Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus among the indigenous population of the Curuçá and Itaquaí Rivers, Javari Valley, State of Amazonas, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most serious public health problems in the world. In Brazil, HBV endemicity is heterogeneous, with the highest disease prevalence in the North region. METHODS: A total of 180 samples were analyzed and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and semi-nested PCR of the HBV S-gene, with the aim of determining the prevalence of HBV-DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in indigenous groups inhabiting the areas near the Curuçá and Itaquaí Rivers in the Javari Valley, State of Amazonas, Brazil. RESULTS: The prevalence of the HBV-DNA S-gene was 51.1% (92/180). The analysis found 18 of 49 (36.7%) samples from the Marubo tribe, 68 of 125 (54.4%) from the Kanamary, and 6 of 6 (100%) from other ethnic groups to be PCR positive. There was no statistically significant difference in gender at 5% (p=0.889). Indigenous people with positive PCR for HBV-DNA had a lower median age (p<0.001) of 23 years. There was no statistical difference found in relation to sources of contamination or clinical aspects with the PCR results, except for fever (p<0.001). The high prevalence of HBV-DNA of 75% (15/20) in pregnant women (p=0.009) demonstrates an association with vertical transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The results confirm the high prevalence of HBV-DNA in the Javari Valley, making it important to devise strategies for control and more effective prevention in combating the spread of HBV.

Molecular and biological characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi strains isolated from children from Jequitinhonha Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Introduction The biological diversity of Trypanosoma cruzi strains plays an important role in the clinical and epidemiological features of Chagas disease. Methods Eight T. cruzi strains isolated from children living in a Chagas disease vector-controlled area of Jequitinhonha Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were genetically and biologically characterized. Results The characterizations demonstrated that all of the strains belonged to T. cruzi II, and showed high infectivity and a variable mean maximum peak of parasitemia. Six strains displayed low parasitemia, and two displayed moderate parasitemia. Later peaks of parasitemia and a predominance of intermediate and large trypomastigotes in all T. cruzi strains were observed. The mean pre-patent period was relatively short (4.2±0.25 to 13.7±3.08 days), whereas the patent period ranged from 3.3±1.08 to 34.5±3.52 days. Mortality was observed only in animals infected with strain 806 (62.5%). Histopathological analysis of the heart showed that strains 501 and 806 caused inflammation, but fibrosis was observed only in animals infected with strain 806. Conclusions The results indicate the presence of an association between the biological behavior in mice and the genetic characteristics of the parasites. The study also confirmed general data from Brazil where T. cruzi II lineage is the most prevalent in the domiciliary cycle and generally has low virulence, with some strains capable of inducing inflammatory processes and fibrosis.

Blood feeding patterns of Nyssomyia intermedia and Nyssomyia neivai (Diptera, Psychodidae) in a cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area of the Ribeira Valley, State of São Paulo, Brazil

Introduction The aim of this study was to identify the blood feeding sources of Nyssomyia intermedia (Ny. intermedia) and Nyssomyia neivai (Ny. neivai), which are Leishmania vectors and the predominant sandfly species in the Ribeira Valley, State of São Paulo, Brazil, an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Methods Specimens were captured monthly between February 2001 and December 2003 on a smallholding and a small farm situated in the Serra district in the Iporanga municipality. The blood meals of 988 engorged females were tested using the avidin-biotin immunoenzymatic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seven blood meal sources were investigated: human, dog, chicken, bovine, pig, horse and rat. Results The results showed that among the females that fed on one or more blood sources, the respective percentages for Ny. intermedia and Ny. neivai, respectively, were as follows: human (23% and 36.8%), pig (47.4% and 26.4%), chicken (25.7% and 36.8%) and dog (3.9% and 0%), and the differences in the blood sources between the two species were statistically significant (p = 0.043). Conclusions Both species had predominant reactivity for one or two blood sources, and few showed reactivity indicating three or four sources. Many different combinations were observed among the females that showed reactivity for more than one source, which indicated their opportunistic habits and eclecticism regarding anthropic environmental conditions.

