143 resultados para ympäristö


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In this thesis a manifold learning method is applied to the problem of WLAN positioning and automatic radio map creation. Due to the nature of WLAN signal strength measurements, a signal map created from raw measurements results in non-linear distance relations between measurement points. These signal strength vectors reside in a high-dimensioned coordinate system. With the help of the so called Isomap-algorithm the dimensionality of this map can be reduced, and thus more easily processed. By embedding position-labeled strategic key points, we can automatically adjust the mapping to match the surveyed environment. The environment is thus learned in a semi-supervised way; gathering training points and embedding them in a two-dimensional manifold gives us a rough mapping of the measured environment. After a calibration phase, where the labeled key points in the training data are used to associate coordinates in the manifold representation with geographical locations, we can perform positioning using the adjusted map. This can be achieved through a traditional supervised learning process, which in our case is a simple nearest neighbors matching of a sampled signal strength vector. We deployed this system in two locations in the Kumpula campus in Helsinki, Finland. Results indicate that positioning based on the learned radio map can achieve good accuracy, especially in hallways or other areas in the environment where the WLAN signal is constrained by obstacles such as walls.

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This thesis explores migration and the attractiveness of urban living in the Greater Helsinki region. The aim of the thesis is to explore the attractiveness of the city of Helsinki in terms of regional migration and to identify what characterizes migration to Helsinki. The study focuses in particular on housing, which is a key factor influencing migration decisions in the region. Other central themes in the study are housing policy and regional competition among municipalities. This study focuses solely on households moving within Finnish borders excluding international migration. Migration is examined by comparing in- and out-migration in Helsinki, as well as studying migration to the city s inner and outer areas. The primary research material in the study is a questionnaire data collected by the National Consumer Research Centre. In this thesis the data is used for studying migrants aged 25 45. The main research method is analyzing the data statistically using the SPSS software. Methods include frequency analysis, cross tabulation, factor analysis and descriptive analysis. Additionally, statistical data is used to complement the questionnaire data. The research results indicate that Helsinki s in- and out-migration differs both in terms of the type of households that migrate as well as in the reasons why they migrate. Furthermore, differences can also be detected between migration to the inner and outer parts of Helsinki. According to the research results, a household s current phase of life is crucial in determining where and why they move within the Greater Helsinki region. A household s set of values on the other hand, seems to have a lesser impact on migration within the region, even though households moving to Helsinki seem to value a somewhat more urban lifestyle than the ones moving out of the city. The research also shows a direct correlation between the values of migrants and their current phase of life. Decisions of migrating are heavily influenced by wider societal issues. In the Greater Helsinki region the labor and housing market appear to have a great influence on the direction of migration streams. According to the results, households move to and from Helsinki for different reasons. The primary reasons for moving to Helsinki are related to the city s diverse labor market and to the working careers of households. Issues related to urban living and an urban lifestyle seem to be relevant although not the main reason why people move to Helsinki. The research material indicates that Helsinki s urban environment is both a pull and a push factor affecting the decisions of migrants. The city attracts those seeking urban living, but on the contrary does not appeal to households seeking more space and wishing to live closer to nature. According to the research, Helsinki with its densely built urban environment mainly attracts singles and childless couples, whereas the city region s other municipalities are more attractive for families with children. Housing policy is one of the main reasons determining where people move within the Helsinki region. As for the city of Helsinki, improving the city s attractiveness seems to be closely linked to how well the city manages to execute its future housing policies and how well alternative living preferences can be taken into account in planning.

