part of the lake is tilted towards the east. A number of rivers drain into the lake from the north and the River Nile flows out of the lake towards the Mediterranean Sea. The Ssese, Kome, Buvuma and Busoga Islands form a very distinctive feature of the lake. These are perhaps the remaining high hills which survived the drowning of the northern valleys during the formation of the lake. In fact, in T. P. O'Brien's book 'The Prehistoric Uganda Protectorate (1939)', Solmon gives a critical summary of the work on the formation of Lake Victoria and shows that the northern part of the lake has numerous drowned valleys, a feature which provides varying habitats for particular species of fish and which may have an effect on the species composition reflected in the catches in different areas along the northern shore of the lake. It is interesting to note that although Lake Victoria as a whole has a number of rivers draining into it, Halbfass (1923) calculated and found that 76 per cent of the water entering the lake is precipitation on the lake surface.

La estructura y reproducción de Acanthococcus antarcticus Hooker et Harvey

The present paper gives a full description of the organization of Acanthococcus antarcticus Hooker et Harvey, a not well known member of the Rhodophyllidaceae as well as gives for the first time description of the male and tetrasporic plants. Detailed organization of the carpogonial branches, spermatia and tetraspores is also presented. Nineteen figures illustrate the text (material collected at Deseado port, Santa Cruz prov., Argentina). The following text is the content of the discussion. From the description it is possible to confirm the position of Acanthococcus in the Rhodophyllidaceac as was done by Kylin (Kylin 1960, p. 290 et seg.). It has many similarities in the development of the carpogenic branches and in the formation of spermatia as well in the production of the zonately divided tetrasporangia with the genera of the family whose reproduction is known; Cystoclonium purpureum (Hudson) Batters and Rhodopyllis bifada (Good. et Woodw.) Kützing (Kylin 1923); Calliblepharis jubata (Good. et Woodw.) Kützing (Kylín 1928) and Craspedocarpus erosus (Hook. et Harvey) Sehmitz (Kylin 1932). Apparently the distinguishing feature of Acanthococcus is the structure of the vegetative frond, with the abundant development of rhizoidal filaments in the medula, besides the characteristic appendages of the cystocarps. Harvey's figure (Harvey 1847, P. 181, Fig. 3) of the tranverse section of the plant shows the central portion composed of a dense small-celled medula limited by a region of large cells which is externally covered by a small-celled cortex. As we have seen the small-celled filaments are not restricted to the central portion, but extend into the large-celled portion and can reach the cortex. On the other hand, the eros section of Acanthococcus depicted by Kützing (Kützing 1867, T. 93, Fig. h, under Callophyllis antartica), apparently belongs to another plant, so different in the structure when one compares his figure with Harvey's and the ones in this paper. RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL Este trabajo presenta una completa descripción de la organización de Acanthococcus antarcticus Hooker et Harvey, un miembro poco conocido de las Rodofilidáceas, así como presenta por primera vez descripciones de las plantas masculinas y de las tetraspóricas. También por primera vez es presentada la organización detallada de las ramas carpogoniales, de los espermecios y de las trásporas. Diecinueve figuras completan el texto (material coleccionado en Puerto Deseado, Prov. Santa Cruz, Argentina).

