Aspectos oceanográficos sobre plataforma continental peruana en invierno de 1996. Crucero BIC SNP-1 08

Las condiciones ambientales durante el crucero 9607-08, fueron frías desde el Callao hasta Paita, con anomalías negativas de -0,8 a -2,5 °C, y ligeramente cálidas al norte de Paita registrándose anomalías de hasta +1,4 °C, en la primera etapa del crucero (evaluación acústica, del 01 al 14 de julio de 1996) y anomalías de +0,2 a -2,5° C durante la segunda etapa realizada del 15 de julio al 09 de agosto de 1996. El Frente Ecuatorial, antes del 14 de Julio se localizó al sur de Talara, replegándose luego hacia el norte y ubicándose al norte de Cabo Blanco. Las masas de Aguas Tropicales Superficiales (ATS) se ubicaron frente a Puerto Pizarro, mientras que las aguas Ecuatoriales Superficiales (AES) se ubicaron, la primera quincena de julio, al norte de Paita-Talara y, la segunda quincena, al norte de Cabo Blanco. Las aguas Subtropicales Superficiales (ASS) se localizaron frente a Pimentel - Chimbote fuera de las 40 mn, y las Aguas Costeras Frías (ACF) predominaron dentro de las 40 mn, en toda la faja costera. El afloramiento costero se desarrolló con fuerte intensidad entre Talara-Paita, Punta Falsa - Chicama y Chimbote asociados a valores menores de 16 °C de temperatura, 35,0‰ de salinidad y 3 mL/L de oxígeno disuelto.

A novel dominant mutation of the Nav1.4 alpha-subunit domain I leading to sodium channel myotonia.

BACKGROUND: Mutations in SCN4A may lead to myotonia. METHODS: Presentation of a large family with myotonia, including molecular studies and patch clamp experiments using human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing wild-type and mutated channels. RESULTS: In a large family with historic data on seven generations and a clear phenotype, including myotonia at movement onset, with worsening by cold temperature, pregnancy, mental stress, and especially after rest after intense physical activity, but without weakness, the phenotype was linked with the muscle sodium channel gene (SCN4A) locus, in which a novel p.I141V mutation was found. This modification is located within the first transmembrane segment of domain I of the Na(v)1.4 alpha subunit, a region where no mutation has been reported so far. Patch clamp experiments revealed a mutation-induced hyperpolarizing shift (-12.9 mV) of the voltage dependence of activation, leading to a significant increase (approximately twofold) of the window current amplitude. In addition, the mutation shifted the voltage dependence of slow inactivation by -8.7 mV and accelerated the entry to this state. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that the gain-of-function alteration in activation leads to the observed myotonic phenotype, whereas the enhanced slow inactivation may prevent depolarization-induced paralysis.

Infrequent transmission of HIV-1 drug-resistant variants.

Transmission of drug-resistant variants is influenced by several factors, including the prevalence of drug resistance in the population of HIV-1-infected patients, HIV-1 RNA levels and transmission by recently infected patients. In order to evaluate the impact of these factors on the transmission of drug-resistant variants, we have defined the population of potential transmitters and compared their resistance profiles to those of newly infected patients. Sequencing of pol gene was performed in 220 recently infected patients and in 373 chronically infected patients with HIV-1 RNA >1000 copies/ml. Minimal and maximal drug-resistance profiles of potential transmitters were estimated by weighting resistance profiles of chronically infected patients with estimates of the Swiss HIV-1-infected population, the prevalence of exposure to antiviral drugs and the proportion of infections attributed to primary HIV infections. The drug-resistance prevalence in recently infected patients was 10.5% (one class drug resistance: 9.1%; two classes: 1.4%; three classes: 0%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed significant clustering for 30% of recent infections. The drug-resistance prevalence in chronically infected patients was 72.4% (one class: 29%; two classes: 27.6%; three classes: 15.8%). After adjustment, the risk of transmission relative to wild-type was reduced both for one class drug resistance (minimal and maximal estimates: odds ratio: 0.39, P<0.001; and odds ratio: 0.55, P=0.011, respectively), and for two to three class drug resistance (odds ratios: 0.05 and 0.07, respectively, P<0.001). Neither sexual behaviour nor HIV-1 RNA levels explained the low transmission of drug-resistant variants. These data suggest that drug-resistant variants and in particular multidrug-resistant variants have a substantially reduced transmission capacity.

