Quasi-static crack tip fields in rate-sensitive FCC single crystals

In this work, the effects of loading rate, material rate sensitivity and constraint level on quasi-static crack tip fields in a FCC single crystal are studied. Finite element simulations are performed within a mode I, plane strain modified boundary layer framework by prescribing the two term (K-T) elastic crack tip field as remote boundary conditions. The material is assumed to obey a rate-dependent crystal plasticity theory. The orientation of the single crystal is chosen so that the crack surface coincides with the crystallographic (010) plane and the crack front lies along 101] direction. Solutions corresponding to different stress intensity rates K., T-stress values and strain rate exponents m are obtained. The results show that the stress levels ahead of the crack tip increase with K. which is accompanied by gradual shrinking of the plastic zone size. However, the nature of the shear band patterns around the crack tip is not affected by the loading rate. Further, it is found that while positive T-stress enhances the opening and hydrostatic stress levels ahead of crack tip, they are considerably reduced with imposition of negative T-stress. Also, negative T-stress promotes formation of shear bands in the forward sector ahead of the crack tip and suppresses them behind the tip.

Ductile fracture by multiple void growth and interaction ahead of a notch tip in polycrystalline plastic solids

The objectives of this paper are to study the effects of plastic anisotropy and evolution in crystallographic texture with deformation on the ductile fracture behaviour of polycrystalline solids. To this end, numerical simulations of multiple void growth and interaction ahead of a notch tip are performed under mode I, plane strain, small scale yielding conditions using two approaches. The first approach is based on the Hill yield theory, while the second employs crystal plasticity constitutive equations and a Taylor-type homogenization in order to represent the ductile polycrystalline solid. The initial textures pertaining to continuous cast Al-Mg AA5754 sheets in recrystallized and cold rolled conditions are considered. The former is nearly-isotropic, while the latter displays pronounced anisotropy. The results indicate distinct changes in texture in the ligaments bridging the voids ahead of the notch tip with increase in load level which gives rise to retardation in porosity evolution and increase in tearing resistance for both materials.

In Vivo Genotoxicity Assessment of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles by Allium cepa Root Tip Assay at High Exposure Concentrations

The industrial production and commercial applications of titanium dioxide nanoparticles have increased considerably in recent times, which has increased the probability of environmental contamination with these agents and their adverse effects on living systems. This study was designed to assess the genotoxicity potential of TiO2 NPs at high exposure concentrations, its bio-uptake, and the oxidative stress it generated, a recognised cause of genotoxicity. Allium cepa root tips were treated with TiO2 NP dispersions at four different concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100 mu g/mL). A dose dependant decrease in the mitotic index (69 to 21) and an increase in the number of distinctive chromosomal aberrations were observed. Optical, fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed chromosomal aberrations, including chromosomal breaks and sticky, multipolar, and laggard chromosomes, and micronucleus formation. The chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage were also validated by the comet assay. The bio-uptake of TiO2 in particulate form was the key cause of reactive oxygen species generation, which in turn was probably the cause of the DNA aberrations and genotoxicity observed in this study.

Broadband wavelength-selective reflectance and selective polarization by a tip-bent vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube forest

The tunable optical properties of the bulk structure of carbon nanotubes (CNT) were recently revealed as a perfect black body material, optically reflective mirror and solar absorber. The present study demonstrates an enhanced optical reflectance of up to similar to 15% over a broad wavelength range in the near infrared region followed by a mechanical modification of the surface of a bulk CNT structure, which can be accounted for due to the grating-like surface abnormalities. In response to the specific arrangement of the so-formed bent tips of the CNT, a selective reflectance is achieved and results in reflecting only a dominant component of the polarized ight, which has not been realized so far. Modulation of this selective-optical reflectance can be achieved by ontrolling the degree of tip bending of the nanotubes, thus opening up avenues for the construction of novel dynamic light polarizers and absorbers.