Contribución al estudio biológico de Loligo brasiliensis Bl

A total of 592 individuals of Loligo brasiliensis from the Mar del Plata coastal fishing area (Buenos Aires prov., Argentina) have been studied during the 1961-1964 period. From a morphological point of view the population appears to be uniform and homogeneus. A brief description of this species is given in this paper since references in the literature are scarce from the time at which Blainville (1923) first described it. The only further references are found in D'Orbigny (1835), and Ferrusac (1839), and in Hoyle (1886), and Tyron Pilsbry (1879). In this paper the species was mentioned only as a bibliographical reference on morphological or biological conditions has been found in the literature. The distribution of this species ranges from Cuba, Brazil, Uruguay to the Argentine coast, probably down to the Gulf of San Jorge. The samples had been studied with respect to various body measurements by classifing the individuals in total length classes, since body length was considered the most significant measurement. The condition factor K has been calculated for different sexes and ages, for the various length classes. The results lead to the conclusion that the smaller the length the higher is the value obtained for K and viceversa. This is due to the fact that the length of the tentacle increases considerably with increasing size. Since the tentacle are quite light the factor K diminishes accordingly. The condition factor increases considerably from December to April with an average of 0.42, decrease and becomes stable from March to October, with an average of 0.30. This is a consequence of the ripening of the sex glands. The sex-ratios are as following: year 1961, 42 % female, 42 % male; year 1962, 51 % female, 45 % male; year 1963, 46 % female, 53 % male; year 1964, 26 % female, 42 % male, 32 % indif. The great percentage of 72 undifferentiated young individuals in the 1964 (March) sampling increases the ratio of undifferentiation. A short morphological description of both ovules and spermatozoos is given. An examination of the sex glands leads to the following conclusions: a) male and female sex gland in a preparatory stage during the whole year; b) the highest percentage of ripe glands is found through, November-March; e) the spawning appears to precede rather slowly, but this certain since the spawning environment does not coincide with the natural habitat of the species. Few spawning individuals were found; d) sexual differentiation begins at body lenght from 30 to 40 mm; i.e. a total length of approximately 145 mm. At a body length of 70 mm. the hectocotilication (sexual character) begins to appear. In June 1962, a sample gathered at Rawson (Chubut) was analyzed. The conclusion was reached that the sex glands in this population are in an earlier stage of development in comparison with those from the Mar del Plata area. Also the average for the factor K which were found to be 0.17 for females and 0.19 for male, are rather low for that date. These physiological facts are possibly related to morphological differences which will be pointed out in a forthcoming publication. Some very typical associations with Artemesia longinaris and Percophis brasiliensis were found. Cannibalism has been observed.

黄喉噪鹛分类地位新议

著名鸟类学家N.J.Collar在英国东方鸟类学会(The Oriental Bird Club)最新一期的Forktail上发表文章,对亚洲鹛类(文中用的是Timaliidae———画眉科)中一些种类的分类地位做了厘正,涉及多个在中国有分布的种类,其中包括将黄喉噪鹛东南亚种Garrulax galbanus courtoisi重新升格为独立种G.courtoisi[1]。1923年,法国鸟类学会会长M.A.Ménégaux依据1919年采自江西婺源(当时属安徽省)的两号标本发表了新种Garrulas courtoisi[2]。J.Berlioz随之将其归为黄喉噪鹛G.galbanus下的一亚种[3]。1958年,郑作新将1956年3月在云南思茅石头山采到的3只标本定名为G.g.courtoisi[4];1982年,郑作新、唐瑞昌又依据这3号标本发表了思茅亚种G.g.simaoensis[5]。1994年,Long等人即已指出应将黄喉噪鹛G.galbanus视为单型种,而将courtoisi和simaoensis分立之[6]。Inskipp等人也指出courtoisi(包括simaoensis)与galban

THE PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE DOUCS AND SNUB-NOSED LANGURS OF CHINA AND VIETNAM

The taxonomy of the douc and snub-nosed langurs has changed several times during the 20th century. The controversy over the systematic position of these animals has been due in part to difficulties in studying them: both the doucs and the snub-nosed langurs are rare in the wild and are generally poorly represented in institutional collections. This review is based on a detailed examination of relatively large numbers of specimens of most of the species of langurs concerned. An attempt was made to draw upon as many types of information as were available in order to make an assessment of the phyletic relationships between the langur species under discussion. Toward this end, quantitative and qualitative features of the skeleton, specific features of visceral anatomy and characteristics of the pelage were utilized. The final data matrix comprised 178 characters. The matrix was analyzed using the program Hennig86. The results of the analysis support the following conclusions: (1) that the douc and snub-nosed langurs are generically distinct and should be referred to as species of Pygathrix and Rhinopithecus, respectively; (2) that the Tonkin snub-nosed langur be placed in its own subgenus as Rhinopithecus (Presbytiscus) avunculus and that the Chinese snub-nosed langur thus be placed in the subgenus Rhinopithecus (Rhinopithecus); (3) that four extant species of Rhinopithecus be recognized: R. (Rhinopithecus) roxellana Milne Edwards, 1870; R. (Rhinopithecus) bieti Milne Edwards, 1897; R. (Rhinopithecus) brelichi Thomas, 1903, and R. (Presbytiscus) avunculus Dollman, 1912; (4) that the Chinese snub-nosed langurs fall into northern and southern subgroups divided by the Yangtze river; (5) that R. lantianensis Hu and Qi, 1978, is a valid fossil species, and (6) the precise affinities and taxonomic status of the fossil species R. tingianus Matthew and Granger, 1923, are unclear because the type specimen is a subadult.

