Estudo Morfo-anatômico da Folha e do Caule de Piper arboreum Aubl. (Piperaceae)

The genus Piper L. includes a great number of medicinal interest species. P. arboreum is frequent in forests of Maringa, Parana State, Brazil. Its leaves and stem are analyzed morphologic and anatomically, freehand sectioned in cross-section and longitudinal section, and were stained in astra blue and safranin. Petiole and midrib base present 15-20 vascular bundles. The blade is hypostomatic, dorsiventral and shows staurocytic stomatal complex, subepidermis and oil idioblasts. The stem possesses medullary vascular bundles; a typical endodermis is not observed, as it occurs in other Piper species.

Nutrients foliar content for high productivity cultivars of guava in Brazil

Commonly grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions, guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important fruit crop of Brazil. It is cultivated on a large scale in São Paulo state, and covers about 6,500 hectares. As a result of the guava selection program developed at FCAV/UNESP, two new cultivars were created: 'Rica' and 'Paluma' with a high productivity, and also with higher nutritional requirement. Leaves analysis has become a powerful tool in mineral-nutrition research with fruit crops, not only to determine response to different nutrients, but also for diagnostic techniques in making fertilizer recommendations and assessing deficiency symptoms. Nutrient composition of the leaves varies depending on the leaf maturity, tree age, variety and nutrient supply. For the interpretation of analytical values, selection of the index tissue is important. The results of experiments conducted in the field during 1989-2000 were studied. The nutritional status was evaluated by annual leaf sampling, carried out at full bloom. Recent fully developed leaves, corresponding to the third pair (with the petiole) were collected, starting at the end of the branch, all around the tree, at a height of 1.5 m from the soil, with a total of 30 leaf pairs per sample. The yield was evaluated by weighing all the fruits in the useful area of each lot. Foliar chemical analysis showed excellent correlation with the fruit production. Through the results it was verified that the maximum yield was associated to the following levels: N = 22-26; P = 1.5-1.9; K = 17-20; Ca = 11-15; Mg = 2.5-3.5; S = 3.0-3.5 g kg -1; B = 20-25; Cu = 10-40; Fe = 50-150; Mn = 180-250; Zn = 25-35 mg kg-1 DW in the leaves of the 'Rica' guava and to N = 20-23; P = 1.4-1.8; K = 14-17; Ca = 7-11; Mg = 3.4-4.0; S = 2.5-3.5 g kg-1; B = 20-25; Cu = 20-40; Fe = 60-90; Mn = 40-80; Zn = 25-35 mg kg-1 DW in the leaves of the 'Paluma' guava.

Caracterização histológica de folhas de Mentha pulegium x spicata (Lamiaceae)

The glandular hairs of Mentha pulegium x spicata (Lamiaceae) were studied by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, Three morphologically distinct types of trichomes are described: two of them are glandulars (peltate and capitate) and one is non-glandular hair (tector). Capitate trichome is of Type I, and consists of a foot cell, a stalk and a unicellular head with elongated format and two lateral depressions, showing the thinnest cuticle. The peltate trichome consists of a foot cell, a stalk cell and a radial cluster of secretory cells, cover by cuticle. The tector trichomes can be simple and forked -format, both multicellular, in which there are ornamentations on cell cuticle. The leaf cross sections, analysed in light microscopy, showed mesophyll organized for unistratification palisade parenchyma and lacurary parenchyma with four to five cell stratum. It was observed the presence of cristal mass agglomerate in mesophyll cells and in epidermical cells.

Características anatômicas de espinheira-santa (Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek e Maytenus aquifolia Mart.) e mata-olho (Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) Burg. Lanj. & Boer.) para o controle de qualidade da matéria prima

Maytenus ilicifolia and Maytenus aquifolia (Celastraceae) both designated espinheira-santa have proven anti-ulcer activity. Morphologic similarities between leaves of espinheira-santa and mata-olho (Sorocea bonplandii), has motivated fakes in the market of phytotherapy. The present work consisted of the anatomical study, including stem and leaf, of the species M. ilicifolia, M. aquifolia and S. bomplandii. Samples of adult leaves and stem of plants located in the cities of Maringá and Marialva were collected. Both are located in the northwest region of Paraná State. The botanical material was prepared with using usual techniques of anatomy. The leaves of both Maytenus species presented great similarities, characterizing itself for the presence of epidermal cells with straight walls, biseriate palisade tissue, petiole vascular system represented by unique amphicribal bundle and sclereids, which were present in the stems of these two species. S. bomplandii leaves differed of Maytenus species for presenting epidermal cells with undulated walls, uniserite palisade tissue, petiole vascular system represented by many collateral bundles and gelatinous fibres. Non-glandular trichomes, glandular trichomes, and laticifer only occur in S. bomplandii.

Growth and yield analysis in different methods of beet (Cv. 'tall top early wonder') plantation

This objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different methods of red beet seedling production and direct sowing on the development of the plant in field conditions. 'Tall Top Early Wonder' was used as the cultivar. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with 4 replications of each treatment: T1 - seedling produced in trays of 288 cells; T2 - 200 cells; T3 - 128 cells; T4 - 128 cells; T5 - direct sowing and T6 - bare-root seedling. The seedlings produced in trays and bare root seedlings were transplanted in the field 28 DAS with spacing of 0.20 x 0.10m. The mean height of plants, leaf area, leaf dry matter, petiole dry matter, shoot dry matter, root dry matter, relationship between shoot dry matter and root dry matter, absolute growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were determined. Storage root fresh matter and mean storage root diameter were determined starting from 77 DAS. Initial growth of the plants were superior for the direct sowing, resulting in smaller RGR and NAR than the other treatments. Independent of the production method, an increase of the cycle of the crop was verified. T6 had larger delay in the initial development. There was no difference for productivity. Method T1, had less expenses with respect to substrate and space in the vegetation home, without reduction in production.

Caracterização morfoanatômica de plântulas de Gomphrena elegans Mart. (Amaranthaceae)

Aiming to describe seedlings' morphology and cotyledons and eophylls anatomy of Gomphrena elegans Mart., 100 seeds were put into plastic bags, with sand and fertilized soil (1:3), kept in the greenhouse under room conditions, with 50% shady and watered daily. Cotyledonous petiole and limb and seedlings eophylls were sectioned in median and border. They were then analyzed in transversal and paradermic sections. Seedlings initial morphology is epigeal-foliar, the root is axial, and hypocotyls and epicotyl are reddish. Venation is of pinnate type, camptodrome and brochidrodome in cotyledons and eophylls. Petiole and leaf show uniseriated epidermis with cells of varied sizes and anomocytic stomata. Druses of calcium oxalate occurred in leaves and petiole. Dorsiventral mesophyll shows one palisade parenchyma layer and several lacunary ones.

Benzyladenine and Gibberellic acid pulse on postharvest of Calathea louisae cut foliage

Calathea louisae is an herbaceous ornamental plant native of Brazil whose cut foliage has potential to be used as a new product for the local ornamental market, as well as the international market, due to its decorative dark green leaves with greenish white splotches along midrib, and purple undersides. The objective of this study was to evaluate pulse treatments of benzyladenine and gibberellic acid for maintaining quality and extending keepability of foliage. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with three replications (three stems in each vase) and seven treatments: distilled water (control) and pulsing cut petioles in benzyladenine or gibberellic acid for 4 h at 100, 250 and 500 mg L-1. The senescence symptoms were characterized by leaf rolling and a decrease in the angle formed between leaf and petiole as a response to water stress. Gibberellic acid or benzyladenine pulse treatments (250 and 500 mg L-1) significantly extended the longevity of cut foliage compared to the control. Gibberellic acid pulse (250 and 500 mg L-1) maintained leaves' green coloration and brightness for a longer time compared to control and benzyladenine pulse. Pulsing with gibberellic acid or benzyladenine (at all tested concentrations) maintained upright leaves for a longer time, showing a significantly higher angle between leaf and petiole compared to control. Foliage pulsed with gibberellic acid (500 mg L-1) showed a significantly higher leaf relative water content, a significantly smaller loss of accumulated fresh mass percentage compared to control and other gibbberellic acid and benzyladenine treatments.

Pulse treatments to extend the postharvest life of Ctenanthe setosa cut foliage

Marantaceae leaves have a contrasting color pattern and a decorative design which are interesting traits for its use as cut foliage. No postharvest research has been carried out on the potential as cut foliage for species of Ctenanthe, a member of the Marantaceae. Grey-maranta (Ctenathe setosa) is an herbaceous ornamental plant native of Brazil whose cut foliage has potential to be used as new crop product for local and international ornamental markets. The objective of this study was to evaluate pulse treatments to extend the longevity of foliage. The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design with three replications and eight treatments: distilled water; pulsing cut petioles-ends in citric acid (pH = 2.8/1h); 2% sucrose (4h); 1% sucrose plus 200 mg L-1 citric acid (4h); 0.01% Tween® 20 (4h); 100 mg L -1 benzyladenine plus 0.01% Tween® 20 (4h); 100 mg L-1 gibberellic acid plus 0.01% Tween® 20 (4h); and maintenance of cut petiole in holding solution with commercial sodium hypochlorite (0.5 mL L-1). The senescence symptoms were mainly characterized by leaf rolling and by a decrease in the angle formed between leaf and petiole as a response to water deficit stress. Gibberellic acid or benzyladenine pulse treatments significantly extended longevity (6 days compared to control) and maintained leaves' green coloration and brightness for a longer time compared to control. However, only the benzyladenine plus Tween® 20 pulse maintained leaves in an erect form for a longer time, showing a significantly higher angle between leaf and petiole compared to control. Also, foliage pulsed with benzyladenine plus Tween® 20 showed a significant smallest loss of accumulated fresh mass percentage compared to control by the T test as to parallelism of treatments lines.

Dispersion and evaporation of droplets amended with adjuvants on soybeans

Quantification of the effects of adjuvants on droplet behaviour on plant surfaces is needed to improve pesticide spray application efficiency for soybeans. Dispersion and evaporation of single 300-μm diameter droplets amended with each of four spray adjuvants at five concentrations were investigated for four soybean plant surfaces (abaxial and adaxial leaflet surfaces, petiole, basal stem). The four adjuvants were a crop oil concentrate (COC), a modified seed oil (MSO), a non-ionic surfactant (NIS) and an oil surfactant blend (OSB). A single-droplet generator was used to produce and deposit 300-μm diameter droplets on target surfaces under controlled environmental conditions. Adjuvants significantly increased the dispersion (or wetted area) of droplets on plant surfaces. Droplet-wetted areas increased with increased adjuvant concentrations but not in direct proportion. The average increases of wetted areas across the four soybean plant surfaces were 443, 462, 416, or 343% when the spray mixture was amended with COC, MSO, NIS or OSB at the manufacturer-recommended concentrations, respectively. Among the four surfaces, the largest wetted area was on the abaxial surface, followed by the adaxial surface, the petiole and then the basal stem. Droplet evaporation times were inversely proportional to the wetted areas. The evaporation time of 300-μm diameter droplets ranged from 36 to 142. s on the four surfaces when the spray mixture was amended with an adjuvant, whereas the water-only droplets ranged from 161 to 190. s. The results demonstrated that use of adjuvants offers great potential to improve the homogeneity of sprayed pesticides, to increase spray coverage and to reduce pesticide application rates on soybean plants. These effects could benefit farmers economically and reduce environmental contamination by pesticides. © 2012.

Morphology and initial growth in the germination of dictyosperma album (bory) h. wendl. & drude ex scheffer (Arecaceae) seeds

Dictyosperma album, commonly known as Princess Palm, due to its graceful appearance and its ability to withstand strong hurricane force winds is largely used in landscaping areas. The aim of this work was to describe the diaspores (seeds with the stuck endocarp) morphology and the stages of the D. album germination process. Therefore we concluded that the species germination is of the tubular remote type and begins with the opening of a circular operculum in the fruit endocarp, through which emerges a bulbous and hollow structure, named cotyledonal petiole or embryophore. With the embryo growth, the endosperm is being gradually consumed. The embryo grows approximately up to 10 cm, when the dilation begins in its extremity. Starting from this extensive area, it begins the growth of the primary root and the opening of a longitudinal rift, through which emerges the aerial part that is composed by two sheaths that cover the first juvenile leaf. In this phase, the emergence of secondary roots is observed. The first leaves are simple and lance-shaped.

Depósito de pulverização em diferentes sistemas de semeadura de soja no manejo da ferrugem asiática

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Crescimento inicial e nutrição do pinhão-manso em função da adubação NPK

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Níveis de fósforo no desenvolvimento e produção de óleo essencial de Mentha piperita L. cultivada em solução nutritiva

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Níveis de adubação potássica na cultura da figueira

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA

Níveis de potássio em solução nutritiva, desenvolvimento de plantas e a produção de óleo essencial de mentha piperita L

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Horticultura) - FCA