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Agriculture is an economic activity that heavily relies on the availability of natural resources. Through its role in food production agriculture is a major factor affecting public welfare and health, and its indirect contribution to gross domestic product and employment is significant. Agriculture also contributes to numerous ecosystem services through management of rural areas. However, the environmental impact of agriculture is considerable and reaches far beyond the agroecosystems. The questions related to farming for food production are, thus, manifold and of great public concern. Improving environmental performance of agriculture and sustainability of food production, sustainabilizing food production, calls for application of wide range of expertise knowledge. This study falls within the field of agro-ecology, with interphases to food systems and sustainability research and exploits the methods typical of industrial ecology. The research in these fields extends from multidisciplinary to interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary, a holistic approach being the key tenet. The methods of industrial ecology have been applied extensively to explore the interaction between human economic activity and resource use. Specifically, the material flow approach (MFA) has established its position through application of systematic environmental and economic accounting statistics. However, very few studies have applied MFA specifically to agriculture. The MFA approach was used in this thesis in such a context in Finland. The focus of this study is the ecological sustainability of primary production. The aim was to explore the possibilities of assessing ecological sustainability of agriculture by using two different approaches. In the first approach the MFA-methods from industrial ecology were applied to agriculture, whereas the other is based on the food consumption scenarios. The two approaches were used in order to capture some of the impacts of dietary changes and of changes in production mode on the environment. The methods were applied at levels ranging from national to sector and local levels. Through the supply-demand approach, the viewpoint changed between that of food production to that of food consumption. The main data sources were official statistics complemented with published research results and expertise appraisals. MFA approach was used to define the system boundaries, to quantify the material flows and to construct eco-efficiency indicators for agriculture. The results were further elaborated for an input-output model that was used to analyse the food flux in Finland and to determine its relationship to the economy-wide physical and monetary flows. The methods based on food consumption scenarios were applied at regional and local level for assessing feasibility and environmental impacts of relocalising food production. The approach was also used for quantification and source allocation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of primary production. GHG assessment provided, thus, a means of crosschecking the results obtained by using the two different approaches. MFA data as such or expressed as eco-efficiency indicators, are useful in describing the overall development. However, the data are not sufficiently detailed for identifying the hot spots of environmental sustainability. Eco-efficiency indicators should not be bluntly used in environmental assessment: the carrying capacity of the nature, the potential exhaustion of non-renewable natural resources and the possible rebound effect need also to be accounted for when striving towards improved eco-efficiency. The input-output model is suitable for nationwide economy analyses and it shows the distribution of monetary and material flows among the various sectors. Environmental impact can be captured only at a very general level in terms of total material requirement, gaseous emissions, energy consumption and agricultural land use. Improving environmental performance of food production requires more detailed and more local information. The approach based on food consumption scenarios can be applied at regional or local scales. Based on various diet options the method accounts for the feasibility of re-localising food production and environmental impacts of such re-localisation in terms of nutrient balances, gaseous emissions, agricultural energy consumption, agricultural land use and diversity of crop cultivation. The approach is applicable anywhere, but the calculation parameters need to be adjusted so as to comply with the specific circumstances. The food consumption scenario approach, thus, pays attention to the variability of production circumstances, and may provide some environmental information that is locally relevant. The approaches based on the input-output model and on food consumption scenarios represent small steps towards more holistic systemic thinking. However, neither one alone nor the two together provide sufficient information for sustainabilizing food production. Environmental performance of food production should be assessed together with the other criteria of sustainable food provisioning. This requires evaluation and integration of research results from many different disciplines in the context of a specified geographic area. Foodshed area that comprises both the rural hinterlands of food production and the population centres of food consumption is suggested to represent a suitable areal extent for such research. Finding a balance between the various aspects of sustainability is a matter of optimal trade-off. The balance cannot be universally determined, but the assessment methods and the actual measures depend on what the bottlenecks of sustainability are in the area concerned. These have to be agreed upon among the actors of the area

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Katsaus on osa ympäristöministeriön rahoittamaa tutkimusta Maankäytön konfliktit ja niiden ratkaisumahdollisuudet kaavoituksessa, jonka tavoitteena on selvittää suomalaisten maankäytön konfliktien piirteitä ja ratkaisumahdollisuuksia maankäytön suunnittelussa. Katsauksessa esitellään konflikteihin ja niiden ratkaisuun ja hallintaan liittyvää tutkimusta. Tavoitteena on löytää maankäytön konflikteja jäsentäviä määritelmiä ja näkökulmia, joiden pohjalta voidaan lähestyvä käytännöllisiä konfliktinratkaisun ongelmia. Omissa luvuissaan käsitellään maankäytön konfliktien erityispiirteitä ja konfliktien ratkaisun ja hallinnan malleja. Konfliktien ratkaisu ja hallinta on ajankohtainen aihe. Maankäyttö- ja rakennuslain pyrkimys vuorovaikutuksen lisäämiseen korostaa paikallisten toimijoiden valmiuksia ja keskinäisten suhteiden merkitystä kaavoituksessa. Vuorovaikutus voi kuitenkin merkitä paitsi yhteistyön helpottumista myös jännitteiden ja ristiriitojen puhkeamista konflikteiksi. Tästä syystä erilaisia konfliktien ratkaisun ja hallinnan keinoja tarvitaan maankäytön suunnittelussa entistä kipeämmin.