Evaluation de la stratégie de lutte contre le cancer en Suisse, Phase 1, 1999: document de synthèse

[Table des matières] 1.1. Bref historique de la stratégie nationale de lutte contre le cancer. 1.2. Mandat d'évaluation. 1. 3. Approche d'évaluation choisie. 1.4. Phase 1 : programme d'évaluation 1999. 2. Conclusions et recommandations générales. 2.1. Stratégie et concept directeur. 2.2. Structure soutenant le programme national de lutte contre le cancer. 2.3. Rôle et fonctionnement des différents organes du programme national. 2.4. Collaborations. 2.5. Monitoring des programmes, évaluation de projets spécifiques et indicateurs à disposition pour l'évaluation globale. 3. Propositions pour la suite de l'évaluation. 4. Résumé de l'étude 1 : évaluation de la conception et de la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie au niveau national. 5. Studie 2 : Inventar der vorhandene Datenquellen und Indikatoren. 5.1. Zusammenfassung. 5.2. Allgemeine Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen. 6. Studie 3 : Konzeptualisierung und Stand der Umsetzung der vier Krebsbekämpfungsprogramme. 6.1. Einleitung. 6.2. Zusammenfassung der programmübergreifende Ergebnisse : zum Konzeptualisierungsprozess, zum Steuerungsprozess, zur Vernetzung innerhalb der Programme und im relevanten Umfeld. 6.3. Zusammenfassung der programmspezifischen Ergebnisse : Brustkrebs, Hautkrebs, Lungenkrebs, Darmkrebs. 6.4. Empfehlungen : Programmübergreifende Empfehlungen, ergänzende programmspezifische Empfehlungen.

Plant Trees with help from CRP, February 4, 2010

It's a fact. Landowners like the five couples featured in the publication have helped replant Iowa. In fact, Iowa's forests and dwindled from an original 7 million acres to only 1.4 million acres in 1974. The state now has 2.8 million acres, surpassing the acreage of woodlands more than a century ago.

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity and 4G/5G polymorphism in hemodialysis

Introduction: Chronic insufficiency alters homeostasis, in part due to endothelial inflammation. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is increased in renal disease, contributing to vascular damage. We assessed PAI-1 activity and PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphism in hemodialysis (HD) subjects and any association between thrombotic vascular access (VA) events and PAI-1 polymorphism. Methods: Prospective, observational study in 36 HD patients: mean age: 66.6 +/- 12.5 yr, males n=26 (72%), time on HD: 28.71 +/- 22.45 months. Vascular accesses: 10 polytetrafluoroethylene grafts (PTFEG), 22 arteriovenous fistulae (AVF), four dual lumen catheters (CAT). Control group (CG): 40 subjects; mean age: 60.0 +/- 15 yrs, males n=30 (75%). Group A (GA): thrombotic events (n=12), and group B (GB): No events (n=24). Groups were no different according to age (69.2 +/- 9.12 vs. 65.3 +/- 14.5 yrs), gender (males: 7; 58.3% vs. 18; 81.8%), time on HD (26.1 +/- 14.7 vs. 30.1 +/- 38.7 months), causes of renal failure. Time to follow-up, for access thrombosis: 12 months. Results: PAI-1 levels in HD: 7.21 +/- 2.13 vs. CG: 0.42 +/- 0.27 U/ml (p < 0.000 1). PAI-1 4G/5G polymorphic variant distribution in HD: 5G/5G: 6 (17%),4G/5G: 23 (64%); 4G/4G: 7 (19%) and in CG: 5G/5G: 14 (35%); 4G/5G: 18 (45%); 4G/4G: 8 (20%). C-reactive protein (CRP) in HD: 24.5 +/- 15.2 mg/L vs. in CG 2.3 +/- 0.2 mg/L (p < 0.0001). PAI-1 4G/5G variants: GA: 5G/5G: 3; 4G/5G: 8; 4G/4G: 1; GB: 5G/5G: 3; 4G/5G: 15; 4G/4G: 6. Thrombosis occurred in 8/10 patients (80%) with PTFEG, 3/22 (9%) in AVF, and 1/4 (25%) in CAT. Among the eight PTFEG patients with thrombosis, seven were PAI 4G/5G. Conclusions: PAI-1 levels were elevated in HD patients, independent of their polymorphic variants, 4G/5G being the most prevalent variant. Our data suggest that in patients with PTFEG the 4G/5G variant might be associated with an increased thrombosis risk.