Finite element simulations of notch tip fields in magnesium single crystals

Recent experiments using three point bend specimens of Mg single crystals have revealed that tensile twins of {10 (1) over bar2}-type form profusely near a notch tip and enhance the fracture toughness through large plastic dissipation. In this work, 3D finite element simulations of these experiments are carried out using a crystal plasticity framework which includes slip and twinning to gain insights on the mechanics of fracture. The predicted load-displacement curves, slip and tensile twinning activities from finite element analysis corroborate well with the experimental observations. The numerical results are used to explore the 3D nature of the crack tip stress, plastic slip and twin volume fraction distributions near the notch root. The occurrence of tensile twinning is rationalized from the variation of normal stress ahead of the notch tip. Further, deflection of the crack path at twin-twin intersections observed in the experiments is examined from an energy standpoint by modeling discrete twins close to the notch root.

Effect of temperature on dislocation emission from crack tip for BCC metal Mo

The effect of thermally activated energy on the dislocation emission from a crack tip in BCC metal Mo is simulated in this paper. Based on the correlative reference model on which the flexible displacement boundary scheme is introduced naturally, the simulation shows that as temperature increases the critical stress intensity factor for the first dislocation emission will decrease and the total number of emitted dislocations increase for the same external load. The dislocation velocity and extensive distance among partial dislocations are not sensitive to temperature. After a dislocation emission, two different deformation slates are observed, the stable and unstable deformation states. In the stable deformation slate, the nucleated dislocation will emit from the crack tip and piles up at a distance far away from the crack tip, after that the new dislocation can not be nucleated unless the external loading increases. In the unstable deformation state, a number of dislocations can be emitted from the crack lip continuously under the same external load.

Further analysis of indentation loading curves: Effects of tip rounding on mechanical property measurements

The effects of indenter tip rounding on the shape of indentation loading curves have been analyzed using dimensional and finite element analysis for conical indentation in elastic-perfectly plastic solids. A method for obtaining mechanical properties from indentation loading curves is then proposed. The validity of this method is examined using finite element analysis. Finally, the method is used to determine the yield strength of several materials for which the indentation loading curves are available in the literature.

Efecto de tres periodos de suministro de alimento de retiro en broilers en la Empresa Tip-Top industrial, S.A.

En el presente estudio se evaluaron tres periodos de alimento de retiro o acabado en broilers (o, 3, 6 y 9 días antes de la matanza) el cual contiene 3,225 kcal EM/kg de alimento y 19% de proteína, ajustándose a los requerimientos nutricionales recomendados por Arbor Acres Farm Inc., (1992), en especial a la proporción energia-proteina. La evaluación tuvo lugar en la Granja Buenos Aires propiedad de la Empresa Tip-Top Industrial, S.A., con una duración de 42 días, en donde se utilizaron 800 pollos de engorde sin sexar (mixtos) de la línea Peterson-Arbor Acres de un día de edad, dichos pollos fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro tratamientos: T1 suministro de alimento de retiro por nueve días), T2 suministro de alimento de retiro por seis días), T3, (Suministro de alimento de retiro por tres días) y T4 (testigo, con cero días de alimento de retiro), con cuatro repeticiones cada uno, distribuidos en un Diseño completamente al Azar sometidos a la prueba de rangos múltiples de Duncan. Las variables estudiadas fueron: consumo de alimento, peso vivo, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia, mortalidad vs viabilidad, rendimiento en la canal, análisis económico. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) entre los tratamientos al final del ensayo para el consumo de alimento, conversión alimenticia y costo de alimento, pero no así ara peso vivo y ganancia de peso. El porcentaje de mortalidad acumulada total fue de 2.5% y los rendimientos de la canal fueron: (90.74)T1 (88.98)T2, (85.86)T3,y (90.31)T4, Se corolo que el periodo de suministro de alimento de retiro que permitió los mejores pesos vivos, ganancias de pesos y conversiones alimenticias fue el periodo de tres días (T3), sin embargo, obtuvo el mayor consumo total para generar un peso promedio en la canal de 3.34 lbs, además, presentó el mayor costo alimenticio entre los tratamientos experimentales (T1, T2, T3) y bajo rendimiento en la canal, contrario al T1 que aunque los parámetros productivos fueron menores que el T3 obtuvo el mayor rendimiento en la canal con un menor costo alimenticio. El alimento de retiro no ejerció efecto sobre las variables estudiadas lo que demuestra que dicho alimento pueda ser una alternativa viable para disminuir costo alimenticio.