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Selvityksen tavoitteena oli kartoittaa ensisijaisesti Etelä-Savon elinkeinoelämän valmiuksia sekä edellytyksiä ja tarpeita korkea-asteen oppisopimustyyppisen koulutuksen toteuttamiseksi. Oppisopimus on Suomessa korkea-asteella uusi koulutusväline, jonka käyttömuodot ja -ohjeet ovat vielä selkiytymättömiä. Tällä selvityksellä pyrittiin hahmottamaan, millaisena eteläsavolainen elinkeinoelämä haluaisi oppisopimuskoulutuksen alueen työnantajien ja korkeakoulutetun henkilöstön käyttöön. Hankkeessa haastateltiin 58 organisaation edustajia. Tulosten perusteella oppisopimuksen uskotaan soveltuvan korkea-asteella erityisesti täydennyskoulutukseen ja tutkinnon osien suorittamiseen, pätevöitymiseen ja kelpoisuuksien hankkimiseen sekä muuntokoulutukseen, mutta ei kokonaisten tutkintojen suorittamiseen. Tutkintoon johtavan koulutuksen osana oppisopimus lisäisi opiskelijoiden työelämätuntemusta sekä aktivoisi opiskelijoiden ja koulutusorganisaatioiden yhteistyötä elinkeino- ja muun työelämän kanssa keskieurooppalaiseen tapaan. Opetusministeriö on rajannut korkea-asteen oppisopimustyyppisen koulutuksen ainakin alkuvaiheessa erityispätevyyksiä tuottavaksi täydennyskoulutukseksi. Työelämän kannalta käyttöalueen olisi mielekästä olla laajempi. Oppisopimuskoulutuksen arvioidaan Etelä-Savossa soveltuvan ainakin seuraaville korkea-asteen koulutuksen sisältöalueille: markkinointi ja myynti, tutkimus ja tuotekehitys, esimiestyö, projektinhallinta sekä henkilöstöhallinto ja suunnittelu eri toimialoilla, laadunhallinta, ympäristö- ja turvallisuusasioiden hallinta johtamisjärjestelmineen, rahoitus- ja varainhoitopalvelut, tuotannonohjaus, laskenta, viestintä, kielenkäännöstyöt sekä alakohtaiset erityistehtävät mm. kirjasto- ja farmasia-alalla sekä julkishallinnossa. Koulutusmuotoina ajatellaan täydennys- tai muuntokoulutusta. Puolet haastatelluista pitää korkea-asteen oppisopimuskoulutusta kiinnostavana. Pilottikoulutuksen toteuttamiseen lähitulevaisuudessa suhtaudutaan melko varauksellisesti, mutta myös valmiuksia ilmenee. Kiinnostusta vähentävät järjestelmän selkiytymättömyys ja vallitseva taloudellinen taantuma, jonka vuoksi koulutettua työvoimaa on monilla aloilla tarjolla riittävästi. Toisaalta lama-aika nähdään otollisena koulutuksen järjestämiselle valmistauduttaessa tulevaan nousukauteen. Oppisopimuskoulutuksen työelämälähtöisyys ja joustavuus saavat kiitosta, mutta eräiltä osin järjestelmää ja käytäntöjä toivotaan kehitettävän. Kaivataan valtakunnallisia kriteerejä opiskelijoiden osaamisen varmistamiseksi, järjestelmän toimivuuden yhtenäistämiseksi ja vaikuttavuuden tehostamiseksi. Teoriaopintojen riittävään laaja-alaisuuteen toivotaan erityistä huomiota kauttaaltaan, mutta varsinkin korkeakoulutuksessa. Yhtäläisten ohjausresurssien mahdollistamiseksi toivotaan koulutusta ohjaajille ja suurempia rahallisia korvauksia. Myös opiskelijan palkan määrittelyyn kaivataan selkeyttä. Toivotaan koulutuksen järjestäjäosapuolten tiiviimpää yhteistyötä, jotta lopputulos voisi entistä paremmin vastata elinkeinoelämän tarpeisiin. Oppisopimuskoulutuksen koetaan nykyisessä muodossaan soveltuvan korkea-astetta paremmin toiselle asteelle, jolla se parhaimmillaan toimii hyvin. Opiskelijoiden, kouluttajien, ohjaajien, tutkijoiden ja päätöksentekijöiden monipuolisella yhteistyöllä oppisopimuksesta on mahdollista muovata myös korkea-asteelle varteenotettava soveltavaa osaamista edistävä koulutusväline, jonka käyttö ja kehittäminen hyödyttävät myös elinkeinoelämää.

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Intention-based models have been one of the main theoretical orientations in the research on the implementation of information and communication technology (ICT). According to these models, actual behavior can be predicted from the intention towards the behavior. If the level of intention to use technology is high, the probability of actual usage of ICT increases. The purpose of this study was to find out which factors explain vocational teachers intention to use ICT in their teaching. In addition, teachers of media and information sciences and teachers of welfare and health were compared. The study also explored how regularly ICT was applied by teachers and how strong their intention to apply the technology was. This Master s thesis is a quantitative study and the data was collected using an Email survey and Eform. The instruments were based on a decomposed theory of planned behavior. The research group consisted of 22 schools of media and information sciences and 20 schools of welfare and health. The data consisted of 231 vocational teachers: 57 teachers worked with media and information sciences and 174 with welfare and health. The data was analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-test, factor analysis and regression analysis. In addition, categorized results were compared with previous study. In this study, the intention to use ICT in teaching was explained by the teachers attitudes and skills and the attitudes of their work community. However, the environment in which ICT was used, i.e., the technical environment, economical resources and time, did not explain the intention. The results did not directly support any of the intention-based models, but they could be interpreted as congruent with the technology acceptance model. The majority of the teachers used ICT at least weekly. They had a strong intention to continue to do that in the future. The study also revealed that there were more teachers who had a critical attitude towards ICT among the teachers of welfare and health. According to the results of this study, it is not possible to state that ICT would not suit any one profession because in every group with teachers with a critical attitude towards ICT there were also teachers with a positive attitude.