武昌东湖的数种介形类甲壳动物

<正> 介形类是底栖的切甲类甲壳动物,部分种类的触角上具有发达的游泳刚毛,所以在通常采到的浮游生物标本中亦很常见。早在1903年,G.O.Sars 氏曾经报导过采自我国的介形类共三属五新种。1923年,V.Brehm 也报导过采自我国广州、北京、四川等地的数种介形类,其中还有一新属,三新种及一新变种。

稀土与过渡金属的萃取机理及分离方法的研究

随着化学工业的发展，稀溶液或难分离体系中有价物质的提取、富集成为化工分离学科中的重要研究课题之一。随着人们环保意识的增强，寻找新型、高效、清洁的工艺流程成为分离科学的热门话题。众所周知，在稀土矿中常含有许多过渡金属杂质，如锌、镉、铁、钻、镍等等，因此研究稀土与过渡金属离子的高效分离成为必然，这也是我研究工作的出发点。本论文主要包括以下几个方面的内容：1.研究了中空纤维膜器中HEH/EHP (P507)在盐酸介质中萃取分离衫、锌及锅的传质动力学，比较了聚偏氟乙烯膜和聚四氟乙烯和聚偏氟乙烯共聚物膜这两种膜材料的稳定性能，建立了界面反应动力学方程。考察了料液酸度、萃取剂浓度以及萃取剂不同氨化度对锌、福传质系数的影响。认为氨化p507不能提高锌、福的传质系数，却能提高稀土的传质系数，利用这一性质，就可能实现锌、镉与稀土离子的分离。这一研究为新型膜材料的应用提供了理论基石出。2．研究了中空纤维膜器中硫代有机磷酸萃取剂Cyanex302在硫酸介质中萃取分离锌、镉、铁、钻、镍和铺的传质动力学，探讨了各种因素对萃取速率的影响，获得了膜器中金属离子的传质模型及机理，同时采用膜器串联实现了锌、铺及锌、镉混合物的分离。3.研究了盐酸体系中伯胺1923与中性有机磷酸萃取剂Cyanex923和Cyanex925对ZnCl,和CdCl_2的协同萃取机理，用斜率法、等摩尔系列法确定了协萃配合物的组成并用皿谱加以证实。对于Zn的萃取，可能是由于空间位阻效应的影响，单一中性萃取剂对Zn2+的萃取有如下的关系：Cyanex923>Cyanex925，整个协萃反应的平衡常数是Cyanex923＞Cyanex925。然而，根据协萃系数R=D 最大/D_(中合)来判定协萃效应的大小，则有如下的关系：Cyanex923＜Cyanex925。这就说明了如果单一萃取剂的萃取越高，则协萃效应就越小。对于Cd的萃取，协同效应的大小为：Cyanex923＞Cyanex925。另外还求得了协萃反应平衡常数和协萃配合物生成反应平衡常数以及热力学函数值。且随温度增加，分配比减小，说明协萃体系为放热反应。对于同一协萃体系，不同金属离子的协萃效应的大小为Zn>Cd。这一研究为提高稀土与过渡金属离子的分离效率具有实际意义。4．研究了萃取剂的界面性质，考察了萃取剂伯胺N1923, Cyanex923、Cyanex925及Cyanex302单独存在以及混合存在时与不同水相（含金属离子的和不含金属离子的）的界面张力的变化情况，根据Gibbs等温吸附方程，得到了界面超量，求出萃取剂分子在界面上的表观横截面积A_i以及使界面达到饱和所需体相最低的萃取剂浓度（C_(min)）。结果表明伯胺盐的加入增加了Cyanex923呢Cyanex925的界面活性，提高了金属离子的分配效率。这对进一步研究其萃取动力学有指导意义。5.通过静态法研究了Cyanex302萃淋树脂在硫酸介质中吸萃Fe(III)、Zn(II)、Co(II)、Ni(II)的性能，考察了振荡时间、料液酸度、实验温度等条件对萃取性能的影响，结果发现CL－Cyanex302吸萃Fe(III)、Zn(II)、Co(u)、Ni(II)的能力有如下的顺序：Zn（II）>Fe（III）>>Co（II）>Ni（II）。Fe（III）、Co（II）、Ni（II)及Zn(II)的半萃pH值依次为1.6、3.8、5.9、1.3。这说明通过控制水相的酸度，就有可能实现这些金属离子间的分离，这对于分离具有实际的意义。

