A manifestação da empatia e sua influência na satisfação conjugal

A satisfação alcançada no casamento influencia fortemente a qualidade de vida. Por outro lado, conflitos conjugais estão relacionados a problemas de saúde, a violência e ao divórcio. Mesmo com as dificuldades inerentes a qualquer relacionamento conjugal, o matrimônio parece ser ainda um desejo a ser realizado por muitos. Porém, para que o relacionamento seja uma fonte de felicidade e resulte em uma relação satisfatória, os cônjuges precisam investir no desenvolvimento constante de habilidades para que assim possam lidar com as adversidades geradas pela vida a dois. Estudos apontam que a capacidade de ouvir e compreender, bem como de demonstrar sensibilidade frente às necessidades dos outros (empatia) constitui um dos fatores importantes para um casamento feliz, na medida em que, ao se sentir ouvido e compreendido, o cônjuge se sente mais seguro e valorizado. No entanto, ainda não está claro, se o cônjuge que manifesta empatia (empatia manifestada) experimenta tanta satisfação conjugal quanto aquele que a recebe (empatia recebida). Esse estudo investigou o valor preditivo da expressão de empatia sobre a satisfação no casamento. Foram utilizadas três medidas de auto-informe: Escala de Satisfação Conjugal (ESC-Dela Coleta, 1989), medição da satisfação conjugal; Inventário de Empatia (IE-Falcone & cols., 2008), que avalia a empatia geral; Questionário de Empatia Conjugal (QEC-Oliveira, Falcone & Ribas Jr, 2009) que avalia a empatia conjugal, sendo este último adaptado para tornar-se um questionário de auto-informe. Todos os questionários foram respondidos por 108 indivíduos casados ( 69 do sexo feminino e 39 do sexo masculino). Através da Análise de Regressão Múltipla, onde a medida de satisfação conjugal foi a variável dependente e os cinco fatores correspondentes às duas medidas de empatia foram as variáveis independentes. Verificou-se que a expressão da empatia conjugal foi preditiva da satisfação conjugal em suas três dimensões: 1) Interação conjugal (IC); 2) Aspectos emocionais (AEm) e 3) Aspectos estruturais (AEs). Dentre os fatores do IE, a Sensibilidade Afetiva (SA) foi preditiva, no sentido inverso (r= -0.23 e p<0.05), dos Aspectos Emocionais (AEm) da ESC. No que diz respeito ao IE e a relação de seus fatores com o QEC, a Tomada de Perspectiva (TP) e a Sensibilidade Afetiva (SA) apresentaram correlações moderadas e significativas (r=.38 e p<.001 e r=.35 e p<.001, respectivamente). Espera-se que esse estudo possa contribuir para a construção de programas visando desenvolver empatia em indivíduos casados, facilitando a comunicação e a satisfação no casamento.

Construção e Validação da Escala de Crenças Conjugais (ECC)

