Nature et impacts juridiques de la certification dans le commerce électronique sur Internet

Le sujet sur lequel porte la présente étude est inspiré de la problématique à la base du développement du commerce électronique : la confiance. En effet, l’accroissement exponentiel du nombre d’internautes et des sites Web commerciaux pose un sérieux problème à ce niveau. Ces sites présentent au public une information et des services divers, mais peu vérifiables. Ainsi, le principal obstacle au développement du commerce électronique avec les particuliers est le manque de confiance qu’inspirent les lieux visités. En effet, comment savoir si l’entreprise existe, quelles sont ses politiques concernant la sécurité ou la gestion des renseignements personnels, etc. La vérification et la certification des sites apparaissent comme une solution de plus en plus attrayante et utilisée pour ajouter cet élément de confiance. Déjà, de nombreux sceaux de qualité sont apparus sur les sites commerciaux. Certains sceaux portent sur la confidentialité tandis que d’autres ciblent la protection des consommateurs. La certification peut provenir de la compagnie même, d’un tiers certificateur ou d’un organisme public. Ces éléments constituent des balises et repères importants pour le consommateur sur Internet. Toutefois, les incidences légales sont multiples et certains concepts demeurent flous. Pour apporter une réponse à ces questions, nous définirons le concept de certification des sites Web et ses enjeux dont plus particulièrement la problématique de la confiance des consommateurs. Les différents objets de la certification seront analysés, tant au niveau de l’entité, du contenu du site que de la dimension transactionnelle de celui-ci. Les processus possibles et les impacts de la certification occupent la seconde partie du travail. Il s’agit d’examiner successivement les étapes menant à la certification, soit l’établissement des standards, de l’évaluation de l’entité et de la certification elle-même. L’analyse des impacts de la certification, tant sur le plan de la portée, de la responsabilité légale et des effets sur la concurrence de la certification constitue quant à eux, l’aboutissement de la recherche, soit de savoir quel est l’impact juridique d’un tel mécanisme. Le but de la recherche est de permettre au lecteur de mieux cerner ce phénomène de l’utilisation de la certification sur Internet avec ses avantages et ses limites. Certes, cet outil peut s’avérer très utile pour bâtir la confiance des consommateurs, promouvoir l’essor du commerce électronique et constituer une forme d’autoréglementation. Toutefois, mal utilisé ou mal encadré, il peut engendrer l’effet inverse et détruire cette confiance si fragile à construire dans un environnement dématérialisé.

TactoColor : conception et évaluation d’une interface d’exploration spatiale du web pour malvoyants.

Nous nous intéressons, dans le cadre de cette recherche, à l’accès à l’internet des personnes malvoyantes. Plusieurs types d’outils destinés à ce public sont disponibles sur le marché, comme les lecteurs et les agrandisseurs d’écran, en fonction de l’acuité visuelle de la personne. Bien que ces outils soient utiles et régulièrement utilisés, les malvoyants (ainsi que les aveugles) évoquent souvent leur aspect frustrant. Plusieurs raisons sont citées, comme le manque d’organisation spatiale du contenu lu avec les lecteurs d’écran ou le fait de ne solliciter qu’un seul sens. La présente recherche consiste à adapter pour les malvoyants un système en développement le TactoWeb (Petit, 2013) qui permet une exploration audio-tactile du Web. TactoWeb a été conçu pour les handicapés ayant une cécité complète et n’offre donc aucune propriété visuelle. Nous proposons ici une adaptation du système pour les handicapés n’ayant qu’une déficience visuelle partielle. Nous espérons fournir à cette population des outils performants qui leur permettront de naviguer sur l’internet de façon efficace et agréable. En effet, grâce à une exploration non-linéaire (qui devrait améliorer l’orientation spatiale) et une interface multimodale (qui sollicite la vue, l’ouïe et le toucher), nous pensons réduire fortement le sentiment de frustration qu’évoquent les malvoyants. Nous avons posé l’hypothèse qu’une exploration non-linéaire et trimodale d’un site internet avec TactoColor est plus satisfaisante et efficace qu’une exploration non-linéaire bimodale avec TactoWeb (sans retour visuel). TactoColor a été adapté pour les malvoyants en ajoutant des indices visuels traduisant les composantes de la page (liens, menus, boutons) qui devraient rendre l’exploration plus aisée. Pour vérifier notre hypothèse, les deux versions du logiciel ont été évaluées par des malvoyants. Ainsi, les participants ont commencé soit avec TactoWeb, soit avec TactoColor afin de ne pas favoriser une des versions. La qualité de la navigation, son efficacité et son efficience ont été analysées en se basant sur le temps nécessaire à l’accomplissement d’une tâche, ainsi que la facilité ou la difficulté évoquée par le participant. Aussi, à la fin de chaque session, nous avons demandé leur avis aux participants, grâce à un questionnaire d’évaluation, ce qui nous a permis d’avoir leur retour sur notre logiciel après leur brève expérience. Tous ces relevés nous ont permis de déterminer que l’ajout des couleurs entraine une exploration plus rapide des pages web et une meilleure orientation spatiale. Par contre les performances très différentes des participants ne permettent pas de dire si la présence des couleurs facilite la complétion des tâches.