钍的萃取机理及工艺

钍是一种重要的核燃料。我国包头稀土精矿含钍0.2%，按每年处理5000吨精矿计算，每年可回收氧化钍10吨。因而研究钍与稀土及其它杂质的分离，不仅能回收钍，同时能降低稀土产品的放射性污染。用伯胺从硫酸焙烧精矿中分离钍的流程已应用于工业生产，但从氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的问题尚未得到解决。本工作主要是研究二种常用的萃取剂伯胺N_(1923)和HEH（EHP）（P_(507)）对钍的萃取机理，并针对包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中钍与稀土的分离，研究了工艺流程。本工作主要包括五部分。一、伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-苯溶液从硫酸介质中萃取钍的萃取机理，用饱和法、斜率法、等克分子系列法确定了萃合物的组成，得到了在一定条件下的萃取反应为：Th~(4+) + 2SO_4~(2-) + 2(RNH_3)_2SO_(4(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_4Th(SO_4)_(4(O))考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响，在不同溶剂中，伯胺的萃钍能力次序如下：四氯化碳>氯仿>苯>二甲苯>二氯已烷>正已烷。计算了不同条件下的浓度平衡常数K，lg K = 10.28 ± 0.05，结果表明，K不随伯胺浓度改变，K随水相酸度增大而增大，随钍浓度增大而减小。研究了温度对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，伯胺从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的热效应很小。并计算了一定条件下的热力学函数ΔH = -2900 JM~(-1)，ΔS = 190 JM~(-1)。考察了不同条件下的红外和核磁共振谱，并对所提出的机理进行了讨论。二、伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了伯胺-正辛烷溶液从碳酸盐介质中萃取钍的平衡规律，用斜率法确定了萃合物组成，得出萃取机理：Th~(4+) + 5CO_3~(2-) + 4(RNH_3NO_3)_((1.5)(O)) <-> (RNH_3)_6Th(CO_3)_(5(O)) + 6NO_3~-考察了不同碳酸盐及水相PH值对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，在各种碳酸盐溶液中，萃取能力均随碳酸盐浓度及水相PH值增加而下降。计算了浓度平衡常数K，结果表明，K随伯胺浓度增加而增加。研究了不同溶剂及温度对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，伯胺从碳酸盐溶液中萃取钍是放热反应，并计算了两种碳酸盐浓度下的ΔH、ΔS值。考察了萃合物的红外光谱和核磁共振谱，并对反应机理进行了讨论。三、P_(507)从硫酸溶液中萃取钍的机理研究了P_(507)-正辛烷溶液在不同浓度（1 ～ 15 N）的硫酸介质中萃取钍的平衡规律，同斜率法，饱和法确定了萃合物组成，提出了不同硫酸浓度下P_(507)萃取钍的两种机理。在低酸度下（0.5-6 N）：Th~(4+) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_3(HL_2)_((O)) + 4H~+在高酸度下（10-15 N）：Th~(4+) + 2HSO_4~- + SO_4~(2-) + 2.5(HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2Th(SO_4)_35(HL)_((O))并按如下机理萃取硫酸（12N以上）：2H~+ + SO_4~(2-) + (HL)_(2(O)) <-> H_2SO_2·2(HL)_((O))通过低酸度下的饱和萃取试验，得出了在饱和情况下，P_(507)萃取钍的机理：Th~(4+) + 2(HL)_(2(O)) <-> ThL_(4(O)) + 4H~+考察了不同溶剂对萃取平衡的影响，结果表明，P_(507)从低浓度硫酸溶液中萃取钍的能力随溶剂的介电常数增加而下降。计算了各种条件下的浓度平衡常数，lgK(2.2N H_2SO_4) = 4.07 ± 0.02, lgK (12.6N H_2SO_4) = 3.53 ± 0.04，结果表明，在高、低两种酸度下，K均不随P_(507)浓度改变，在低酸底下，K随硫酸浓度增加而略有增大，在高酸度下，K随硫酸浓度增加有较显著的增大。从温度对萃取平衡的影响指出，P_(507)从硫酸介质中萃取钍是放热反应。计算了各种酸度下的ΔH、ΔS值。研究了萃合物的红外及核磁共振谱，并对不同条件下的反应机理进行了讨论。四、用伯胺从包头矿氧化焙烧流程中回收钍的工艺包头稀土矿氧化焙烧流程中，得到了含钍、铈（IV），稀土（III）和铁（III）的硫酸浸出液。工艺要求从该浸出液中回收钍，并且同时把其中的铈（IV）单独分离出来。由于料液中有大量的铈（IV），严重地影响了伯胺对钍的萃取能力，如果增大伯胺浓度，会使分相速度减慢。我们用15%N_(1923)-5%异辛醇-煤油作有机相，进行了13级分流萃取，出口小相中Th/RE = 3 * 10~(-5)，低于国家规定标准，铈（IV）较完全地被萃入有机相中，出口有机相中铈的纯度为96.7%。然后用3N硝酸加1%过氧化氢溶液将钍与铈同时反萃到水相，反萃液中铈（IV）已被还原为铈（III），再用0.3F P_(507)进行8级逆流萃取，将钍萃入有机相，铈留在水相，从而使钍与铈分离。五、用P_(507)从包头矿氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中回收钍的工艺当有铈（IV）存在时，P_(507)对钍的萃取能力仍很强。我们用1.54F P_(507)-煤油作萃取剂，进行了5级逆流萃取，出口水相中Th/RE = 1.2 * 10~(-4)，低于国家规定标准，铈（IV）全部萃入有机相中，出口有机相中铈的品位为96.2%。出口有机相用2N硫酸加2%过氧化氢进行还原反萃，用13级分流反萃，使铈全部反到水相中，钍则不被反萃，达到了铈、钍分离的目的。以上两种工艺流程均可用于从氧化焙烧硫酸浸出液中分离钍及铈。