Evaluation of the Chagas Disease Control Program in Açucena Municipality, Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Introduction Açucena Municipality, Rio Doce Valley, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil temporarily (2001-2005) interrupted epidemiological surveillance for Chagas disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Chagas Disease Control Program (CDCP) in Açucena and to offer suggestions for improving local epidemiological surveillance. Methods This study was conducted in three phases: I) a serological investigation of schoolchildren aged 5 to 15 years using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test performed on blood collected on filter paper followed by ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and indirect hemaglutination (IHA) on venous blood for borderline cases and those in the gray zone of reactivity; II) vector evaluation using the data obtained by local health agents during 2006-2010; and III) examination by ELISA, IIF and IHA of serum samples from the inhabitants of houses where infected Triatoma vitticeps was found and evaluation of their knowledge about Chagas disease. Results Five individuals had inconclusive results in the ELISA screening but were seronegative for Chagas disease. The triatomine evaluation revealed the presence of three species: Triatoma vitticeps, Panstrongylus megistus and Panstrongylus diasi. Triatoma vitticeps was the most prevalent and widespread, with a higher (67%) index of Trypanosoma cruzi flagellates and evidence of colonization. Most of the inhabitants of the infested houses recognized triatomines and had basic knowledge about Chagas disease. Conclusions Although T. vitticeps is not clearly associated with Chagas disease transmission, these results highlight the importance of maintaining CDCP in endemic areas and the need for greater emphasis on epidemiological surveillance, especially in areas with important vectorial changes or that have been modified by human intervention.

Tensile stress–crack width law for steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete obtained from indirect (splitting) tensile tests

In this work, the fracture mode I parameters of steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete (SFRSCC) were derived from the numerical simulation of indirect splitting tensile tests. The combined experimental and numerical research allowed a comparison between the stress-crack width (σ - w) relationship acquired straightforwardly from direct tensile tests, and the σ - w response derived from inverse analysis of the splitting tensile tests results. For this purpose a comprehensive nonlinear 3D finite element (FE) modeling strategy was developed. A comparison between the experimental results obtained from splitting tensile tests and the corresponding FE simulations confirmed the good accuracy of the proposed strategy to derive the σ – w for these composites. It is concluded that the post-cracking tensile laws obtained from inverse analysis provided a close relationship with the ones obtained from the experimental uniaxial tensile tests.

Evaluación del potencial ornamental de especies autóctonas del valle de Paravachasca para su introducción como cultivos regionales. Evaluation of the potential uses of native plants from the Paravachasca valley to be use for regional cultivation purposes

Numerosas áreas de las sierras chicas han experimentado una gran pérdida de vegetación natural y de germoplasma nativo como consecuencia del crecimiento urbano y de la extracción de plantas sin criterios conservacionistas. El valle de Paravachasca presenta una riqueza florística con muchas especies autóctonas de un valioso potencial ornamental. Para poder proteger la vegetación nativa es necesario conocerla y evaluarla en todos los aspectos incluyendo sus posibles usos. Esta propuesta de trabajo se fundamenta en que las especies nativas constituyen un valioso recurso natural. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo principal es evaluar especies autóctonas herbáceas promisorias como ornamentales para establecer parámetros de reproducción y favorecer la innovación productiva, la conservación del paisaje natural y la protección del patrimonio germoplásmico. Para cumplir con dicho objetivo se realizarán viajes en distintas estaciones del año para evaluar in situ, las especies que resulten atractivas por su follaje o floración. Se recolectará material vegetal para determinarlo, caracterizarlo y formar un banco de germoplasma. Se elaborarán fichas técnicas con las cuales evaluar la viabilidad de las semillas y se realizarán pruebas de multiplicación vegetativa. Finalmente, se seleccionarán cuatro especies para su domesticación a campo o cultivo en macetas. Todos los trabajos serán documentados con ilustraciones, fotos y gráficos. Como resultado se espera generar y proveer información sobre plantas nativas, estrategias de conservación, reproducción y cultivo de especies autóctonas; además, transferir la tecnología para estimular una producción regional. Alcanzados los niveles de conocimiento necesarios se intentará establecer vínculos de intercambio de información con otros proyectos nacionales o extranjeros. Por su parte, la transferencia, validación y difusión de los resultados obtenidos se realizará mediante cursos, seminarios, talleres -en el marco educativo- de capacitación laboral, recreativo y productivo, siendo los destinatarios directos las comunas en general y los viveristas, diseñadores de parques, inversores de turismo y aficionados a las plantas, en particular. El impacto del proyecto en el ámbito científico se reflejará en publicaciones que presenten información innovadora en relación con las ciencias agropecuarias; y, en lo social, mediante la generación de posibles fuentes de trabajo.

