Ambiente para avaliação de controladores fuzzy aplicados ao método de elevação artificial por bombeio centrífugo submerso

From their early days, Electrical Submergible Pumping (ESP) units have excelled in lifting much greater liquid rates than most of the other types of artificial lift and developed by good performance in wells with high BSW, in onshore and offshore environments. For all artificial lift system, the lifetime and frequency of interventions are of paramount importance, given the high costs of rigs and equipment, plus the losses coming from a halt in production. In search of a better life of the system comes the need to work with the same efficiency and security within the limits of their equipment, this implies the need for periodic adjustments, monitoring and control. How is increasing the prospect of minimizing direct human actions, these adjustments should be made increasingly via automation. The automated system not only provides a longer life, but also greater control over the production of the well. The controller is the brain of most automation systems, it is inserted the logic and strategies in the work process in order to get you to work efficiently. So great is the importance of controlling for any automation system is expected that, with better understanding of ESP system and the development of research, many controllers will be proposed for this method of artificial lift. Once a controller is proposed, it must be tested and validated before they take it as efficient and functional. The use of a producing well or a test well could favor the completion of testing, but with the serious risk that flaws in the design of the controller were to cause damage to oil well equipment, many of them expensive. Given this reality, the main objective of the present work is to present an environment for evaluation of fuzzy controllers for wells equipped with ESP system, using a computer simulator representing a virtual oil well, a software design fuzzy controllers and a PLC. The use of the proposed environment will enable a reduction in time required for testing and adjustments to the controller and evaluated a rapid diagnosis of their efficiency and effectiveness. The control algorithms are implemented in both high-level language, through the controller design software, such as specific language for programming PLCs, Ladder Diagram language.

ATIVIDADES TURÍSTICAS EM ÁREAS PRÓXIMAS AO LAGO ARTIFICIAL DA USINA HIDRELÉTRICA ENGENHEIRO SÉRGIO MOTTA (PORTO PRIMAVERA): ESTUDO DO MUNICÍPIO DE PRESIDENTE EPITÁCIO (ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL)

Introdução alterações realizadas no meio ambiente em busca da melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas inseridas em locais que apresentam grande potencial hídrico são temáticas de estudos de vários pesquisadores, com destaque para as alterações ocasionadas pela formação de lagos artificiais no Rio Paraná (Brasil), para a construção de usinas hidrelétricas e a conseqüente geração de energia. Objetivos: identificar os impactos gerados nas atividades turísticas desenvolvidas em áreas próximas ao Município de Presidente Epitácio (extremo oeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil); descrever as atividades turísticas desenvolvidas próximas ao lago; enfocar as potencialidades turísticas. Procedimentos: levantamento das informações acerca do nível das cotas do rio e do lago artificial e identificação das atividades turísticas realizadas no local; análise e organização dos dados em quadros demonstrativos contendo informações das características ambientais, das potencialidades turísticas, dos eventos turísticos; apresentação de propostas que visam auxiliar administradores e população local no complexo processo de tomada de decisões, de geração de emprego e renda, de inclusão social e da melhoria da qualidade de vida, tendo como base as atividades turísticas efetivas e potenciais. Resultados: descrições das atividades turísticas realizadas próximo ao local da área de estudo e verificação dos principais impactos causados pela atividades.

The S.T.A.B. Trial - Standardised Testing of Artificial Blood. A comparative study of various products that may be used as artificial blood for high fidelity simulation training in the critical care setting

Aim: In the current climate of medical education, there is an ever-increasing demand for and emphasis on simulation as both a teaching and training tool. The objective of our study was to compare the realism and practicality of a number of artificial blood products that could be used for high-fidelity simulation. Method: A literature and internet search was performed and 15 artificial blood products were identified from a variety of sources. One product was excluded due to its potential toxicity risks. Five observers, blinded to the products, performed two assessments on each product using an evaluation tool with 14 predefined criteria including color, consistency, clotting, and staining potential to manikin skin and clothing. Each criterion was rated using a five-point Likert scale. The products were left for 24 hours, both refrigerated and at room temperature, and then reassessed. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the most suitable products, and both inter- and intra-rater variability were examined. Results: Three products scored consistently well with all five assessors, with one product in particular scoring well in almost every criterion. This highest-rated product had a mean rating of 3.6 of 5.0 (95% posterior Interval 3.4-3.7). Inter-rater variability was minor with average ratings varying from 3.0 to 3.4 between the highest and lowest scorer. Intrarater variability was negligible with good agreement between first and second rating as per weighted kappa scores (K = 0.67). Conclusion: The most realistic and practical form of artificial blood identified was a commercial product called KD151 Flowing Blood Syrup. It was found to be not only realistic in appearance but practical in terms of storage and stain removal.