稀土及过渡金属离子Fe(III)、Zn(II)、Cd(II）的协同萃取研究

自从1956年Blake等研究HDEHP萃取铀时发现协同效应以来，由于协同萃取具有可以显著地提高萃取效率，改变萃取选择性等优点，所以对协同萃取进行了大量研究工作，目前已广泛应用于核燃料稀有金属湿法冶金分离分析。但协同萃取研究领域十分广阔，新协萃体系，协萃机理和协萃配合物结构等许多方面还有待进一步研究。Fe~(3+)、Zn~(2+)和Cd~(2+)等过渡金属离子常与稀土离子在一起，成为高纯稀土产品的重要杂质元素，因此寻找Fe(III)、Zn(II)和Cd(II)与RE（III）的新协同萃取分离体系，不但具有理论意义，也有实际意义。本文研究了萃取分离中广泛使用的四种萑取剂，甲基膦酸二（1-甲基庚基）酯（P_(350), 以B表示）、仲碳伯胺N_(1923)(以RNH_2表示）、1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯甲酰基吡唑酮-5（PMBP，以HL表示）和2-乙基基膦酸单（2-乙基已基）酯（P_(507)，以HA表示）对盐酸介质中Fe(III)、Zn(II)、Cd(II)和Nd(III)等金属离子的协同萃取，得到了六个新协萃体系，并且对协萃机理和萃取平稀奇规律等进行了研究，得到了一些有意义的结果。