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Kirjastoissa ja yliopistoissa tapahtuvaa tieteellisten töiden verkkokäyttöä koskevat tekijänoikeudelliset kysymykset ovat viimeaikoina aiheuttaneet päänvaivaa. Tietoverkot ja digitaalinen ympäristö muodostavatkin tekijänoikeuden kannalta erityisen soveltamisympäristön johon perehtyminen edellyttää tarkempaa tietämystä tiedon siirtämisestä, tietokannoista sekä ylipäätään tietoverkkoihin liittyvistä teknisistä toiminnoista. Koska sovelletut tekniset ratkaisut poikkeavat eri yhteyksissä toisistaan, pyrin kirjoituksessa yleisellä tasolla selvittämään niitä käyttäjien ja oikeudenhaltijoiden välisiä tekijän- ja sopimusoikeudellisia kysymyksiä, joita teosten käyttö tietoverkoissa aiheuttaa. Pyrkimyksenä on tuoda esiin ne tekijänoikeudellisesti merkitykselliset seikat, jotka verkkojulkaisuja arkistoitaessa, välitettäessä sekä linkkejä käytettäessä tulisi alkuperäisten tekijöiden, kustantajien ja verkkojulkaisijoiden (esimerkiksi kirjasto tai yliopisto) välisissä sopimuksissa ottaa huomioon. Kysymyksiä tarkastellaan erityisesti julkaisijan näkökulmasta. Esitys sisältää myös kustantajien lupakäytäntöä käsittelevän empiirisen tutkimuksen. Tutkimuksessa on tarkasteltu kuinka usein kustantajat ovat vuosien 2000 – 2003 välisenä aikana myöntäneet luvan julkaista väitöskirjan artikkeli osana väitöskirjaa Teknillisen korkeakoulun avoimella ei kaupallisella www-palvelimella. Koska linkeillä on verkkojulkaisutoiminnassa usein merkittävä rooli, mutta niiden tekijänoikeudellinen asema on epäselvä, kirjoituksen jälkimmäisessä osiossa perehdytään linkkien tekijänoikeudelliseen asemaan.

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Kasvuston G-funktio kuvaa säteilyn vähenemistä tai ”sammumista” auringon eri korkeuskulmissa varjostavan lehtialan suhteen. Sen vuoksi sitä kutsutaan sammumiskertoimeksi. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää vaihteleeko G-funktion muoto eri puulajien metsiköissä, ja voidaanko puulajit erottaa toisistaan G-funktion muodon avulla. Arvioin lisäksi G-funktioiden muodossa kasvukaudenaikana tapahtuvia muutoksia. Muita tutkimuksen kannalta mielenkiintoisia tutkimuskysymyksiä olivat voidaanko ryhmittymistä tai latvusmuotoa arvioida G-funktion muodon avulla. Maastomittaukset suoritettiin 3.5.2010 -30.9.2010 välisenä aikana. Tutkimusalueena oli Hyytiälän metsäaseman (68?59`N, 35?72`E) ympäristö, jonka metsät edustavat tyypillistä boreaalista havu- ja lehtimetsää. Tutkimusta varten perustettiin kuusi yhden puulajin koealaa, kaksi kutakin puulajia kohden. Tutkittavat puulajit olivat mänty (Pinus sylvestris), kuusi (Picea abies) ja rauduskoivu (Betula pendula). Koealaparit valittiin niin, että kullekin puulajille muodostui varttuneesta metsästä ja taimikosta muodostuva pari tai vaihtoehtoisesti tiheämpi ja harvempi koeala. Koealoille perustettiin 81 mittauspistettä sisältävä mittaushila, jossa kunkin pisteen aukkoisuustiedot mitattiin kahden viikon välein. Mittaukset suoritettiin kahdella LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer -laitteella. Laitteiden tulosteista koealoille saatiin aukkoisuustiedot T(?) ja LAI, joiden avulla saatiin laskettua tarkasteltavat G-funktiot. Saman puulajin G-funktiota vertailtiin toisiinsa puulajityypillisten trendien havaitsemiseksi. Keskikesällä eri puulajien G-funktioita verrattiin toisiinsa. Teoreettisten simulointien avulla tutkittiin latvuksen dimensioiden (latvuksen pituus ja säde) ja sisäisen ryhmittäisyyden vaikutusta puulajikohtaiseen G-funktioon. Simuloinneissa käytettiin hyväksi tietoa koealojen puustotunnuksista, lehtialasta sekä runkoluvusta. Puulajikohtaiset G-funktiot ovat erotettavissa toisistaan funktion minimi- ja maksimiarvojen sijoittumisen sekä suhteellisen vaihteluvälin perusteella. Havupuualojen G-funktiot eivät juuri muuttuneet kasvukauden aikana. Koivualoilla G-funktion kasvukaudenaikaiset muutokset (pelkät oksat, hiirenkorvat ja täysikasvuiset lehdet) olivat sitä vastoin helposti havaittavissa. G-funktion muodon avulla voidaan myös arvioida latvusmuotoa ja ryhmittymistä. Mäntyjen latvusmuoto on approksimoitavissa parhaiten ympyräkartion avulla. Kuusien ja koivujen latvusmuodon approksimointiin parhaana vaihtoehtona voidaan pitää ellipsoidia. Teoreettisten simulointien perusteella nuori kuusikko on muita havupuualoja ryhmittyneempi. Tutkimuksen mukaan säteily sammuu satelliittien yleisimmässä kuvaussuunnassa tehokkaammin kuin kaikkien suuntien yli laskettu keskiarvo (0,5) antaa olettaa. Puulajikohtaisten G-funktioiden avulla voidaan epäsuorasti arvioida sekä metsästä tapahtuvaa heijastusta että metsikön sisäisiä säteilyolosuhteita, sillä puulaji yhdessä metsikön rakenteen kanssa vaikuttaa metsästä heijastuvaan säteilyyn. Puulajikohtainen G-funktio on parametri, jonka avulla voidaan kalibroida malleja, joissa tarvitaan tietoa säteilyn kulusta erilaisissa kasvustoissa.