Communities and the Web

What is a social network? How does an online community differ from a real world community? See also: Anne Hornsby, 'Surfing the net for community: a Durkheimian analysis of electronic gatherings' ch.3 in Peter Kivisto (ed.) Illuminating Social Life (3rd ed 2005). Libr ref HM51KIV. Graham Crow and Catherine Maclean, 'Community' in Geoff Payne (ed.) Social Divisions (2nd ed. 2006) HM821PAY.

Mobile Internet : perspectives from the Stakeholders

Mobile internet represents a major new trend in communication technologies use and consumption, but few evidence exists that confirms claims of novelty and social change in association with this technology use. This paper characterizes the use of mobile internet in a southern European country and associated patterns of use, focusing both on users’ profiles, forms of access, motivations to use and most popular activities undertaken via this technology, from a diffusion of innovations and social adoption of technologies perspectives, and tries to compare mobile it with fixed access to the internet in order to validate possible transformations that point to new social configurations. We seek to understand the way stakeholders perceive and characterize the European context of mobile internet. The depicted study involved a qualitative stage consisting of a set of interviews with mobile communications industry representatives and market research community in the country. These interviews were analysed in Nvivo, leading to the following eleven main categories that are explored throughout the paper: smartphones in Europe, mobile internet in Europe, users profiles, obstacles to the spread, forms of access, forms of use, motivations to use mobile internet, limitations of smartphones, apps, digital divide VS digital union and predictions for the future, as well as several subcategories forming a tree categorization. According to the data collected, mobile phones’ sales are decreasing in Europe and worldwide but on the other hand smartphones are having an exponential growth which leads to the democratization of internet access via mobile devices. As a consequence of this, it is believed that mobile internet access will soon exceed the fixed one. Mobile internet users are multiplatform, they exploit all the possibilities of mobility and they are spending less time on computers. The main obstacles to the spread of mobile internet are the high prices of price plans and there is still a lack of information and knowledge regarding the service. Mobile internet users are developing new online surfing behaviours based on apps and less in browsers and social networks represent a very high share of internet traffic through mobile phones. With mobility, “dead time” is turning into useful time and users are more likely to be available to try new services and analyze products. Innovative services concerning geolocation, consumerism, share and relationships are growing and it is necessary to highlight that mobile internet allows calling and texting, which can turn telecommunications companies into the role of Dump Pipes. This exploratory design raises questions in relation with mobile internet access and its social consequences, and provides interesting indicative research results relevant for future research in this area.

Diseño de un sistema inalámbrico para la recogida de diferentes parámetros en el ámbito de la práctica deportiva del surf

[ES]En este documento se presenta el Trabajo Fin de Grado llevado a cabo con el objetivo de realizar el diseño de un sistema inalámbrico para la recogida de parámetros en el ámbito de la práctica deportiva del surf. Para alcanzar los objetivos de este trabajo, se ha analizado el estado del arte asociado a dicho sistema, con el fin de distinguir el comportamiento de los sensores y tecnologías inalámbricas. Por último, mediante la metodología llevada a cabo se ha realizado el diseño general del sistema, así como, el diseño de un sistema reducido.

Effect of acceptable use policy on employee computer use : case of Sri Lankan software development organizations

It is a known fact that some employees misuse the organizational computers to do their personal work such as sending emails, surfing the Internet, chatting, playing games. These activities not only waste productive time of employees but also bring a risk factor to the organization. This affects organizations in the software industry very much as almost all of their employees are connected to the Internet throughout them day./ By introducing an Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) for an organization, it is believed that the computer misuse by its employees could be reduced. In many countries Acceptable Use Policies are used and they have been studied with various perspectives. In Sri Lankan context research on these areas are scarce. This research explored the situation in Sri Lanka with respect to AUPs and their effectiveness./ A descriptive study was carried out to identify the large and medium scale software development organizations that had implemented computer usage guidelines for employees. A questionnaire was used to gather information regarding employee’s usual computer usage behavior. Stratified random sampling was employed to draw a representative sample from the population./ Majority of the organizations have not employed a written guideline on acceptable use of work computers. The study results did not provide evidence to conclude that the presence or non presence of an AUP has a significant difference in computer use behaviors of employees. A significant negative correlation was observed between level of awareness about AUP and misuse. Access to the Internet and organizational settings were identified as significant factors that influence employee computer misuse behavior.