As crenças conjugais podem ser entendidas como um conjunto de ideias acerca de como o casamento e o cônjuge devem ser. Observa-se que os padrões de crenças mantidos em relação ao casamento interferem na qualidade conjugal, de modo que crenças realistas estariam vinculadas a relações mais satisfatórias e crenças irrealistas estariam associadas à insatisfação com o casamento. Assim, evidencia-se a importância de conhecer quais os estilos de crenças mantidos no casamento, o que traz à tona a questão da avaliação. Em âmbito internacional foram identificados alguns instrumentos criados e validados para a avaliação de elementos cognitivos influentes nas relações entre casais. Todavia, no cenário nacional verificou-se a ausência de instrumentos sobre crenças no casamento construídos e validados para a população brasileira. Dessa lacuna metodológica surgiu o interesse de criar um instrumento de avaliação das crenças no casamento. Desse modo, o presente estudo objetivou a construção e a validação da Escala de Crenças Conjugais (ECC). Para tanto, esta pesquisa foi composta por dois estudos: 1) Estudo I Construção da Escala de Crenças Conjugais (ECC); 2) Estudo II Validação da Escala de Crenças Conjugais (ECC). O Estudo I correspondeu à criação da ECC, com a realização de entrevistas e pesquisa na literatura para obtenção das crenças mais comuns sobre o casamento, seguida pela avaliação da validade de conteúdo dos itens da ECC. Desse primeiro estudo, resultou uma versão da ECC composta por 33 itens, dentre crenças conjugais realistas e irrealistas. O Estudo II correspondeu à validação de construto da ECC. Para tanto a versão da escala resultante do Estudo I foi aplicada numa amostra de 333 participantes, com escolaridade a partir do ensino fundamental completo, dentre homens e mulheres, solteiros e casados. Para verificar a validade de construto da ECC foram realizados testes de análise fatorial (AF), em que o método escolhido para este estudo foi o método de máxima verossimilhança com rotação quartimax. Os resultados da AF revelaram a existência de dois Fatores para a ECC identificados como Comunicação Interpessoal e Compromisso (CIC) e Papéis Sociais (PS). Após a obtenção dos Fatores foi realizada a análise da consistência interna de cada Fator por meio do cálculo do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach (α), em que constatou-se que ambos os Fatores apresentaram níveis satisfatórios de confiabilidade: CIC (α = 0,81) e PS (α = 0,70). Testes adicionais acerca de eventuais contrastes nos resultados de acordo com as características da amostra também foram realizados, por meio do Teste t de Student, verificando-se que na amostra deste estudo, os indivíduos mais jovens apresentaram níveis mais elevados no Fator 2 (PS), os indivíduos que haviam concluído um curso superior possuíam níveis mais elevados no Fator 1 (CIC) e os indivíduos solteiros apresentaram níveis mais elevados no Fator 2 (PS). Os dois estudos resultaram numa medida inédita de avaliação das crenças conjugais a ser utilizada em pesquisas brasileiras. Espera-se que a ECC possa ser útil no estudo das relações entre casais, possibilitando a realização de novas pesquisas e quiçá novas intervenções terapêuticas.

Significando a transicionalidade da sexualidade do cônjuge-cuidador da pessoa idosa em processo demencial para um cuidado terapêutico de enfermagem

A sexualidade compreende muitas dimensões da vida dos indivíduos. Ao longo da vida vai sendo revista, à medida que modificações biopsicossociais acontecem e, ao se pensar em relacionamentos conjugais de longa duração é preciso ponderar que estes casais já passaram por transformações na sua relação conjugal e familiar. Para as pessoas idosas o predomínio de doenças crônicas é maior, com risco para incapacidade e/ou dependência, dentre elas a demência. Cônjuges-cuidadores, vivenciando a transicionalidade da sexualidade podem ressignificar a vida, com o apoio do cuidado terapêutico de enfermagem. O estudo teve o objetivo de compreender a vivência da transicionalidade do cônjuge-cuidador da pessoa idosa em processo demencial, para elaboração de um modelo interpretativo de cuidado terapêutico de enfermagem na perspectiva da Teoria das Transições. A fundamentação teórica se baseia nos pressupostos da Teoria das Transições. Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, com base no referencial metodológico da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados com 25 participantes distribuídos em quatro grupos amostrais (12 cônjuges-cuidadores, 5 filhos e 8 profissionais de saúde). O cenário investigado foi o Núcleo de Atenção ao Idoso, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre maio de 2014 e maio de 2015. A técnica utilizada foi à entrevista intensiva e a análise feita mediante codificação inicial, seletiva e focalizada. O projeto de pesquisa foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da UERJ (Processo n 631.538). Os dados demonstraram que a construção da vida conjugal e a história prévia de sexualidade apreendida e vivenciada interferem na maneira de identificar as mudanças provocadas pelo processo demencial e de se adaptar às repercussões para a sexualidade pessoal e conjugal. O fenômeno evidenciado foi a ressignificação da vida do cônjuge-cuidador da pessoa idosa em processo demencial por meio da transicionalidade da sexualidade conjugal, apontando um cuidado terapêutico de enfermagem, sustentado por sete categorias e dezesseis subcategorias, que articuladas, mostram a ressignificação diretamente ligada à história de vida matrimonial, ao engajamento da família como suporte, além do serviço especializado e a disposição em redimensionar a vida sexual consigo e com o outro. Os resultados apontaram o cuidado como mais uma atribuição, com alterações para saúde e em outras dimensões. Por parte dos profissionais, ainda há um despreparo e abordagem muito superficial da sexualidade entre casais que envelhecem, sobremaneira no contexto da demência; para os cônjuges-cuidadores, as crenças e o imaginário social interferem não só no desenvolvimento da sexualidade possível no contexto de vida atual, como na relação de cuidado e na definição do seu papel social; os filhos descrevem o funcionamento familiar na busca da adaptação ao novo contexto de vida dos pais. A ressignificação existe, a partir de estratégias de enfrentamento e da transposição da sexualidade pelo cuidado à pessoa idosa que adoece. Assim, sustenta-se a tese: A compreensão da vivência da transicionalidade da sexualidade do cônjuge-cuidador da pessoa idosa em processo demencial permite a elaboração de um modelo interpretativo que aponta para um cuidado terapêutico de enfermagem próprio para esse momento de vida.

