Studio e ottimizzazione di una stufa a pellet a basso costo

Studio e ottimizzazione di una stufa a pellet a basso costo con CFD.

Incidenza della qualità del pellet sulle emissioni di una stufa domestica

Questo lavoro si è posto l’obiettivo di valutare come differenti qualità di pellet di legno, in accordo con la norma EN 14961-2, e la diversa potenza termica di una moderna stufa domestica influenzino le relative emissioni prodotte. La norma EN 14961-2 prevede una serie di proprietà per il pellet di legno con valori caratteristici per ogni classe di qualità, A1, A2 e B. Per simulare le condizioni cui sono sottoposte le emissioni in aria ambiente, il campionamento del particolato è stato effettuato per mezzo di un tunnel di diluizione. Per valutare e confrontare le emissioni prodotte della stufa a pellet, i dati ottenuti sono stati espressi come fattori di emissione cioè il rapporto tra la quantità di inquinante emesso e i MJ sviluppati dalla combustione. Dallo studio emerge che il pellet di più scarsa qualità mostra emissioni maggiori di CO, NOx, PM, ioni solubili, e la formazione di IPA con alta tossicità: questo implica un maggior impatto sulla salute dell’uomo e sull’ambiente. Inoltre la combustione di pellet di bassa qualità di tipo B causa frequenti problemi di combustione dovuti all’alta percentuale di ceneri, portando a maggiori emissioni di prodotti da combustione incompleta (TC, IPA, PM). La maggior potenza di funzionamento della stufa limita l’emissione di prodotti di combustione incompleta, TC, CO, PM e IPA, ma aumenta la tossicità di quest’ultimi.

Ida Pellet, Rollenbild

Signatur des Originals: S 36/F11701

Egg production, hatching, faecal pellet production of Calanus finmarchicus in the North Atlantic

The samples were collected using a T-80 net (375 µm mesh size) equipped with a non-filtering cod-end in the North Atlantic during the G.O. Sars Trans-Atlantic cruise in 2013. Within 15-30 minutes after the recovery, 20 Calanus finmarchicus females were sorted out under microscope in ice chilled petri dishes and incubated individually in 600 ml polycarbonate culture bottles resulting in 20 replicate measurements. The bottles were filled with 50 µm screened seawater originated from 6 m water depth. The samples were incubated upright in thermoroom for 24 hours at the surface temperature (3°C). After the samples had been filtered (40 µm filter), female prosome length, egg as well as pellet abundance were determined. Subsequently, eggs from six females were incubated in petri dishes at 5°C. After 4 days, the number of nauplii and eggs were counted in order to calculate hatching success.

Faecal pellet production of copepoda collected in water depth up to 30 meters in the eastern Mediterranean Sea in Oktober 2008 during SES_GR2

Mesozooplankton is collected by vertical tows within the Black sea water body mass layer in the NE Aegean, using a WP-2 200 µm net equipped with a large non-filtering cod-end (10 l). Macrozooplankton organisms are removed using a 2000 µm net. A few unsorted animals (approximately 100) are placed inside several glass beaker of 250 ml filled with GF/F or 0.2 µm Nucleopore filtered seawater and with a 100 µm net placed 1 cm above the beaker bottom. Beakers are then placed in an incubator at natural light and maintaining the in situ temperature. After 1 hour pellets are separated from animals and placed in separated flasks and preserved with formalin. Pellets are counted and measured using an inverted microscope. Animals are scanned and counted using an image analysis system. Carbon- Specific faecal pellet production is calculated from a) faecal pellet production, b) individual carbon: Animals are scanned and their body area is measured using an image analysis system. Body volume is then calculated as an ellipsoid using the major and minor axis of an ellipse of same area as the body. Individual carbon is calculated from a carbon- total body volume of organisms (relationship obtained for the Mediterranean Sea by Alcaraz et al. (2003) divided by the total number of individuals scanned and c) faecal pellet carbon: Faecal pellet length and width is measured using an inverted microscope. Faecal pellet volume is calculated from length and width assuming cylindrical shape. Conversion of faecal pellet volume to carbon is done using values obtained in the Mediterranean from: a) faecal pellet density 1,29 g cm**3 (or pg µm**3) from Komar et al. (1981); b) faecal pellet DW/WW=0,23 from Elder and Fowler (1977) and c) faecal pellet C%DW=25,5 Marty et al. (1994).