Prevalence of health promotion policies in sports clubs in Victoria, Australia

In recent years, some health agencies offered sponsorship to sporting associations to promote healthy environments by encouraging clubs to develop health-related policies. However, the extent to which these sponsorship contracts reach their stated aims is of concern. This study aimed to quantify levels of policy development and practice in sports clubs for each of five key health areas, namely smoke-free facilities, sun protection, healthy catering, responsible serving of alcohol and sports injury prevention. Representatives from 932 Victorian sports clubs were contacted by telephone with 640 clubs (69%) participating in the survey. Results suggested that the establishment of written policies on the key health areas by sports clubs varied widely by affiliated sport and health area: 70% of all clubs with bar facilities had written policies on responsible serving of alcohol, ranging from 58% of tennis clubs to 100% of diving and surfing clubs. In contrast, approximately one-third of sports clubs had a smoke-free policy, with 36% of tennis, 28% of country football and 28% of men's cricket clubs having policy. Moreover, 34% of clubs overall had established sun protection policy, whereas clubs competing outside during summer months, [diving (86%) and life-saving (81%)] were most likely to have a written sun protection policy. Injury prevention policies were established in 30% of sports clubs, and were most common among football (56%), diving (43%) and life-saving (41%). This study suggests that policy development for health promotion can be achieved in sports clubs when it is well supported by health agencies and consideration is given to the appropriateness of the specific behaviours to be encouraged for a given sport. Communication between associations and clubs needs to be monitored by health agencies to ensure support and resources for policy development to reach the club level.

A classification for content adaptation system

Content adaptation is an attractive solution for the ever growing desktop based Web content delivered to the user via heterogeneous devices, in order to provide acceptable experience while surfing the Web. Bridging the mismatch between the rich content and the user device's resources (display, processing, navigation, network bandwidth, media support) without user intervention requires a proactive behavior. While content adaptation poses multitude of benefits, without proper strategies, adaptation will not be truly optimized. There have been many projects focused on content adaptation that have been designed with different goals and approaches. In this paper, we introduce a comprehensive classification for content adaptation system. The classification is used to group the approaches applied in the implementation of existing content adaptation system. Survey on some content adaptation systems also been provided. We also present the research spectrum in content adaptation and discuss the challenges.

A hybrid graphical password based system

In this age of electronic connectivity, where we all face viruses, hackers, eavesdropping and electronic fraud, there is indeed no time when security is not critical. Passwords provide security mechanism for authentication and protection services against unwanted access to resources. A graphical based password is one promising alternatives of textual passwords. According to human psychology, humans are able to remember pictures easily. In this paper, we have proposed a new hybrid graphical password based system, which is a combination of recognition and recall based techniques that offers many advantages over the existing systems and may be more convenient for the user. Our scheme is resistant to shoulder surfing attack and many other attacks on graphical passwords. This resistant scheme is proposed for small mobile devices (like smart phones i.e. ipod, iphone, PDAs etc) which are more handy and convenient to use than traditional desktop computer systems.

And I ask (hard dance)

And I Think (Hard Dance) is a pumping dance track with all the usual suspects featuring in this track.

"Tomorrow's car" : Deakin Universities new cross vehicle that combines the best of 2 worlds

Motorbike riders are 34-times more likely to die in a crash compared to car drivers per km travelled (1). Such safety risks together with special skill requirements for the driver and much lower comfort compared to normal cars are the main reasons why motorbikes represent only a fraction of all vehicle sales in developed countries. Deakin University is developing a revolutionary cross-over fun vehicle with ultra low fuel consumption and emissions. This new vehicle generation combines the best of two worlds: the fun to drive, low cost, and small size of a scooter together with the safety, comfort and easiness to operate of a car. The result is a vehicle that is more fuel efficient than most cars or even scooters.

Various tilting cross over vehicles have been presented over the last decade that were trying to automate the tilting control of narrow vehicles to make them safer. Examples of these concepts are the Carver, Clever and in some way also the MP3 scooter from Piaggio. The problem with fully enclosed concepts like the Carver or Clever is that they require very complex and therefore also expensive tilting control systems so that the vehicles are not price competitive compared to low cost micro cars or even normal small cars. The MP3 on the other hand comes with a tilting control system which is only semi automatic so that typical car advantages - comprehensive safety features like crush zones, roll over protection, air bags, safety belts or comfort features like full weather protection including heating and cooling – can not be provided.

Deakin’s approach is quite different to the above mentioned concepts. The requirements were derived based on two different investigations: The first step was a critical evaluation of social trends and the second step was an in-depth benchmarking study of existing concepts which identified the typical strengths and weaknesses of these concepts. In a critical next step a new concept was created that addresses most of the weaknesses of existing tilting three-wheelers in a holistic approach by setting clear priority rankings for the vehicle targets, based on current trends. The priorities were set in the following order: Safety, Affordability, Fun and Efficiency (SAFE).