The study of artificial propagation efficiency and fingerlings production of Coregonus lavaretus

In order to study of the artificial propagation efficiency in white fish (Coregonus lavaretus) and its fingerlings producing in IRAN, a 9 mounts study project was been done which during it, the characteristics of the matures and brood stocks fishes, the condition of their natural and artificial propagation, and the characteristics of produced frys, were been studied. Throughout the total 82 pieces caught fishes during September til February 2003, 10 pieces of them were the female brood stocks which during the catch time did not have spouse. The study of these fishes showed that there was no significant correlation between their weight and their length. The most and the least absolute fecundity of these brood stocks were 19120 and 11496 respectively. The artificial propagation was been done by 5 males and 4 females broods took which 57602 ova, with 89/2% fertilization rate, earned from them. The incubation period prolonged 55 days in 8°c. At the end of the incubation, 23913 larvae released. So the artificial propagation efficiency was calculated 41/51% in this study. Yolk sack absorption prolonged 4 days. 3 different food treatment were considered for fry breeding which contain of Brachiouns plicatilis as live food, salmon starter food as commercial food, and the mixed of equal amounts of live and commercial foods as third treatment. For each treatment, 3 repeat has been considered. Breeding duration prolonged 13 weeks throughout this period, different characteristics of fry were been studied weekly. The breeding results showed that there was very significant correlation between the weight and the length of frys. However the live food provided better results in growth and survival rate of frys during breeding initial 6 weeks. More ever, commercial food, in some characteristics, provided more acceptable results in comparing the live food after sixth week. The results of this study project showed that the artificial propagation in whitefish is possible in IRAN and the producing of its frys in order to restocking or introducing this species to the other Iranian suitable water resources is executable. Based on the earned information from this study, the suitable time for natural spawning of whitefish in IRAN (Amirkabir dam lake) determined between 10th January til 20th February.

Pregnancy, alcohol intake, and intimate partner violence among men and women attending drinking establishments in a Cape Town, South Africa township.

The highest rates of fetal alcohol syndrome worldwide can be found in South Africa. Particularly in impoverished townships in the Western Cape, pregnant women live in environments where alcohol intake during pregnancy has become normalized and interpersonal violence (IPV) is reported at high rates. For the current study we sought to examine how pregnancy, for both men and women, is related to alcohol use behaviors and IPV. We surveyed 2,120 men and women attending drinking establishments in a township located in the Western Cape of South Africa. Among women 13.3% reported being pregnant, and among men 12.0% reported their partner pregnant. For pregnant women, 61% reported attending the bar that evening to drink alcohol and 26% reported both alcohol use and currently experiencing IPV. Daily or almost daily binge drinking was reported twice as often among pregnant women than non-pregnant women (8.4% vs. 4.2%). Men with pregnant partners reported the highest rates of hitting sex partners, forcing a partner to have sex, and being forced to have sex. High rates of alcohol frequency, consumption, binge drinking, consumption and binge drinking were reported across the entire sample. In general, experiencing and perpetrating IPV were associated with alcohol use among all participants except for men with pregnant partners. Alcohol use among pregnant women attending shebeens is alarmingly high. Moreover, alcohol use appears to be an important factor in understanding the relationship between IPV and pregnancy. Intensive, targeted, and effective interventions for both men and women are urgently needed to address high rates of drinking alcohol among pregnant women who attend drinking establishments.

Correlates of HIV testing among abused women in South Africa.

