Saúde mental do idoso: percepções relacionadas com o envelhecimento em interface com o atendimento de saúde na atenção básica

Worldwide, growth is seen in the elderly population, which has prompted the use oftechnologies of care that include all stages of life and for that use, it is necessary toprepare professionals to meet this growing demand population. This work aims to understand how old people feel by their condition and identify how old people perceive this treatment in the Family Health Unit. The research is characterized asqualitative and Minayo second analysis was used Bardin. After, thematicinterviews, it was possible to appreciate the topics: Good, dissatisfaction through the life and likes / dislikes of the service unit. This work can be seen that the elderlywho were well, allied to good living with this family, with spouses, autonomy, respect they encounter in society. And when compared with those who have a complaint, we find that lack of family and age restrictions and diseases are the main complaints

Em viagem: o proceso de composição de romances de Mia Couto

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Percepção de acadêmicos de odontologia sobre o envelhecimento

The changes on learning space where Dentistry Students stay in front of social reality, by university extension, represent a strategy to form dentists according to Brazilian Curricular Directresses. In Araçatuba Dental School (FOA-UNESP), one of alternatives to add students on real locals of dentistry practices is the “Always Smiling Project – Dental Attention for institutionalized elderly in Araçatuba City, São Paulo State – Brazil”. The aim of this study was to verify the self-perception of dentistry students about aging before and after participation in this Project during one school year. To data collection, an instrument with 3 opened questions was performed and applied on 45 students, in the beginning of activities in 2009 and after 8 months. The answers were analyzed by content categorization. The results showed that the perception of students about old people was negative relating them with frail person that needs help and the students’ expectations were higher about clinical aspects of attention. In the end of school year was clear the difference of students’ comprehension about aging and their thoughts demonstrated the empathy resulting from relation. Besides, students related knowledge gain and noted that health attention involve others aspects that are over than biological space. It was possible to conclude that insertion of students in “Always Smiling” contributed to reflection and learn about aging process and suggest that practices like these should be added in Brazilian Universities.

Velhice, ideologia e crítica: uma análise sobre a participação, protagonismo e empoderamento dos (as) velhos (as) nos espaços conferências

Pós-graduação em Serviço Social - FCHS

Molecular characterization of the human gut microbiota: the effect of aging

Age-related physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modification in lifestyle, nutritional behaviour, and functionality of the host immune system, inevitably affect the gut microbiota. The study presented here is focused on the application and comparison of two different microarray approaches for the characterization of the human gut microbiota, the HITChip and the HTF-Microb.Array, with particular attention to the effects of the aging process on the composition of this ecosystem. By using the Human Intestinal Tract Chip (HITChip), recently developed at the Wageningen University, The Netherland, we explored the age-related changes of gut microbiota during the whole adult lifespan, from young adults, through elderly to centenarians. We observed that the microbial composition and diversity of the gut ecosystem of young adults and seventy-years old people is highly similar but differs significantly from that of the centenarians. After 100 years of symbiotic association with the human host, the microbiota is characterized by a rearrangement in the Firmicutes population and an enrichment of facultative anaerobes. The presence of such a compromised microbiota in the centenarians is associated with an increased inflammation status, also known as inflamm-aging, as determined by a range of peripheral blood inflammatory markers. In parallel, we overtook the development of our own phylogenetic microarray with a lower number of targets, aiming the description of the human gut microbiota structure at high taxonomic level. The resulting chip was called High Taxonomic level Fingerprinting Microbiota Array (HTF-Microb.Array), and was based on the Ligase Detection Reaction (LDR) technology, which allowed us to develop a fast and sensitive tool for the fingerprint of the human gut microbiota in terms of presence/absence of the principal groups. The validation on artificial DNA mixes, as well as the pilot study involving eight healthy young adults, demonstrated that the HTF-Microb.Array can be used to successfully characterize the human gut microbiota, allowing us to obtain results which are in approximate accordance with the most recent characterizations. Conversely, the evaluation of the relative abundance of the target groups on the bases of the relative fluorescence intensity probes response still has some hindrances, as demonstrated by comparing the HTF.Microb.Array and HITChip high taxonomic level fingerprints of the same centenarians.

