O governo Chávez e o ensaio da superação do retismo venezuelano: do nacionalismo bolivariano ao socialismo do século XXI

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A indústria farmacêutica no Brasil: um estudo do impacto socioeconômico dos medicamentos genéricos

Recently, some countries outside the Triad (Japan, Europe and the United States) have assumed an important role in the pharmaceutical scenario, as large producers, among them stand out Brazil. In the 90s, there were major institutional transformations and the pharmaceutical industry has undergone a reverse specialization process, because liberalization has discouraged production of pharmaceutical chemicals and dependence of imports increased. The law of generics medicines in 1999 emerged as an attempt to increase the population's access to medicines equivalent to ones with brand, with more affordable prices. As a result of this law there was a strengthening of the national capital and a major attraction for foreign companies to brazilian market. This study aims to assess the development trajectory of the country, showing how path-dependence has culminated in greater empowerment of national pharmaceutical industries after the Generics Law in 1999

Technological trajectories and environmental policy: the transformation of the automobile

This thesis aims to fill the gap in the literature by examining the relationship between technological trajectories and environmental policy in the automotive industry, focusing on the role of environmental policies in unlocking the industry from fossil fuel path-dependence. It first explores the inducement mechanism that underpins the interaction between environmental policy and green technological advances, investigating under what conditions the European environmental transport policy portfolio and the intrinsic characteristics of assignees' knowledge boost worldwide green patent production. Subsequently, the thesis empirically analyses the dynamics of technological knowledge involved in technological trajectories assessing evolution patterns such as variation, selection and retention, in order to study the impact of policy implementation on technological knowledge related to electric and hybrid vehicle technologies. Finally, the thesis sheds light on the drivers that encourage a shift from incumbent internal combustion engine technologies towards low-emission vehicle technologies. This analysis tests whether tax-inclusive fuel prices and technological proximity between technological fields induce a shift from non-environmental inventions to environmentally friendly inventive activities and if they impact the competition between alternative vehicle technologies. The findings provide insights into the effectiveness of environmental policy in triggering inventive activities related to the development of alternative vehicle technologies. In addition, there is evidence that environmental policy redirects technological efforts towards a sustainable path and impacts the competition between low-emission vehicles.

El PAN en las elecciones de 2012: entender la derrota desde el punto de vista de sus élites, un estudio de caso

México vivió en el año 2000 la cristalización su tránsito democrático con características excepcionales: un proceso de cambio pacífico y la derrota de un partido que gobernó más de 70 años. En el año 2000 el PAN gana las elecciones presidenciales con un 43% de los votos, un margen de ventaja de 7 puntos sobre el PRI y 26 sobre el PRD. En el 2012, alcanza sólo un 25% de los votos, 18 puntos menos con respecto a su victoria del 2000, cayendo al tercer lugar y quedando 12 puntos abajo del PRI, y seis abajo del PRD. Esta tesis analiza la vida de Acción Nacional, para entender su fracaso para consolidarse como un partido que habiendo sido exitoso como oposición y después de llegar a la presidencia de la República, no logra mantenerse el poder. Es vencido por el partido contra el que había luchado por décadas. Este es un estudio de caso crucial, que pretende dar luz, a partir del punto de vista de las élites partidistas, y utilizando el enfoque teórico de la sendero dependencia (path-dependence en inglés) del Nuevo Institucionalismo, sobre los diferentes factores que pueden ayudar a entender la derrota del PAN en las elecciones del 2012. El objetivo es analizar por qué el PAN no fue capaz de transformar el sistema político y de su aparato de gobierno, y no pudo tampoco modernizarse a sí mismo entendiendo el papel y el tipo de partido que debía ser ante un nuevo escenario político que se abría con la transición política en México...

Estado de bienestar y cambio: la transformación de las políticas públicas de salud en Costa Rica, (1990-2014)