Gender-based violence increases a woman's risk for HIV but little is known about her decision to get tested. We interviewed 97 women seeking abuse-related services from a nongovernmental organization (NGO) in Johannesburg, South Africa. Forty-six women (47%) had been tested for HIV. Caring for children (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.07, 1.00]) and conversing with partner about HIV (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = [0.02, 0.85]) decreased odds of testing. Stronger risk-reduction intentions (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.60]) and seeking help from police (OR = 5.51, 95% CI = [1.18, 25.76]) increased odds of testing. Providing safe access to integrated services and testing may increase testing in this population. Infection with HIV is highly prevalent in South Africa where an estimated 16.2% of adults between the ages of 15 and 49 have the virus. The necessary first step to stemming the spread of HIV and receiving life-saving treatment is learning one's HIV serostatus through testing. Many factors may contribute to someone's risk of HIV infection and many barriers may prevent testing. One factor that does both is gender-based violence.

Spousal concordance in health behavior change.

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the degree to which a married individual's health habits and use of preventive medical care are influenced by his or her spouse's behaviors. STUDY DESIGN: Using longitudinal data on individuals and their spouses, we examine changes over time in the health habits of each person as a function of changes in his or her spouse's health habits. Specifically, we analyze changes in smoking, drinking, exercising, cholesterol screening, and obtaining a flu shot. DATA SOURCE: This study uses data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative sample of individuals born between 1931 and 1941 and their spouses. Beginning in 1992, 12,652 persons (age-eligible individuals as well as their spouses) from 7,702 households were surveyed about many aspects of their life, including health behaviors, use of preventive services, and disease diagnosis. SAMPLE: The analytic sample includes 6,072 individuals who are married at the time of the initial HRS survey and who remain married and in the sample at the time of the 1996 and 2000 waves. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We consistently find that when one spouse improves his or her behavior, the other spouse is likely to do so as well. This is found across all the behaviors analyzed, and persists despite controlling for many other factors. CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous changes occur in a number of health behaviors. This conclusion has prescriptive implications for developing interventions, treatments, and policies to improve health habits and for evaluating the impact of such measures.

40 years is an awful long time

ABSTRACT: Older people who are caring for their adult sons and daughters with disabilities are under tremendous stress because they may suffer health problems themselves; have financial problems due a lifetime of caring; may have to care on their own due to the death of their spouse; worry about the future care of their child; and may feel uncomfortable approaching professionals for help. Professionals working with these families need to take contextual pressures into consideration when planning intervention. Twenty-nine parents of 27 adults with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities (including autism) were asked about present care and service arrangements, health issues, family support, and “futures planning.” The research reported here identifies complex networks of relationships. Virtual absence of structured futures planning was one of the key issues. Recommendations are made for professionals working in this field.

Individual and couple decision behavior under risk: evidence on the dynamics of power balance

This article reports results of an experiment designed to analyze the link between risky decisions made by couples and risky decisions made separately by each spouse. We estimate both the spouses and the couples' degrees of risk aversion, we assess how the risk preferences of the two spouses aggregate when they make risky decisions, and we shed light on the dynamics of the decision process that takes place when couples make risky decisions. We find that, far from being fixed, the balance of power within the household is malleable. In most couples, men have, initially, more decision-making power than women but women who ultimately implement the joint decisions gain more and more power over the course of decision making.

Gender differences among Canadian spousal caregivers at the end of life

The purpose of this study was to examine gender differences in spousal caregiving at the end of life. The primary research question was to determine gender differences in caregiver strain among spousal caregivers. Secondary research questions investigated included (i) the presence of gender differences among spousal caregivers in the duration of care provided; (ii) gender differences among spousal caregivers in formal service use and unmet service needs; and (iii) whether support to care recipients in activities of daily living varied according to the gender of the spousal caregiver. The study was conducted over a 2-year period (2000-2002) in south-central Ontario, Canada. The study sample included 283 informal spousal caregivers (198 females, 85 males) each of whom were caring for a terminally ill spouse at the time they participated in a cross-sectional telephone survey. The analysis showed that females reported a significantly greater level of caregiving strain than males (t = -2.12, d.f. = 281, P = 0.035). When considering source of support in activities of daily living for the care recipient, differential assistance was noted on the basis of caregiver gender. Female caregivers had almost twice the odds of providing support in toileting-related tasks than male caregivers (odds ratio (OR) = 1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-3.85, P = 0.044), while male caregivers had approximately twice the odds of providing support in mobility-related tasks (OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.21-0.81, P = 0.011). Care recipients who had a female caregiver had lower odds of receiving support from family and friends in tasks associated with personal care (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.05-0.53, P = 0.002). To address gender differences in caregiving, a realistic home-based palliative care approach must take into account the importance of informal caregivers. © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Bereavement Adjustment and Support among Caregivers