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In this thesis, I study the changing ladscape and human environment of the Mätäjoki Valley, West-Helsinki, using reconstructions and predictive modelling. The study is a part of a larger project funded by the city of Helsinki aming to map the past of the Mätäjoki Valley. The changes in landscape from an archipelago in the Ancylus Lake to a river valley are studied from 10000 to 2000 years ago. Alongside shore displacement, we look at the changing environment from human perspective and predict the location of dwelling sitesat various times. As a result, two map series were produced that show how the landscape changed and where inhabitance is predicted. To back them up, we have also looked at what previous research says about the history of the waterways, climate, vegetation and archaeology. The changing landscape of the river valley is reconstructed using GIS methods. For this purpose, new laser point data set was used and at the same time tested in the context landscape modelling. Dwelling sites were modeled with logistic regression analysis. The spatial predictive model combines data on the locations of the known dwelling sites, environmental factors and shore displacement data. The predictions were visualised into raster maps that show the predictions for inhabitance 3000 and 5000 years ago. The aim of these maps was to help archaeologists map potential spots for human activity. The produced landscape reconstructions clarified previous shore displacement studies of the Mätäjoki region and provided new information on the location of shoreline. From the shore displacement history of the Mätäjoki Valley arise the following stages: 1. The northernmost hills of the Mätäjoki Valley rose from Ancylus Lake approximately 10000 years ago. Shore displacement was fast during the following thousand years. 2. The area was an archipelago with a relatively steady shoreline 9000 7000 years ago. 8000 years ago the shoreline drew back in the middle and southern parts of the river valley because of the transgression of the Litorina Sea. 3. Mätäjoki was a sheltered bay of the Litorina Sea 6000 5000 years ago. The Vantaanjoki River started to flow into the Mätäjoki Valley approximately 5000 years ago. 4. The sediment plains in the southern part of the river valley rose from the sea rather quickly 5000 3000 years ago. Salt water still pushed its way into the southermost part of the valley 4000 years ago. 5. The shoreline proceeded to Pitäjänmäki rapids where it stayed at least a thousand years 3000 2000 years ago. The predictive models managed to predict the locations of dwelling sites moderately well. The most accurate predictions were found on the eastern shore and Malminkartano area. Of the environment variables sand and aspect of slope were found to have the best predictive power. From the results of this study we can conclude that the Mätäjoki Valley has been a favorable location to live especially 6000 5000 years ago when the climate was mild and vegetation lush. The laser point data set used here works best in shore displacement studies located in rural areas or if further specific palaeogeographic or hydrologic analysis in the research area is not needed.

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Tämän tutkielman tarkoituksena on määrittää kesämökkikäynnin virkistysarvo. Aihetta ei ole aikaisemmin tutkittu, vaikka kesämökkeily on merkittävä osa suomalaista elämää. Kesämökkikäynnin virkistysarvo tarkoittaa hyötyä, jonka yksilö saa kesämökillä virkistäytymisestä. Virkistäytyminen kesämökillä pitää sisällään kaiken kesämökillä ja sen ympäristössä tapahtuvan harrastamisen ja rentoutumisen. Koska ympäristö on tärkeässä osassa mökillä virkistäytymisessä, tässä tutkielmassa on lisäksi tarkoitus tutkia, kuinka mökkiympäristön ominaisuudet vaikuttavat virkistysarvoon. Tarkasteltavina ympäristön ominaisuuksina ovat virkistäytymisen estävät leväkukinnot ja mökin rannattomuus. Koska mökkeily toisaalta myös kuormittaa ympäristöä, tutkielmassa tutkitaan myös, kuinka sähköistys, ympäristöä kuormittava kesämökin ominaisuus, vaikuttaa virkistysarvoon. Virkistysarvo on markkinaton hyöty, joten sen määrittämiseen on käytettävä jotain markkinattomien hyödykkeiden arvottamismenetelmää. Tässä työssä arvottaminen tapahtuu matkakustannusmenetelmällä, jota käytetään yleisesti ympäristön tarjoamien virkistyspalveluiden taloudelliseen arvottamiseen. Kesämökkikäyntien kysyntää kuvaava matkakustannusmallin ekonometrinen mallintaminen suoritetaan negatiivisella binomimallilla. Tutkielman tulosten mukaan noin neljän päivän pituinen käynti sähköistetyllä kesämökillä, jossa on ranta eivätkä levät häiritse virkistäytymistä, tuottaa 167-205 euron suuruisen virkistyshyödyn. Virkistäytymisen estävät leväkukinnot laskevat arvoa 40 prosentilla ja mökin rannattomuus 45 prosentilla. Käynti sähköistetyllä mökillä tuottaa 3-5 prosenttia korkeamman virkistyshyödyn kuin käynti sähköistämättömällä mökillä. Suomessa kesän aikana tehtävien mökkikäyntien yhteenlaskettu virkistyshyöty on 430-530 miljoonaa, jos mökillä on ranta, jossa levistä ei ole haittaa. Häiritsevät leväkukinnot laskevat yhteenlaskettua virkistyshyötyä 30 miljoonalla ja rannattomuus 10-20 miljoonalla. Sähköistys nostaa yhteenlaskettua virkistyshyötyä 20-30 miljoonalla eurolla.