Durante muchos años Costa Rica se ha reconocido por la construcción histórica de su Estado de bienestar, reconocido por el acceso igualitario y universal a la educación y la salud con avances significativos que le permite mantener indicadores de desarrollo humano en niveles comparados con los países desarrollados. Sin embargo, luego de la crisis internacional de 1980, que afectó fuertemente a Latinoamérica, Costa Rica, comenzó a sufrir una transformación en su modelo de desarrollo en un contexto de globalización neoliberal, en el que se fortalece cada vez más, el sector privado de servicios de bienestar, en especial, los servicios de educación y posteriormente, los dirigidos a la atención de la salud. Los servicios del Estado empezaron a sufrir recortes presupuestarios haciéndose más profundos dichos fenómenos a partir de la década de los 90́s en presencia de servicios públicos cada vez más deteriorados. Esta investigación explicará los cambios del Estado Costarricense por medio del estudio de las políticas públicas de salud establecidas a partir de 1990 y la transformación del sistema de salud, haciendo una construcción histórica de los principales acontecimientos y fenómenos desde una perspectiva del neo-institucionalismo histórico. El Ministerio de Salud, con la crisis de 1980 y la Reforma de 1990, se ve reducido en su función y presupuesto al ser trasladada a la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, los servicios de prevención de atención primaria, la cual debería ser asumida a partir de dicha reforma, con los recursos de las cuotas de cotización del seguro de salud. Los problemas de sostenibilidad financiera y una gestión política y administrativa que refleja lo expuesto en el enfoque de ¨ path dependence ¨ de las instituciones antes mencionadas, giraron alrededor de la crisis del sistema de salud, constituyéndose en uno de los principales temas relevantes del debate nacional. El deterioro de los servicios de salud, ha significado una oportunidad para el sector privado, donde los ciudadanos encuentran una opción para resolver sus problemas de salud, ante las largas listas de espera y la calidad del servicio, generado por problemas de infraestructura sumamente serios. La transformación del sistema de salud, conforme la teoría de sistema de salud, se resume en una financiación mayor del gasto privado, resaltando los gastos de bolsillo de los ciudadanos, ante la ausencia de un mercado de seguros. No obstante, con el Tratado de Libre Comercio, se espera en un futuro próximo, la consolidación de este mercado conjuntamente con un sector privado que ha diversificado todos sus servicios y ha visto crecer su demanda. Lo anterior, significa una variación en la prestación de servicios, que antes correspondían casi de manera exclusiva a la CCSS. Todo esto nos lleva a concluir sobre la transformación del sistema de salud que pasa de ser sostenido por las cuotas de la seguridad social a uno mixto con un alto componente de financiación y prestación de servicios privados. En ese nuevo contexto, la regulación es clave para garantizar una sana competencia de las empresas y la mayor información para los usuarios del servicio, sin embargo, Costa Rica refleja serias debilidades en esta regulación, por parte del Ministerio de Salud, cuya ausencia de rectoría encuentra dificultades ante una amplia gama de actores involucrados en las políticas de salud, que hace sumamente compleja las políticas públicas de salud. Los ciudadanos, reflejan una mayor preferencia hacia los servicios privados de la salud, ante las débiles políticas públicas que se desarrollan en el intento estatal de fortalecer su sistema de salud frente a una creciente mercantilización de los servicios de salud en Costa Rica, con riesgos de una ruptura de los principios solidarios y universales del Estado de Bienestar Costarricense

Populismos y democracias defectuosas en El Ecuador (1996-2012): continuidades y diferencia

From 1995 to 2015, Ecuador experienced one of its longest periods of deep political, social and economic crisis. During this interval, three democratically elected governments (Bucaram, 1997; Mahuad, 2000 and Gutiérrez, 2005) were overthrown and a critical juncture arose in 2006 as a result. Since 2007, and as a consequence of these chaotic circumstances, new populist strongmen ascended and, amid the biggest bonanza of oil revenues in Ecuadorian history, established a defective democracy. The gradual escalation of authoritarian tendencies during the three consecutive terms in which Rafael Correa has acted as President, have resulted in the severe weakening of the country’s democratic institutions, since Correa’s has strived to perpetuate himself in power through continual re-election into office, instead of building an institutional quality-democracy. This study aims to clarify the historical foundations of the recurrence of caudillistas, populist and authoritarian governments in Ecuador, revealing the basis of the specific path dependence of Ecuadorian politics. We also explore the Jungian theory, specifically the “pseudo-hero myth”, as the political narrative which Correa’s regime successfully employed to establish its hegemony. Additionally, we perform a psychological-political case analysis by examining the social psychology components underlying the Ecuadorian path dependence towards authoritarian and populist caudillos: Specifically, our case study is framed within historical institutionalism, which focuses on methodological individualism to attend various political science and psychological-political theories...