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of health status, demographics, duration of bereavement, caregiving experience, and the use of formal services on bereavement adjustment for caregivers. Participants were 151 bereaved family caregivers who participated in a telephone survey. The most frequently reported symptoms by caregivers were sleeplessness, followed by depression, and loss of appetite. One hundred thirty-five respondents (89%) felt that things were going reasonably well for themselves at the time of the interview, and 91 respondents (60%) had come to terms with their loved one's death. Hierarchical regression models revealed that being a younger caregiver, reporting poorer mental health status, and being the spouse of the care recipient were predictive of a greater number of reported depressive symptoms in bereavement. Poorer mental health status, being a spousal caregiver, and reporting negative consequences of caregiving on caregiver's health were predictive of poorer recovery in bereavement. Study results also revealed that relatives and friends played an important role in assisting the bereaved to manage the bereavement process. This article identifies factors associated with poor reactions in bereavement and that bereavement as a social process where family and friends play an important role in the recovery process.

Caregiving at the end of life:perspectives from spousal caregivers and care recipients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the perspectives of both the spousal caregiver and care recipient on the caregiving experience in home-based palliative care. METHODS: A qualitative research strategy involving home-based face-to-face interviews with older palliative care patients and their spousal caregivers was used to examine the caregiving experience. RESULTS: Ten spousal caregivers and care recipient dyads participated in the study. Most informal caregivers viewed caregiving as an extension of the family relationship where caregiving responsibilities evolved over time. Spousal caregivers identified many negative reactions to caregiving, such as fatigue or weariness, depression, anger and sadness, financial stresses, and lack of time. Care recipients acknowledged the emotional and financial strain and expressed concern for their spouses. Both caregivers and care recipients were appreciative of home care services although they identified the need for additional services. They also identified difficulties in communication with formal providers and poor coordination of care among the various services. Both caregivers and care recipients disclosed some challenges with informal supports, but on the whole felt that their presence was positive. Additional positive aspects of caregiving reported by spouses included strengthened relationship with their spouse and discovering emotional strength and physical abilities in managing care. SIGNIFICANCE OF RESULTS: Health care and social service professionals need to recognize and understand both caregiver and care recipient perspectives if they are to successfully meet the needs of both members of the dyad.

Editorial–Both Sides Now

Competition law is fun. As a noted expert consultant told one of us:'Don't tell my spouse, but I'd work on these cases for the sheer joy of it.'The facts, the issues, the window into economies and legal systems--it does not get much better than this. Not surprisingly,
then, competition law academic seminars are also fun. At their best, they present opportunities for energized students to engage with scholars and wrestle with cutting edge issues in this particularly interesting field.

Adaption and adjustment of military spouses to overseas postings: An online forum study

Little research has examined the impact of being an accompanying spouse on British military foreign postings. The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the experiences of 13 military spouses from 11 different overseas locations. Data were collected via an online forum and thematic content analysis was conducted. Key findings revealed that, regardless of the location, reactions to overseas posting varied considerably and were related to the military spouse's personality and personal circumstances, as well as their relationship with family, husband and their support networks. Spouses experienced a loss of control over their lives that was in some cases psychologically distressing. The findings corroborate and extend the findings from a previous study that was limited to one location, further highlighting the need for pre-established support resources from the military and healthcare professionals to be readily accessible for all military spouses. Importantly, such support provision may also facilitate the military spouse in regaining some control over their everyday life, enhancing their well-being and the experience for the family.

The impact of foreign postings on accompanying military spouses: an ethnographic study

As part of an ethnographic study, the impact of foreign postings on spouses who accompany military personnel was explored. Individual interviews and focus groups with 34 British military spouses based in one location in southern Europe were conducted. Key findings suggested that reaction to a foreign posting was a reflection of personal attitudes, prior experiences, support, ability to adjust to change and strength of relationship with the serving spouse and community. For many the experience was positive due to the increased opportunity for family time, for others this helped to compensate for the difficulties experienced. Some military spouses experienced significant distress on the posting, particularly if the family was not well-supported. The potential implications of military spouses not adapting to foreign postings have significant implications for healthcare practice. Provision of more appropriate support resources before and during the posting would facilitate the transition for the military spouse and their family.