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Alcohol and other substance use disorders (SUDs) result in great costs and suffering for individuals and families and constitute a notable public health burden. A multitude of factors, ranging from biological to societal, are associated with elevated risk of SUDs, but at the level of individuals, one of the best predictors is a family history of SUDs. Genetically informative twin and family studies have consistently indicated this familial risk to be mainly genetic. In addition, behavioral and temperamental factors such as early initiation of substance use and aggressiveness are associated with the development of SUDs. These familial, behavioral and temperamental risk factors often co-occur, but their relative importance is not well known. People with SUDs have also been found to differ from healthy controls in various domains of cognitive functioning, with poorer verbal ability being among the most consistent findings. However, representative population-based samples have rarely been used in neuropsychological studies of SUDs. In addition, both SUDs and cognitive abilities are influenced by genetic factors, but whether the co-variation of these traits might be partly explained by overlapping genetic influences has not been studied. Problematic substance use also often co-occurs with low educational level, but it is not known whether these outcomes share part of their underlying genetic influences. In addition, educational level may moderate the genetic etiology of alcohol problems, but gene-environment interactions between these phenomena have also not been widely studied. The incidence of SUDs peaks in young adulthood rendering epidemiological studies in this age group informative. This thesis investigated cognitive functioning and other correlates of SUDs in young adulthood in two representative population-based samples of young Finnish adults, one of which consisted of monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs enabling genetically informative analyses. Using data from the population-based Mental Health in Early Adulthood in Finland (MEAF) study (n=605), the lifetime prevalence of DSM-IV any substance dependence or abuse among persons aged 21—35 years was found to be approximately 14%, with a majority of the diagnoses being alcohol use disorders. Several correlates representing the domains of behavioral and affective factors, parental factors, early initiation of substance use, and educational factors were individually associated with SUDs. The associations between behavioral and affective factors (attention or behavior problems at school, aggression, anxiousness) and SUDs were found to be largely independent of factors from other domains, whereas daily smoking and low education were still associated with SUDs after adjustment for behavioral and affective factors. Using a wide array of neuropsychological tests in the MEAF sample and in a subsample (n=602) of the population-based FinnTwin16 (FT16) study, consistent evidence of poorer verbal cognitive ability related to SUDs was found. In addition, participants with SUDs performed worse than those without disorders in a task assessing psychomotor processing speed in the MEAF sample, whereas no evidence of more specific cognitive deficits was found in either sample. Biometrical structural equation models of the twin data suggested that both alcohol problems and verbal ability had moderate heritabilities (0.54—0.72), and that their covariation could be explained by correlated genetic influences (genetic correlations -0.20 to -0.31). The relationship between educational level and alcohol problems, studied in the full epidemiological FT16 sample (n=4,858), was found to reflect both genetic correlation and gene-environment interaction. The co-occurrence of low education and alcohol problems was influenced by overlapping genetic factors. In addition, higher educational level was associated with increased relative importance of genetic influences on alcohol problems, whereas environmental influences played a more important role in young adults with lower education. In conclusion, SUDs, especially alcohol abuse and dependence, are common among young Finnish adults. Behavioral and affective factors are robustly related to SUDs independently of many other factors, and compared to healthy peers, young adults who have had SUDs during their life exhibit significantly poorer verbal cognitive ability, and possibly less efficient psychomotor processing. Genetic differences between individuals explain a notable proportion of individual differences in risk of alcohol dependence, verbal ability, and educational level, and the co-occurrence of alcohol problems with poorer verbal cognition and low education is influenced by shared genetic backgrounds. Finally, various environmental factors related to educational level in young adulthood moderate the relative importance of genetic factors influencing the risk of alcohol problems, possibly reflecting differences in social control mechanisms related to educational level.