Prognostic and predictive value of centrally reviewed Ki-67 labeling index in postmenopausal women with endocrine-responsive breast cancer: results from Breast International Group Trial 1-98 comparing adjuvant tamoxifen with letrozole.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the prognostic and predictive value of Ki-67 labeling index (LI) in a trial comparing letrozole (Let) with tamoxifen (Tam) as adjuvant therapy in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Breast International Group (BIG) trial 1-98 randomly assigned 8,010 patients to four treatment arms comparing Let and Tam with sequences of each agent. Of 4,922 patients randomly assigned to receive 5 years of monotherapy with either agent, 2,685 had primary tumor material available for central pathology assessment of Ki-67 LI by immunohistochemistry and had tumors confirmed to express estrogen receptors after central review. The prognostic and predictive value of centrally measured Ki-67 LI on disease-free survival (DFS) were assessed among these patients using proportional hazards modeling, with Ki-67 LI values dichotomized at the median value of 11%. RESULTS: Higher values of Ki-67 LI were associated with adverse prognostic factors and with worse DFS (hazard ratio [HR; high:low] = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.3). The magnitude of the treatment benefit for Let versus Tam was greater among patients with high tumor Ki-67 LI (HR [Let:Tam] = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.39 to 0.72) than among patients with low tumor Ki-67 LI (HR [Let:Tam] = 0.81; 95% CI, 0.57 to 1.15; interaction P = .09). CONCLUSION: Ki-67 LI is confirmed as a prognostic factor in this study. High Ki-67 LI levels may identify a patient group that particularly benefits from initial Let adjuvant therapy.

Differential pattern of glycogen accumulation after protein phosphatase 1 glycogen-targeting subunit PPP1R6 overexpression, compared to PPP1R3C and PPP1R3A, in skeletal muscle cells

Background PPP1R6 is a protein phosphatase 1 glycogen-targeting subunit (PP1-GTS) abundant in skeletal muscle with an undefined metabolic control role. Here PPP1R6 effects on myotube glycogen metabolism, particle size and subcellular distribution are examined and compared with PPP1R3C/PTG and PPP1R3A/GM. Results PPP1R6 overexpression activates glycogen synthase (GS), reduces its phosphorylation at Ser-641/0 and increases the extracted and cytochemically-stained glycogen content, less than PTG but more than GM. PPP1R6 does not change glycogen phosphorylase activity. All tested PP1-GTS-cells have more glycogen particles than controls as found by electron microscopy of myotube sections. Glycogen particle size is distributed for all cell-types in a continuous range, but PPP1R6 forms smaller particles (mean diameter 14.4 nm) than PTG (36.9 nm) and GM (28.3 nm) or those in control cells (29.2 nm). Both PPP1R6- and GM-derived glycogen particles are in cytosol associated with cellular structures; PTG-derived glycogen is found in membrane- and organelle-devoid cytosolic glycogen-rich areas; and glycogen particles are dispersed in the cytosol in control cells. A tagged PPP1R6 protein at the C-terminus with EGFP shows a diffuse cytosol pattern in glucose-replete and -depleted cells and a punctuate pattern surrounding the nucleus in glucose-depleted cells, which colocates with RFP tagged with the Golgi targeting domain of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase, according to a computational prediction for PPP1R6 Golgi location. Conclusions PPP1R6 exerts a powerful glycogenic effect in cultured muscle cells, more than GM and less than PTG. PPP1R6 protein translocates from a Golgi to cytosolic location in response to glucose. The molecular size and subcellular location of myotube glycogen particles is determined by the PPP1R6, PTG and GM scaffolding.

Minor protease inhibitor mutations at baseline do not increase the risk for a virological failure in HIV-1 subtype B infected patients.

BACKGROUND: Minor protease inhibitor (PI) mutations often exist as polymorphisms in HIV-1 sequences from treatment-naïve patients. Previous studies showed that their presence impairs the antiretroviral treatment (ART) response. Evaluating these findings in a larger cohort is essential. METHODS: To study the impact of minor PI mutations on time to viral suppression and time to virological failure, we included patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study infected with HIV-1 subtype B who started first-line ART with a PI and two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Cox regression models were performed to compare the outcomes among patients with 0 and ≥ 1 minor PI mutation. Models were adjusted for baseline HIV-1 RNA, CD4 cell count, sex, transmission category, age, ethnicity, year of ART start, the presence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations, and stratified for the administered PIs. RESULTS: We included 1199 patients of whom 944 (78.7%) received a boosted PI. Minor PI mutations associated with the administered PI were common: 41.7%, 16.1%, 4.7% and 1.9% had 1, 2, 3 or ≥ 4 mutations, respectively. The time to viral suppression was similar between patients with 0 (reference) and ≥ 1 minor PI mutation (multivariable hazard ratio (HR): 1.1 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-1.3], P = .196). The time to virological failure was also similar (multivariable HR:.9 [95% CI:.5-1.6], P = .765). In addition, the impact of each single minor PI mutation was analyzed separately: none was significantly associated with the treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of minor PI mutations at baseline has no effect on the therapy outcome in HIV infected individuals.