Producción y Reproducción social durante el primer Milenio en el Valle de Tafí (Tucumán, Argentina). Social Production and reproduction in the First Millenium in Tafí Valley (Tucumán, Argentina).

El Valle de Tafí fue uno de los primeros espacios del Noroeste Argentino habitados por comunidades sedentarias, entre el 200 a.C. y el 900 d.C. Éstas establecieron asentamientos aldeanos de varias hectáreas de superficie, alterando sensiblemente el paisaje mediante la construcción de numerosos conjuntos residenciales, canales de manejo del agua, montículos de limpieza de campos de cultivo y muros de contención del suelo. Los procesos históricos desarrollados en ese milenio fueron explicados desde perspectivas teóricas culturalistas (González y Núñez 1960) y sistémicas (Berberián y Nielsen 1988a), las cuales permitieron establecer una estructura cronológica inicial y las principales estrategias adaptativas para el proceso. Este proyecto intenta abordar el modo en que las estrategias de reproducción doméstica se relacionaron con la estructuración del contexto social más amplio. Interesa particularmente analizar las maneras en que la cultura material (arquitectura residencial, campos agrícolas, entierros, alfarería y bienes de prestigio) fue utilizada en la construcción de la sociedad, enfocándonos en la agencia y la identidad. Es de particular importancia establecer la escala real de acción social involucrada en los procesos y la identidad de los grupos que tuvieron una participación activa en ellos. Los trabajos de campo realizados en el Valle de Tafí han provisto de una gran cantidad de datos que evidencian el desarrollo de una sociedad compleja en el primer milenio d.C.: producción agrícola intensiva, demografía creciente, objetos de prestigio en contextos funerarios e intercambio a larga distancia (González y Núñez 1960, Berberián y Nielsen 1988a y 1988b). Sin embargo las unidades sociales implicadas no parecen haber superado a las relaciones propias de unidades domésticas extendidas. Las excavaciones realizadas por nuestro equipo han mostrado fuertes conexiones entre las estrategias de reproducción social doméstica, producción agrícola fragmentada y rituales a los ancestros, materializados no sólo en contextos funerarios ("cistas") y monumentos monolíticos ("menhires-huancas"), sino también en la arquitectura doméstica. Esta relación fue interpretada como un aspecto central en el desarrollo de las sociedades agrícolas tempranas de sur andino, siendo la base de grupos de parentesco competitivos en luchas sociales y negociaciones políticas permanentes. Esta lógica social permitiría explicar la variabilidad registrada en la materialidad arqueológica. La realización de prospecciones, relevamientos y mapeos de sitios, excavaciones sistemáticas, dataciones absolutas, análisis paleopatológicos sobre restos humanos, estudios cerámicos, líticos y de química de suelos, es esencial no sólo para el incremento del corpus de datos que de luz a estos problemas, sino también para la toma de conciencia social acerca del valor del patrimonio cultural prehispánico, que en el presente se encuentra en riesgo.La concreción de los objetivos de este proyecto aportarán a esclarecer hasta qué punto la materialidad doméstica fue un elemento reproductor de predisposiciones subjetivas de la acción (habitus), cómo se relacionaron las viviendas a los sectores de cultivo, en qué forma los emplazamientos productivos modificaron el paisaje y esto repercutió en la propiedad de los medios productivos. Considerando que Tafí fue uno de los primeros valles intermontanos del Noroeste Argentino habitado por comunidades agricultoras, y que este ámbito geográfico significa un lugar de paso obligado entre las yungas orientales y los valles semiáridos y la puna, un profundo estudio de su arqueología podría proveer una mirada sobre la historia del desarrollo cultural surandino. Esta área geográfica es una clave para entender no sólo la historia de los grupos locales sino también el desarrollo y la interacción en un área mayor que se extiende más allá de lo Andes, en Chile.