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The aim of the study is to examine Luther s theology of music from the standpoint of pleasure. The theological assessment of musical pleasure is related to two further questions: the role of emotions in Christianity and the apprehension of beauty. The medieval discussion of these themes is portrayed in the background chapter. Significant traits were: the suspicion felt towards sensuous gratification in music, music as a mathematical discipline, the medieval theory of emotions informed by Stoic apatheia and Platonic-Aristotelian metriopatheia, the notion of beauty as an attribute of God, medieval aesthetics as the aesthetic of proportion and the aesthetic of light and the emergence of the Aristotelian view of science that is based on experience rather than speculation. The treatment of Luther s theology of music is initiated with the notion of gift. Luther says that music is the excellent (or even the best) gift of God. This has sometimes been understood as a mere music-lover s enthusiasm. Luther is, however, not likely to use the word gift loosely. His theology can be depicted as a theology of gift. The Triune God is categorically giving. The notion of gift also includes reciprocity. When we receive the gifts of God, it evokes praise in us. Praising God is predominantly a musical phenomenon. The particular benefit of music in Luther s thought is that it can move human emotions. This emphasis is connected to the overall affectivity of Luther s theology. In contrast to the medieval discussion, Luther ascribes to saints not just emotions but particularly warm and tender affections. The power of music is related to the auditory and vocal character of the Word. Faith comes through hearing the Word that is at once musical and affective perception. Faith is not a mere opinion but the affective trust of the heart. Music can touch the human heart and persuade with its sweetness, like the good news of the Gospel. Music allows us to perceive Luther s theology as a theology of joy and pleasure. Joy is for Luther a gift of the Holy Spirit that fills the heart and bursts out in voice and gestures. Pleasure appears to be a central aspect to Luther s theology. The problem of the Bondage of the Will is precisely the human inability to feel pleasure in God s will. To be pleased in the visible and tangible creation is not something a Christian should avoid. On the contrary, if one is not pleased with the world that God has created, it is a sign of unbelief and ingratitude. The pleasure of music is aesthetic perception. This in turn necessitates the investigation of Luther s aesthetics. Aesthetic evaluation is not just a part of Luther s thought. Eventually his theology as a whole could be portrayed in aesthetic terms. Luther s extremely positive appreciation of music illutrates his theology as an affective acknowledgement of the goodness of the Creation and faith as an aesthetic contentment.

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Yritysten on tunnistettava markkinoilla ja kuluttajissa tapahtuvia muutoksia voidakseen johtaa ja suunnitella omaa liiketoimintaansa niin, että se täyttää myös tulevaisuudessa kuluttajien muuttuvat tarpeet. Tästä johtuen tieto trendeistä ja niiden vaikutuksista on yrityksille tärkeää. Trendit mallintavat ja muokkaavat ympäristöä ja markkinoita sekä vaikuttavat lopulta myös kuluttajien asenteisiin ja käyttäytymiseen. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää ja kuvailla sitä, kuinka elintarvikeyritykset hyödyntävät trenditietoa omassa liiketoiminnassaan. Trenditiedon hyödyntämistä selvitettiin tutkimalla yrityksistä löytyviä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä. Yritysten käytänteiden tarkastelu tutkimuksessa perustui siihen ajatukseen, että ne antavat todellista kuvaa siitä, mitä trenditiedolla tehdään ja kuinka sitä hyödynnetään yrityksissä. Aineiston keräämisen ja analysoinnin tueksi tutkimuksessa sovellettiin yrityksen markkinatietojärjestelmää koskevaa teoriaa. Trenditieto on osa yrityksen markkinatietoa ja markkinatietojärjestelmän teorian avulla voitiin tarkastelussa päästä syvemmälle yrityksen tiedon prosesseihin. Tutkimus tehtiin toimeksiantotyönä trenditietoon pohjautuvia tuotteita ja palveluita tarjoavalle asiantuntijaorganisaatiolle Analyse². Tutkimuksen tarkastelussa oleva trenditieto on elintarvikealalle sovellettua, joten myös tutkittavat yritykset olivat elintarvikealan yrityksiä. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin teemahaastatteluilla, jotka kohdistettiin yhteensä seitsemän haastateltavaan kuudesta eri elintarviketeollisuusyrityksestä. Tutkimus tehtiin kvalitatiivisena tutkimuksena, jossa aineiston analyysimenetelmänä käytettiin sisällönanalyysiä. Ensin tehtiin teemoittelu, jonka jälkeen aineisto vielä tyypiteltiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksena löydettiin trenditiedon hyödyntämisen käytänteitä, jotka kertovat miten trenditietoa hankitaan, analysoidaan, käytetään sekä jaetaan ja varastoidaan yrityksissä. Aineistosta löydettiin käytänteitä paljon ja tämä osoittikin, että käytänteet ovat myös liiketoiminnassa relevantti tutkimusala. Käytänteitä löydettiin eniten trenditiedon analysointiin liittyen. Kyseisten käytänteiden perusteella voitiin todeta, että trenditiedon analysointi perustuu hyvin pitkälle trenditiedon luotettavuuden arviointiin niin trendien toteutumisen kuin niiden ilmenemisen kannalta. Löydettyjen käytänteiden kautta nousi erityisesti esiin keskeisiä trenditiedon hyödyntämisen haasteita sekä viitteitä siitä, minkälaista trenditiedon hyödyntäminen on yhtenä yrityksen toimintona.