Naturalizing Immigration Imprisonment

Only recently has imprisonment become a central feature of both t across every level of government and involving civil and criminal law enforcement tools. Examining the population as a whole provides crucial insights as to how we arrived at this state of mass immigration imprisonment. While political motivations — parallel to those that fueled the rapid expansion of criminal mass incarceration — may have started the trend, this Article demonstrates that key legal and policy choices explain how imprisonment has become an entrenched feature of immigration law enforcement. In fact, legislators and immigration officials have locked themselves into this choice, as there are now literally billions of dollars, tens of thousands of prison beds, and innumerable third parties invested in maintaining and expanding the use of immigration imprisonment. Using the literature on path dependence and legal legitimacy, this Article explains the phenomenon of immigration imprisonment as a single category that spans all levels of government. Rather than continue further along this path, the Article concludes by suggesting that policymakers should seek a future reflective of immigration law enforcement’s past when imprisonment was the exception rather than the norm.

Education and Development : A spatial-econometric approach on spatial change and permanence in southern Brazil

The Brazilian state of Paraná exhibits a violent geography of inequality and duality, hosting both the most developed city in the country, internationally recognized by its urban and environmental innovations, and southern Brazil’s most concentrated cluster of poverty and underdevelopment. Over the course of the past decades, the state underwent a major economic transformation, modernizing and increasing its industrial structure and shifting to the service sector with a larger participation of the knowledge economy. This study is concerned on the interplay between formal education and socioeconomic development during this process, and above all its spatial character. It attempts make sense of the rich literature on education and growth and/or development, discussing it through the lenses of human geography and planning. In order for the analysis to be possible, this study created a consistent database of municipal scores of education over the course of 40 years, dealing with changing census methodologies and municipal boundaries. Making use of modern exploratory spatial data analysis combined with spatial regressions, the study identifies a clustered, time-persistent interplay between education and development that is stronger for low and basic levels of education. Moreover, it provides evidence that not only education is a predictor of future development, but also that analyses of this kind must take into consideration spatial autocorrelation in order to be accurate.

Socioeconomic causes of loss of animal genetic diversity: analysis and assessment

The proximate causes and processes involved in loss of breeds are outlined. The path-dependent effect and Swanson's dominance-effect are discussed in relation to lock-in of breed selection. These effects help to explain genetic erosion. It is shown that the extension of markets and economic globalisation have contributed significantly to the loss of breeds. The decoupling of animal husbandry from surrounding natural environmental conditions is further eroding the stock of genetic resources. Recent trends in animal husbandry raise serious sustainability issues, apart from animal welfare concerns. The extension of markets and economic globalisation have contributed significantly to the rapid loss of domestic breeds, especially livestock. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Understanding policy convergence in Britain and Germany: towards a framework for analysis

This introduction considers reasons why public policies might be expected to converge between Britain and Germany, arguing that the inter-related forces of globalisation, Europeanisation, policy transfer (in various guises) and the election of centre-left governance in 1997 and 1998 could be expected to lead to such convergence. It then outlines important reasons why such convergence may not occur, due to the radically different institutional settings, as well as 'path dependence' and the resilience of established institutions all playing a role in continuing divergence in a number of important areas of public policy.

Acoustic emission and yield in sand

An experimental investigation into the Acoustic Emission (AE) response of sand has been undertaken, and the use of AE as a method of yield point identification has been assessed. Dense, saturated samples of sand were tested in conventional triaxial apparatus. The measurements of stresses and strains were carried out according to current research practice. The AE monitoring system was integrated with the soil mechanics equipment in such a way that sample disturbance was minimised. During monotonically loaded, constant cell pressure tests the total number of events recorded was found to increase at an increasing rate in a manner which may be approximated by a power law. The AE response of the sand was found to be both stress level and stress path dependent. Undrained constant cell pressure tests showed that, unlike drained tests, the AE event rate increased at an increasing rate; this was shown to correlate with the mean effective stress variation. The stress path dependence was most noticeable in extension tests, where the number of events recorded was an order of magnitude less than that recorded in comparable compression tests. This stress path dependence was shown to be due to the differences in the work done by the external stresses. In constant cell pressure tests containing unload/reload cycles it was found that yield could be identified from a discontinuity in the event rate/time curve which occurred during reloading. Further tests involving complex stress paths showed that AE was a useful method of yield point identification. Some tests involving large stress reversals were carried out, and AE identified the inverse yield points more distinctly than conventional methods of yield point identification.

Overcoming network overload and redundancy in inter-organizational networks:the roles of potential and latent ties

This paper builds on Granovetter's distinction between strong and weak ties [Granovetter, M. S. 1973. The strength of weak ties. Amer. J. Sociol. 78(6) 1360–1380] in order to respond to recent calls for a more dynamic and processual understanding of networks. The concepts of potential and latent tie are deductively identified, and their implications for understanding how and why networks emerge, evolve, and change are explored. A longitudinal empirical study conducted with companies operating in the European motorsport industry reveals that firms take strategic actions to search for potential ties and reactivate latent ties in order to solve problems of network redundancy and overload. Examples are given, and their characteristics are examined to provide theoretical elaboration of the relationship between the types of tie and network evolution. These conceptual and empirical insights move understanding of the managerial challenge of building effective networks beyond static structural contingency models of optimal network forms to highlight the processes and capabilities of dynamic relationship building and network development. In so doing, this paper highlights the interrelationship between search and redundancy and the scope for strategic action alongside path dependence and structural influences on network processes.

A hora da alfabetização: atores, ideias e instituições na construção do PAIC-CE

The objective of this thesis is to understand how a certain social condition becomes relevant enough to be regarded as an issue worthy of government action and how certain proposed initiatives prevail while others are discarded. More specifically, the goal is to discuss public policy for education and check whether the analytical models employed are significant enough to explain how the literacy issue became part of the policy agenda of the government of the State of Ceará in Brazil, and how the Literacy Program at the Right Age (PAIC) developed over time. From the empirical perspective about public policy for education in Brazil, this is a relevant case when one takes into account that, historically, the literacy policies are focused on teenagers and adults, implying a lack of specific initiatives towards children at the proper age of learning to read and write. In order to understand what drove this issue to the top of the state government agenda, this thesis is primarily based on the literature about public policy analysis, with focus on the agenda setting process and development of proposals. A hybrid approach is used, combining analytical tools from Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model (1995), the Advocacy Coalition Framework by Sabatier and Jenkins Smith (1993) and the historical new institutionalism lens. The research method is qualitative and based on the single case study method. The data set was assembled from institutional PAIC-related documents, tachygraphy notes from sessions at Ceará’s State House of Representatives, press clippings, academic studies and interviews with key participants from several organizations. The conclusion of this thesis is that, given the complexity of the case in point, the combination of the three analytical methods is adequate and necessary to understanding the multiple drivers for this issue to have entered Ceará’s state government agenda and the design of the PAIC itself. Particularly relevant are the ideas and the policy entrepreneurs, the processes of problem recognition for the composition of a wide coalition and for the specification of alternatives, and the path dependence of the education policy in Ceará. This study adds, as a result, to a better understanding of the stages that make up the agenda setting in public policy, in particular in the field of education.

A hora da alfabetização: atores, ideias e instituições na construção do PAIC-CE

The objective of this thesis is to understand how a certain social condition becomes relevant enough to be regarded as an issue worthy of government action and how certain proposed initiatives prevail while others are discarded. More specifically, the goal is to discuss public policy for education and check whether the analytical models employed are significant enough to explain how the literacy issue became part of the policy agenda of the government of the State of Ceará in Brazil, and how the Literacy Program at the Right Age (PAIC) developed over time. From the empirical perspective about public policy for education in Brazil, this is a relevant case when one takes into account that, historically, the literacy policies are focused on teenagers and adults, implying a lack of specific initiatives towards children at the proper age of learning to read and write. In order to understand what drove this issue to the top of the state government agenda, this thesis is primarily based on the literature about public policy analysis, with focus on the agenda setting process and development of proposals. A hybrid approach is used, combining analytical tools from Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Model (1995), the Advocacy Coalition Framework by Sabatier and Jenkins Smith (1993) and the historical new institutionalism lens. The research method is qualitative and based on the single case study method. The data set was assembled from institutional PAIC-related documents, tachygraphy notes from sessions at Ceará’s State House of Representatives, press clippings, academic studies and interviews with key participants from several organizations. The conclusion of this thesis is that, given the complexity of the case in point, the combination of the three analytical methods is adequate and necessary to understanding the multiple drivers for this issue to have entered Ceará’s state government agenda and the design of the PAIC itself. Particularly relevant are the ideas and the policy entrepreneurs, the processes of problem recognition for the composition of a wide coalition and for the specification of alternatives, and the path dependence of the education policy in Ceará. This study adds, as a result, to a better understanding of the stages that make up the agenda setting in public policy, in particular in the field of education.

Die Interdependenz zwischen Europa und seinen Energielieferländern im historischen Kontext

von Alexander Smith