[4 lettres autographes signées d'Alfred Bruneau à Maurice Donnay, 1914-1921]

Au sujet du "Roi Candaule" : craint de ne pouvoir achever l'instrumentation dans les délai fixé s'il lui faut reconstruire un acte entier : "N'y aurait-il pas un moyen d'ajouter au quatre, après le grand ensemble et sans rien y changer ce que vous voulez faire dire au Roi - ce serait en ce cas assez bref - et amener là les danses et les chants de la Résurrection d'Atys pour lesquels la nuit n'est point indispensable." (30 juin 1914) L'informe également que la lettre de Carré est une "excellente amorce pour Candaule" et qu'il faudrait agir dès le retour de Donnay : "les réceptions vont être innombrables à l'Opéra Comique et il ne faudrait pas que février nous devançât" (25 octobre 1918). Lui fixe un rendez-vous pour la lecture du livret au vendredi 20 juin 1919. (16 juin 1919) Évoque un autre projet avec son librettiste : "Avec quelle joie je commencerai la partition de ce "Jean-Jacques" auquel je ne cesse de penser et qui me passionne de plus en plus. Je vous devrai encore de belles heures." (27 juillet 1921)

[4 lettres autographes signées de Jules Barbier à Henri Heugel, 1887]

13 janvier : Au sujet du "Lion amoureux" : "N'y a-t-il donc plus que moi qui apprécie cette admirable langue?". - 15 février : au sujet de ses embarras financiers. - 12 mai 1887 : regrette de ne pouvoir se rendre à un dîner. - 16 novembre : Au sujet de sa canditature subordonée à la retraite éventuelle de Carvalho

[4 lettres autographes signées de Jules Barbier à Henri Heugel, 1892]

Année très difficile : les déceptions s'enchaînent, les projets n'aboutissent pas, son fils Pierre a contracté des dettes auprès de la maison Heugel et Barbier lui-même, endetté jusqu'au cou, implore l'aide d'Heugel qui lui fournit une grosse avance. - 8 juin 1892. Lui demande "trois mois de plus, c'est-à-dire 300 francs". Evoque les répétitions de "Sylvia" et les performances de Rosita Mauri. - 10 septembre 1892. "Je ne m'étendrai pas sur mes malheurs. Mon année (...) se termine par un joli déficit. Si mes amis ne me ravitaillent pas, je ne sais trop à quel saint je vais me vouer.". - 12 septembre 1892. Le rappelle à sa bonne promesse qui consiste à verser 50 francs à son fils chaque mois pendant un an.. - 12 octobre 1892. Lui demande de rectifier une note inexacte publiée par quelques journaux au sujet de "L'Espionne" de Théodore Dubois

Expression of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor gene in rat brain.

Evidence that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) (7-36) amide functions as a novel neuropeptide prompted us to study the gene expression of its receptor in rat brain. Northern blot analysis showed transcripts of similar size in RINm5F cells, hypothalamus, and brain-stem. First-strand cDNA was prepared by using RNA from hypothalamus, brainstem, and R1Nm5F cells and subsequently amplified by PCR. Southern blot analysis of the PCR products showed a major 1.4-kb band in all these preparations. PCR products amplified from hypothalamus were cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of one strand was identical to that described in rat pancreatic islets. In situ hybridization studies showed specific labeling in both neurons and glia of the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, primary olfactory cortex, choroid plexus, and pituitary gland. In the hypothalamus, ventromedial nuclei cells were highly labeled. These findings indicate that GLP-1 receptors are actually synthesized in rat brain. In addition, the colocalization of GLP-1 receptors, glucokinase, and GLUT-2 in the same areas supports the idea that these cells play an important role in glucose sensing in the brain.

Lasten toimintamahdollisuuksien itsearviointi (COSA, version 2.1) : toimintaterapeuttien kokemuksia COSA:n käytöstä ja toimivuudesta

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli edistää uuden, asiakaslähtöisen Lasten toimintamahdollisuuksien itsearviointi COSA:n (version 2.1) käyttöönottoa Suomessa. COSA on Inhimillisen toiminnan malliin perustuva arviointimenetelmä, joka selvittää asiakkaan näkemystä omasta toiminnallisesta pätevyydestään ja arvoistaan. COSA on väline toimintaterapian tavoitteiden asetteluun. Sen avulla voidaan myös todentaa terapian tuloksellisuutta. Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin perehdyttämällä kolme toimintaterapeuttia arviointimenetelmään sekä keräämällä heiltä kokemuksia sen käytöstä ja toimivuudesta kyselylomakkeella. Aineiston analyysitapa oli teoriasidonnainen sisällönanalyysi. Opinnäytetyössä haettiin vastausta seuraaviin kysymyksiin: 1) Millaista taustatyötä ja valmistelua COSA:n käyttö terapeutilta vaatii? 2) Mitkä seikat vaikuttavat COSA:n käytön onnistumiseen arviointitilanteessa? 3) Kuinka COSA:n tulokset ovat tulkittavissa ja hyödynnettävissä terapian suunnittelussa? Toimintaterapeutit käyttivät COSA:a yhteensä yhdeksän lapsen kanssa, joista nuorin oli 11-vuotias ja vanhimmat 17-vuotiaita. Terapeutit olivat käyttäneet COSA:n käytön opiskeluun itsenäisesti aikaa 1-4 tuntia, mikä oli kaikkien terapeuttien mielestä kohtuullinen. COSA:n käsikirjan ohjeistus oli terapeuttien mielestä selkeä ja kattava. COSA:n teoreettisesta taustasta kerrottiin käsikirjassa heidän mielestään liian suppeasti. Tästä voidaan päätellä, että COSA:n käsikirjan teoriaosuutta lopullisessa suomenkielisessä käännöksessä tulisi laajentaa. COSA:n käytön onnistumiseen arviointitilanteessa vaikuttivat COSA:n väittämien, arviointiasteikon sekä arviointilomakkeen ymmärrettävyys asiakkaalle. Opinnäytetyön tuloksissa nousi esille sellaisia väittämiä, joiden suomenkielistä käännöstä tulisi vielä tarkentaa. Myös arviointiasteikon kriteerit tarvitsevat tarkennusta. Lisäksi arviointilomakkeen ulkoasua tulisi muokata selkeämmäksi ja helppolukuisemmaksi. COSA:n käytön onnistumiseen vaikuttivat myös arviointitilanteen ajankohta, ympäristö sekä arviointimenetelmästä tehdyt sovellutukset. Pääasiassa terapeuttien mukaan COSA:n avulla saatiin sellaista tietoa asiakkaasta, jonka avulla voitiin suunnitella terapian tavoitteita. Usean asiakkaan kohdalla COSA auttoi terapeuttia myös tutustumaan asiakkaaseensa paremmin.

POTENCIAIS BENEFÍCIOS DO AUMENTO DA TEMPERATURA DE ARMAZENAGEM EM ATMOSFERA CONTROLADA DE MAÇÃS ‘GALA’ TRATADAS COM 1-MCP

RESUMO O armazenamento refrigerado pode induzir o desenvolvimento de danos por frio (caracterizado pelo escurecimento de polpa) em maçãs de algumas cultivares, mesmo quando mantidas em temperatura superior ao ponto de congelamento. O presente estudo avaliou o aumento da temperatura de armazenagem de maçãs clones de ‘Gala’ sob atmosfera controlada (AC), tratadas com 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), como método para redução do desenvolvimento de escurecimento da polpa e do consumo de energia durante o armazenamento. Experimentos foram conduzidos em 2011, com maçãs produzidas em Fraiburgo (armazenadas em câmaras experimentais a -0,3 e 1,2 °C, e em câmaras comerciais a 0,7 e 2 °C) e em São Joaquim (armazenadas em câmaras comerciais a 0,8; 1,4 e 1,9 °C). Frutos de todos os tratamentos foram mantidos sob AC (1,8±0,2 kPa de O2 e 2,0±0,2 kPa de CO2/UR de 91±4%), sendo que metade dos frutos de cada temperatura de armazenamento foi tratada com 1-MCP. Os frutos foram analisados após o armazenamento em AC quanto à firmeza da polpa e incidência de escurecimento da polpa, rachaduras e podridões. De maneira geral, maçãs armazenadas em temperaturas mais elevadas mantiveram melhor firmeza da polpa e apresentaram menor incidência de escurecimento da polpa rachaduras e podridões, quando não tratadas com 1-MCP. O tratamento com 1-MCP retardou a perda de firmeza de polpa e reduziu a ocorrência de escurecimento de polpa e rachaduras. O aumento da temperatura de armazenagem em câmaras comerciais de AC em Fraiburgo, de 0,7 °C para 2,0 °C resultou em economia no consumo de energia em aproximadamente 21% para ventilação do ar da câmara e 50% para refrigeração.