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This study deals with how ethnic minorities and immigrants are portrayed in the Finnish print media. The study also asks how media users of various ethnocultural backgrounds make sense of these mediated stories. A more general objective is to elucidate negotiations of belonging and positioning practices in an increasingly complex society. The empirical part of the study is based on content analysis and qualitative close reading of 1,782 articles in five newspapers (Hufvudstadsbladet, Vasabladet, Helsingin Sanomat, Iltalehti and Ilta-Sanomat) during various research periods between 1999 and 2007. Four case studies on print media content are followed up by a focus group study involving 33 newspaper readers of Bosnian, Somalian, Russian, and 'native' Finnish backgrounds. The study draws from different academic and intellectual traditions; mainly media and communication studies, sociology and social psychology. The main theoretical framework employed is positioning theory, as developed by Rom Harré and others. Building on this perspective, situational self-positioning, positioning by others, and media positioning are seen as central practices in the negotiation of belonging. In support of contemporary developments in social sciences, some of these negotiations are seen as occurring in a network type of communicative space. In this space, the media form one of the most powerful institutions in constructing, distributing and legitimising values and ideas of who belongs to 'us', and who does not. The notion of positioning always involves an exclusionary potential. This thesis joins scholars who assert that in order to understand inclusionary and exclusionary mechanisms, the theoretical starting point must be a recognition of a decent and non-humiliating society. When key insights are distilled from the five empirical cases and related to the main theories, one of the major arguments put forward is that the media were first and foremost concerned with a minority actor's rightful or unlawful belonging to the Finnish welfare system. However, in some cases persistent stereotypes concerning some immigrant groups' motivation to work, pay taxes and therefore contribute are so strong that a general idea of individualism is forgotten in favour of racialised and stagnated views. Discussants of immigrant background also claim that the positions provided for minority actors in the media are not easy to identify with; categories are too narrow, journalists are biased, the reporting is simplifying and carries labelling potential. Hence, although the will for the communicative space to be more diverse and inclusive exists — and has also in many cases been articulated in charters, acts and codes — the positioning of ethnic minorities and immigrants differs significantly from the ideal.

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Pragmatism has sometimes been taken as a catchphrase for epistemological stances in which anything goes. However, other authors argue that the real novelty and contribution of this tradition has to do with its view of action as the context in which all things human take place. Thus, it is action rather than, for example, discourses that should be our starting point in social theory. The introductory section of the book situates pragmatism (especially the ideas of G. H. Mead and John Dewey) within the field and tradition of social theory. This introductory also contextualizes the main core of the book which consists of four chapters. Two of these chapters have been published as articles in scientific journals and one in an edited book. All of them discuss the core problem of social theory: how is action related to social structures (and vice versa)? The argument is that habitual action is the explanation for the emergence of social structures from our action. Action produces structures and social reproduction takes place when action is habitualized; that is, when we develop social dispositions to act in a certain manner in familiar environments. This also means that even though the physical environment is the same for all of us, our habits structure it into different kinds of action possibilities. Each chapter highlights these general insights from different angles. Practice theory has gained momentum in recent years and it has many commonalities with pragmatism because both highlight the situated and corporeal character of human activity. One famous proponent of practice theory is Margaret Archer who has argued that the pragmatism of G. H. Mead leads to an oversocialized conception of selfhood. Mead does indeed present a socialized view of selfhood but this is a meta-sociological argument rather than a substantial sociological claim. Accordingly, one can argue that in this general sense intersubjectivity precedes subjectivity and not the other way around. Such a view does not indicate that our social relation would necessarily "colonize" individual action because there is a place for internal conversations (in Archer s terminology); it is especially in those phases of action where it meets obstacles due to the changes of the environment. The second issue discussed has the background assumption that social structures can fruitfully be conceptualized as institutions. A general classification of different institution theories is presented and it is argued that there is a need for a habitual theory of institutions due to the problems associated with these other theories. So-called habitual institutionalism accounts for institutions in terms of established and prevalent social dispositions that structure our social interactions. The germs of this institution theory can be found in the work of Thorstein Veblen. Since Veblen s times, these ideas have been discussed for example, by the economist Geoffrey M. Hodgson. His ideas on the evolution of institutions are presented but a critical stance is taken towards his tendency of defining institutions with the help of rules because rules are not always present in institutions. Accordingly, habitual action is the most basic but by no means the only aspect of institutional reproduction. The third chapter deals with theme of action and structures in the context of Pierre Bourdieu s thought. Bourdieu s term habitus refers to a system of dispositions which structure social fields. It is argued that habits come close to the concept of habitus in the sense that the latter consists of particular kinds of habits; those that are related to the reproduction of socioeconomic positions. Habits are thus constituents of a general theory of societal reproduction whereas habitus is a systematic combination of socioeconomic habits. The fourth theme relates to issues of social change and development. The capabilities approach has been associated with the name of Amartya Sen, for example, and it underscores problems inhering in economistic ways of evaluating social development. However, Sen s argument has some theoretical problems. For example, his theory cannot adequately confront the problem of relativism. In addition, Sen s discussion lacks also a theory of the role of the public. With the help of arguments derived from pragmatism, one gets an action-based, socially constituted view of freedom in which the role of the public is essential. In general, it is argued that a socially constituted view of agency does not necessarily to lead to pessimistic conclusions about the freedom of action.