The key feature that enables an enclosed tilting vehicle is a fully automatic tilting control system. With an automatic tilting control system the driver does not need to put the feet on the ground to balance the vehicle when he stops, so the vehicle can be built with a full enclosure. This allows the implementation of typical car like safety features (seat belts, roll over structure, crush zones, air bags). The SafeRide™ tilting control system is a passive system that involves the driver’s balancing sense in its feedback control system. The vehicle has typical scooter like steering characteristics, where the steering is initiated through countersteering. Another safety critical design feature is the crush zone between the two front wheels which is not possible with only one front wheel or with the powertrain positioned between the front wheels, as the powertrain can’t absorb a lot of energy due to its structural stiffness and density. The passive tilting control system is quite simple and therefore makes the vehicle very affordable, an important factor for successful commercialisation.

Another advantage of integrating the human balancing senses in the feedback control of the tilting system is that the system kicks in slightly after the human balancing reacts. In some instances that can generate the typical adrenalin thrill known from riding a bike. This fun factor is quite common with many trend sports like mountain biking, surfing, roller-skating, snowboarding, or skateboarding. Some of these sports have seen very rapid growth only a short time after they have been invented. Utilising the human balancing system during driving also makes the vehicle safer as the adrenalin is produced after reaching a semi-stable driving condition that is controlled by the vehicles tilting control system, but before the vehicle reaches an unstable driving condition that can not be controlled by the vehicle but only (eventually) by the driver – if he has got the required driving skill and if he is alert enough.

Efficiency superior to most cars and scooters is achieved by the aerodynamics of a fully enclosed body structure in combination with the small frontal area of a typical scooter and the droplet shape enabled by the relatively wide front with 2 wheels and the very narrow tail with only one rear wheel. The passive tilting system also contributes to the extreme efficiency as the system only draws some small electrical power for the electronic control unit. Another feature is a low cost exhaust energy recovery system which is discussed in another paper.

Assessment of performance properties of wetsuits

Wetsuits are an integral part of surfing especially in the southern regions of Australia. There is currently little information about mechanical, comfort and thermal properties of wetsuits. There is a demand from wetsuit manufacturers to better understand the neoprene properties and wetsuit performance. The performance characteristics of eight topselling wetsuits, from both high end and low end of the market, were examined. These characteristics include thickness, elasticity, bursting strength, hydrophobicity, thermal conductivity and seal strength. Tensile assessment revealed that neoprene foam was strong and its stretch recovery was well beyond 1.6 times of the original length. Neoprene was found to be hydrophobic with very low surface energy. High-end wetsuits with higher thickness showed slightly higher thermal resistance than low-end wetsuits, indicating that both thickness and bulk density of neoprene influenced thermal properties. High-end wetsuits with fluid seal were stronger than low-end wetsuits with stitched seal.

The janus face of new media propaganda: The case of Patani neojihadist YouTube warfare and its Islamophobic effect on cyber-actors

Surfing on the Internet 2.0 revolution, Patani 2.0 has allowed Patani neojihadist militants to access new competitive spaces and create their own imagined online community by penetrating new realms of the Internet. This article discusses the use of new media militant propaganda by Patani militants and how it is Janus faced. It further examines how the Patani 2.0 social interaction enabled by social media such as YouTube leads to group cohesion among certain actors and the formation of a collective identity that is clustered around the notions of Muslim victimization and defensive jihad; and how, at the same time, it reinforces antithetical identities and fosters group identity competition, where one religious group is often pitted against another. As a result, the Janus effect of Patani neojihadist YouTube online propaganda, while it primarily seeks to radicalize, also generates a reactionary, often virulent, anti-Muslim response from the movement's critics.

Social TV Unesp: proposta de aplicativo em segunda tela com ênfase em modelo de negócios para TV Universitária UNESP

The audiovisual market carefully observes a tendency in television consumption habit: viewers are increasingly watching television content while surfing the internet through mobile devices like tablets, smartphones and laptops. Known as second screen, viewers interact simultaneously across these devices, sharing information about the programming on social networks, seeking additional information about the contents well aired, in addition to being likely to purchase products and services on platforms of mobile-commerce persuaded by the scheduling of programming through commercials. Given this, the aim of this article is to propose and prototyping an application visually in second screen with emphasis on business model with possible application on TV Unesp, where the viewer to interact with the programming through the application is exposed to previously scheduled ads, links to mobile-commerce and posts indicating purchase suggestions.

Programa de educação familiar a distância em linguagem e comunicação suplementar e alternativa

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC