Secondary nontwist phenomena in area-preserving maps

Phenomena as reconnection scenarios, periodic-orbit collisions, and primary shearless tori have been recognized as features of nontwist maps. Recently, these phenomena and secondary shearless tori were analytically predicted for generic maps in the neighborhood of the tripling bifurcation of an elliptic fixed point. In this paper, we apply a numerical procedure to find internal rotation number profiles that highlight the creation of periodic orbits within islands of stability by a saddle-center bifurcation that emerges out a secondary shearless torus. In addition to the analytical predictions, our numerical procedure applied to the twist and nontwist standard maps reveals that the atypical secondary shearless torus occurs not only near a tripling bifurcation of the fixed point but also near a quadrupling bifurcation. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4750040]

Modelización de reacciones químicas en presencia de un campo electromagnético variable

En esta tesis se aborda el estudio del proceso de isomerización del sistema molecular LiNC/LiCN tanto aislado como en presencia de un pulso láser aplicando la teoría del estado de transición (TST). Esta teoría tiene como pilar fundamental el hecho de que el conocimiento de la dinámica en las proximidades de un punto de silla de la superficie de energía potencial permite determinar los parámetros cinéticos de la reacción objeto de estudio. Históricamente, existen dos formulaciones de la teoría del estado de transición, la versión termodinámica de Eyring (Eyr38) y la visión dinámica de Wigner (Wig38). Ésta última ha sufrido recientemente un amplio desarrollo, paralelo a los avances en sistemas dinámicos que ha dado lugar a una formulación geométrica en el espacio de fases que sirve como base al trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis. Nos hemos centrado en abordar el problema desde una visión fundamentalmente práctica, ya que la teoría del estado de transición presenta una desventaja: su elevado coste computacional y de tiempo de cálculo. Dos han sido los principales objetivos de este trabajo. El primero de ellos ha sido sentar las bases teóricas y computacionales de un algoritmo eficiente que permita obtener las magnitudes fundamentales de la TST. Así, hemos adaptado con éxito un algoritmo computacional desarrollado en el ámbito de la mecánica celeste (Jor99), obteniendo un método rápido y eficiente para la obtención de los objetos geométricos que rigen la dinámica en el espacio de fases y que ha permitido calcular magnitudes cinéticas tales como el flujo reactivo, la densidad de estados de reactivos y productos y en última instancia la constante de velocidad. Dichos cálculos han sido comparados con resultados estadísticos (presentados en (Mül07)) lo cual nos ha permitido demostrar la eficacia del método empleado. El segundo objetivo de esta tesis, ha sido la evaluación de la influencia de los parámetros de un pulso electromagnético sobre la dinámica de reacción. Para ello se ha generalizado la metodología de obtención de la forma normal del hamiltoniano cuando el sistema químico es alterado mediante una perturbación temporal periódica. En este caso el punto fijo inestable en cuya vecindad se calculan los objetos geométricos de interés para la aplicación de la TST, se transforma en una órbita periódica del mismo periodo que la perturbación. Esto ha permitido la simulación de la reactividad en presencia de un pulso láser. Conocer el efecto de esta perturbación posibilita el control de la reactividad química. Además de obtener los objetos geométricos que rigen la dinámica en una cierta vecindad de la órbita periódica y que son la clave de la TST, se ha estudiado el efecto de los parámetros del pulso sobre la reactividad en el espacio de fases global así como sobre el flujo reactivo que atraviesa la superficie divisoria que separa reactivos de productos. Así, se ha puesto de manifiesto, que la amplitud del pulso es el parámetro más influyente sobre la reactividad química, pudiendo producir la aparición de flujos reactivos a energías inferiores a las de aparición del sistema aislado y el aumento del flujo reactivo a valores constantes de energía inicial. ABSTRACT We have studied the isomerization reaction LiNC/LiCN isolated and perturbed by a laser pulse. Transition State theory (TST) is the main tool we have used. The basis of this theory is knowing the dynamics close to a fixed point of the potential energy surface. It is possible to calculate kinetic magnitudes by knowing the dynamics in a neighbourhood of the fixed point. TST was first formulated in the 30's and there were 2 points of view, one thermodynamical by Eyring (Eyr38) and another dynamical one by Wigner (Wig38). The latter one has grown lately due to the growth of the dynamical systems leading to a geometrical view of the TST. This is the basis of the work shown in this thesis. As the TST has one main handicap: the high computational cost, one of the main goals of this work is to find an efficient method. We have adapted a methodology developed in the field of celestial mechanics (Jor99). The result: an efficient, fast and accurate algorithm that allows us to obtain the geometric objects that lead the dynamics close to the fixed point. Flux across the dividing surface, density of states and reaction rate coefficient have been calculated and compared with previous statistical results, (Mül07), leading to the conclusion that the method is accurate and good enough. We have widen the methodology to include a time dependent perturbation. If the perturbation is periodic in time, the fixed point becomes a periodic orbit whose period is the same as the period of the perturbation. This way we have been able to simulate the isomerization reaction when the system has been perturbed by a laser pulse. By knowing the effect of that perturbation we will be able to control the chemical reactivity. We have also studied the effect of the parameters on the global phase space dynamics and on the flux across the dividing surface. It has been prove that amplitude is the most influent parameter on the reaction dynamics. Increasing amplitude leads to greater fluxes and to some flux at energies it would not if the systems would not have been perturbed.

Computer-Assisted Proofs and Symbolic Computations

We discuss some main points of computer-assisted proofs based on reliable numerical computations. Such so-called self-validating numerical methods in combination with exact symbolic manipulations result in very powerful mathematical software tools. These tools allow proving mathematical statements (existence of a fixed point, of a solution of an ODE, of a zero of a continuous function, of a global minimum within a given range, etc.) using a digital computer. To validate the assertions of the underlying theorems fast finite precision arithmetic is used. The results are absolutely rigorous. To demonstrate the power of reliable symbolic-numeric computations we investigate in some details the verification of very long periodic orbits of chaotic dynamical systems. The verification is done directly in Maple, e.g. using the Maple Power Tool intpakX or, more efficiently, using the C++ class library C-XSC.

Persistent localized states for a chaotically mixed bistable reaction

We describe the evolution of a bistable chemical reaction in a closed two-dimensional chaotic laminar flow, from a localized initial disturbance. When the fluid mixing is sufficiently slow, the disturbance may spread and eventually occupy the entire fluid domain. By contrast, rapid mixing tends to dilute the initial state and so extinguish the disturbance. Such a dichotomy is well known. However, we report here a hitherto apparently unremarked intermediate case, a persistent highly localized disturbance. Such a localized state arises when the Damkoehler number is great enough to sustain a "hot spot," but not so great as to lead to global spread. We show that such a disturbance is located in the neighborhood of an unstable periodic orbit of the flow, and we describe some limited aspects of its behavior using a reduced, lamellar model. Copyright American Physical Society (APS) 2006.

Neuronal networks with gap junctions: A study of piece-wise linear planar neuron models

The presence of gap junction coupling among neurons of the central nervous systems has been appreciated for some time now. In recent years there has been an upsurge of interest from the mathematical community in understanding the contribution of these direct electrical connections between cells to large-scale brain rhythms. Here we analyze a class of exactly soluble single neuron models, capable of producing realistic action potential shapes, that can be used as the basis for understanding dynamics at the network level. This work focuses on planar piece-wise linear models that can mimic the firing response of several different cell types. Under constant current injection the periodic response and phase response curve (PRC) is calculated in closed form. A simple formula for the stability of a periodic orbit is found using Floquet theory. From the calculated PRC and the periodic orbit a phase interaction function is constructed that allows the investigation of phase-locked network states using the theory of weakly coupled oscillators. For large networks with global gap junction connectivity we develop a theory of strong coupling instabilities of the homogeneous, synchronous and splay state. For a piece-wise linear caricature of the Morris-Lecar model, with oscillations arising from a homoclinic bifurcation, we show that large amplitude oscillations in the mean membrane potential are organized around such unstable orbits.

Periodic orbits near a heteroclinic loop formed by one dimensional orbit and a 2-dimensional manifold: application to the charged collinear 3-body problem

The paper is devoted to the study of a type of differential systems which appear usually in the study of some Hamiltonian systems with 2 degrees of freedom. We prove the existence of infinitely many periodic orbits on each negative energy level. All these periodic orbits pass near the total collision. Finally we apply these results to study the existence of periodic orbits in the charged collinear 3–body problem.

Generation of symmetric periodic orbits by a heteroclinic loop formed by two singular points and their invariant manifolds of dimension 1 and 2 in R3

In this paper we will find a continuous of periodic orbits passing near infinity for a class of polynomial vector fields in R3. We consider polynomial vector fields that are invariant under a symmetry with respect to a plane and that possess a “generalized heteroclinic loop” formed by two singular points e+ and e− at infinity and their invariant manifolds � and . � is an invariant manifold of dimension 1 formed by an orbit going from e− to e+, � is contained in R3 and is transversal to . is an invariant manifold of dimension 2 at infinity. In fact, is the 2–dimensional sphere at infinity in the Poincar´e compactification minus the singular points e+ and e−. The main tool for proving the existence of such periodic orbits is the construction of a Poincar´e map along the generalized heteroclinic loop together with the symmetry with respect to .

Families of periodic horseshoe orbits in the restricted three-body problem

We compute families of symmetric periodic horseshoe orbits in the restricted three-body problem. Both the planar and three-dimensional cases are considered and several families are found.We describe how these families are organized as well as the behavior along and among the families of parameters such as the Jacobi constant or the eccentricity. We also determine the stability properties of individual orbits along the families. Interestingly, we find stable horseshoe-shaped orbit up to the quite high inclination of 17◦

Families of periodic horseshoe orbits in the restricted three-body problem

We compute families of symmetric periodic horseshoe orbits in the restricted three-body problem. Both the planar and three-dimensional cases are considered and several families are found.We describe how these families are organized as well as the behavior along and among the families of parameters such as the Jacobi constant or the eccentricity. We also determine the stability properties of individual orbits along the families. Interestingly, we find stable horseshoe-shaped orbit up to the quite high inclination of 17◦

PERIODIC PERTURBATION of QUADRATIC SYSTEMS WITH TWO INFINITE HETEROCLINIC CYCLES

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Nonlinear two-field models from orbit equation deformations

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Periodic collisions between the moon Prometheus and Saturn's F ring

Saturn's F ring, which lies 3,400 km beyond the edge of the main ring system, was discovered by the Pioneer 11 spacecraft(1) in 1979. It is a narrow, eccentric ring which shows an unusual 'braided' appearance in several Voyager 1 images' obtained in 1980, although it appears more regular in images from Voyager 2 obtained nine months later(3). The discovery of the moons Pandora and Prometheus orbiting on either side of the ring provided a partial explanation for some of the observed features(4). Recent observations of Prometheus(5,6) by the Hubble Space Telescope show, surprisingly, that it is lagging behind its expected position by similar to 20 degrees. By modelling the dynamical evolution of the entire Prometheus-F ring-Pandora system, we show here that Prometheus probably encountered the core of the F ring in 1994 and that it may still be entering parts of the ring once per orbit. Collisions with objects in the F ring provide a plausible explanation for the observed lag and imply that the mass of the F ring is probably less than 25% that of Prometheus.

Gap solitons in a spin-orbit-coupled bose-einstein condensate

We report a diversity of stable gap solitons in a spin-orbit-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate subject to a spatially periodic Zeeman field. It is shown that the solitons can be classified by the main physical symmetries they obey, i.e., symmetries with respect to parity (P), time (T), and internal degree of freedom, i.e., spin (C), inversions. The conventional gap and gap-stripe solitons are obtained in lattices with different parameters. It is shown that solitons of the same type but obeying different symmetries can exist in the same lattice at different spatial locations. PT and CPT symmetric solitons have antiferromagnetic structure and are characterized, respectively, by nonzero and zero total magnetizations. © 2013 American Physical Society.

The dynamic behavior of a parametrically excited time-periodic MEMS taking into account parametric errors

Micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) are micro scale devices that are able to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy or vice versa. In this paper, the mathematical model of an electronic circuit of a resonant MEMS mass sensor, with time-periodic parametric excitation, was analyzed and controlled by Chebyshev polynomial expansion of the Picard interaction and Lyapunov-Floquet transformation, and by Optimal Linear Feedback Control (OLFC). Both controls consider the union of feedback and feedforward controls. The feedback control obtained by Picard interaction and Lyapunov-Floquet transformation is the first strategy and the optimal control theory the second strategy. Numerical simulations show the efficiency of the two control methods, as well as the sensitivity of each control strategy to parametric errors. Without parametric errors, both control strategies were effective in maintaining the system in the desired orbit. On the other hand, in the presence of parametric errors, the OLFC technique was more robust.

Rashba spin-orbit interaction in a superlattice of quantum wires

In this work, we study the effects of a longitudinal periodic potential on a parabolic quantum wire defined in a two-dimensional electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit interaction. For an infinite wire superlattice we find, by direct diagonalization, that the energy gaps are shifted away from the usual Bragg planes due to the Rashba spin-orbit interaction. Interestingly, our results show that the location of the band gaps in energy can be controlled via the strength of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction. We have also calculated the charge conductance through a periodic potential of a finite length via the nonequilibrium Green's function method combined with the Landauer formalism. We find dips in the conductance that correspond well to the energy gaps of the infinite wire superlattice. From the infinite wire energy dispersion, we derive an equation relating the location of the conductance dips as a function of the (gate controllable) Fermi energy to the Rashba spin-orbit coupling strength. We propose that the strength of the Rashba spin-orbit interaction can be extracted via a charge conductance measurement.