The spatial analysis and speciation of uranium and thorium series radionuclides in the soil of the Cronamuck Valley, County Donegal, Ireland

This thesis details the findings of a study into the spatial distribution and speciation of 238U, 226Ra and 228Ra in the soils of the Cronamuck valley, County Donegal . The region lies on the north-eastern edge of the Barnesmore granite and has been the subject of uranium prospecting efforts in the past. The results of the project provide information on the practicability of geostatistical techniques as a means of estimating the spatial distribution of natural radionuclides and provide insight into the behaviour of these nuclides and their modes of occurrence and enrichment in an upland bog environment. The results of the geostatistical survey conducted on the area indicate that the primary control over the levels of the studied nuclides in the soil of the valley is the underlying geology. Isopleth maps of nuclide levels in the valley indicate a predominance of elevated nuclide levels in the samples drawn from the granite region, statistical analysis of the data indicating that levels of the nuclides in samples drawn from the granite are greater than levels drawn from the non-granite region by up to a factor of 4.6 for 238U and 4.9 for 226Ra. Redistribution of the nuclides occurs via drainage systems within the valley, this process being responsible for transport of nuclides away from the granite region resulting in enrichment of nuclides in soils not underlain by the granite. Distribution of the nuclides within the valley is erratic, the effect of drainage f lows on the nuclides resulting in localized enriched areas within the valley. Speciation of the nuclides within one of the enriched areas encountered in the study indicates that enrichment is as a result of saturation of the soil with drainage water containing trace amounts of radionuclides. 238U is primarily held within the labile fractions (exchangeable cat ions + easily oxidisable organics + amorphous iron oxides ) of the soil , 226Ra being associated with the non- labile fractions, most probably the resistant organic material. 228Ra displays a significant occurrence in both the labile and non- labile fractions. The ability of the soil to retain uranium appears to be affected largely by the redox status of the soil, samples drawn from oxidizing environments tending to have little or no uranium in the easily oxidisable and amorphous iron oxide fractions. This loss of uranium from oxidised soil samples is responsible for the elevated 226Ra /238U disequilibrium encountered in the enriched areas of the valley. Analysis of the data indicates that samples displaying elevated 226Ra/238U ratios also exhibit elevated 228Ra/238U ratios indicating a loss of uranium from the samples as opposed to an enrichment of 226Ra.

Humeruskopffrakturen : funktionelle, radiologische und neurophysiologische Ergebnisse nach winkelstabiler Plattenosteosynthese über den erweiterten anterolateralen Delta-Splitting-Zugang

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2012

Flora of the Aguan valley and the coastal regions near La Ceiba, Honduras, by T. G. Yuncker.

v.9:no.4(1940)

Flora of the Lancetilla Valley, Honduras, by Paul C. Standley.

v.10(1931)

Flora, Tehuacán Valley [by] C. Earle Smith, Jr.

v.31:no.4(1965)

Agriculture, Tehuacan Valley.

v.31:no.3(1965)