Large strain field near a crack tip in a rubber sheet

The distribution of stress-strain near a crack tip in a rubber sheet is investigated by employing the constitutive relation given by Gao (1997). It is shown that the crack tip field is composed of two shrinking sectors and one expanding sector. The stress state near the crack tip is in uniaxial tension. The analytical solutions are obtained for both expanding and shrinking sectors.

Dislocations emission and crack extension at the atomistic crack tip in body-centered-cubic metal Mo

The behaviors of a crack in body-centered-cubic metal Mo under different loading modes were studied using the molecular dynamics method. Dislocation emission was observed near the crack tip in response to mode II loading with theta = 0 degrees in which theta is the inclination angle of the slip plane with respect to the crack plane, and two full dislocations were observed at the stress level of K-II = 1.17 MPa m(1/2) without any evidence of crack extension. Within the range of 0 degrees less than or equal to theta less than or equal to 45 degrees, crack extension was observed in response to mode I loading, and the effect of crystal orientation on the crack propagation was studied, The crack propagated along the [111] slip direction without any evidence of dislocations emission.

Implementación de HyD [Hidroxicolecalciferol (25-OH-D3)] en la dieta de pollos de engorde como profilaxis de osteopatías, enfatizando en el sindrome del hueso negro, Granja Trinidad-1, Tip Top industrial

El objetivo del experimento fue evaluar el efecto del Hidroxicolecalciferol [HyD (25 –OH- D3)] en pollos de engorde, atraves de porcentajes de ceniza, calcio, fosforo y diagnostico de síndrome de hueso negro, se evaluaron dos tratamientos ( HyD y Testigo) con seis repeticiones para cada uno en dos tiempos a los 21 y 35 días de edad en análisis de ceniza, calcio y fosforo para lo cual se extrajo una tibia por pollo, dichos análisis resultaron con diferencias no significativas en ambas edades, las evaluaciones dieron como resultado que de los 21 día a los 35 días disminuyen su valor, ceniza baja de 43.8% a 36.8% en el testigo y de 42.4% a 37.7% en HyD, calcio de 15.6% a 13.4% para el testigo y de 16% a 14.5% para HyD de igual manera para los porcentaje de fosforo de 21 a 35 días con 7.6% a 6.5% para testigo y 7.5% a 6.7% para HyD. A los 35 días los resultados son mayores en el grupo HyD, 37.7% HyD,36.8% testigo en ceniza, calcio 14.5% HyD, testigo 13.4% y fosforo 6.7% HyD , 6.5% para testigo, las diferencias de 21 a 35 días son notorias y conservan la parte proporcional en que los porcentajes estan en ceniza calcio y fosforo, pero estas disminuyen para una misma variable de los 21 días de edad a los 35, sin encontrar diferencia significativas. A los 35 días se realizo análisis de síndrome de hueso negro con un total de 22 repeticiones por tratamiento, la extracción de dicha muestra (tibia) se realizo en planta de proceso, el análisis determino diferencias entre las aves muestreadas dando los mejores resultados aquellas que fueron alimentadas con Hidroxicolecalciferol [HyD (25 –OH- D3)], se observo en los resultados que en el grupo con HyD alcanzo un 91% de individuos sanos superando significativamente al testigo que solo llego a un 77% de individuos sanos, empleando un grado de libertad y 0.05 de significancia, lo que indica diminución de la presencia del síndrome de hueso negro, producto del HyD, empleando la línea genética Cobb 500, y alimentando los pollos del día cero al día 21 con diferencias de tratamiento e igual alimento del día 22 al día 35.