Influence of optic flow on postural control

The study of optic flow on postural control may explain how self-motion perception contributes to postural stability in young males and females and how such function changes in the old falls risk population. Study I: The aim was to examine the optic flow effect on postural control in young people (n=24), using stabilometry and surface-electromyography. Subjects viewed expansion and contraction optic flow stimuli which were presented full field, in the foveral or in the peripheral visual field. Results showed that optic flow stimulation causes an asymmetry in postural balance and a different lateralization of postural control in men and women. Gender differences evoked by optic flow were found both in the muscle activity and in the prevalent direction of oscillation. The COP spatial variability was reduced during the view of peripheral stimuli which evoked a clustered prevalent direction of oscillation, while foveal and random stimuli induced non-distributed directions. Study II was aimed at investigating the age-related mechanisms of postural stability during the view of optic flow stimuli in young (n=17) and old (n=19) people, using stabilometry and kinematic. Results showed that old people showed a greater effort to maintain posture during the view of optic flow stimuli than the young. Elderly seems to use the head stabilization on trunk strategy. Visual stimuli evoke an excitatory input on postural muscles, but the stimulus structure produces different postural effects. Peripheral optic flow stabilizes postural sway, while random and foveal stimuli provoke larger sway variability similar to those evoked in baseline. Postural control uses different mechanisms within each leg to produce the appropriate postural response to interact with extrapersonal environment. Ageing reduce the effortlessness to stabilize posture during optic flow, suggesting a neuronal processing decline associated with difficulty integrating multi-sensory information of self-motion perception and increasing risk of falls.

National Identity in Lithuania: Processes During the Period of Changes

Under the conditions of rapid and total change in the social, political, economic and legal environment in Lithuania, a re-orientation process is going on in all groups of society. In this process, not only younger but also middle-aged and old people become adherents to what Ms. Liubiniene calls the new, "post-materialist" values, strongly reinforced by powerful agents of socialisation originating in the West, like the media, advertising agencies and lifestyle-consumption models. As a result, the national identity of Lithuania and its inhabitants is being reconstructed. Ms. Liubiniene set out to examine the details of this evolving identity by conducting a survey of 1218 university staff and students. Her conclusions are set out in a 74 page manuscript, written in Lithuanian and available on disc. Change is most noticeable among the young. Indeed, time and time again, Ms. Liubiniene was to find that the age of 36 marks a natural watershed, with, for instance, the younger group valuing individualism highly and the older, collectivism. Ms. Liubiniene ventures to suggest that traditional values are deeply rooted amongst elderly people, women and people with an education in the humanities. Young people on the other hand, and especially those with a professional orientation towards business are more open to change and ready to adapt to new values. Turning to the evaluation of national symbols, Ms. Liubinie finds that those with an education in the humanities might be considered to be the most traditional, placing greater value on the symbols of nature, ethnic culture and religion. Folk songs and the crucifix are also in their top ten. Respondents with a technical education favour symbols of statehood and nature, and respondents with a business orientation assign greater value to the symbols of nature, history, sports and statehood. Ms. Liubinie concludes that the group of respondents most active and ready to adapt to new things is composed of young males of a business orientation. Generally the national identity of the young is weaker compared to that of the old. In the future, the combination of the evolution of values and the process of inter-generational replacement allows us to predict a weakening of the sense of national identity, or at least its transformation into something radically different to what it is today.

VISUAL-INERTIAL INTEGRATION FOR HUMAN MOTION TRACKING AND NAVIGATION IN FREE-LIVING ENVIRONMENTS

The aging population has become a burning issue for all modern societies around the world recently. There are two important issues existing now to be solved. One is how to continuously monitor the movements of those people having suffered a stroke in natural living environment for providing more valuable feedback to guide clinical interventions. The other one is how to guide those old people effectively when they are at home or inside other buildings and to make their life easier and convenient. Therefore, human motion tracking and navigation have been active research fields with the increasing number of elderly people. However, motion capture has been extremely challenging to go beyond laboratory environments and obtain accurate measurements of human physical activity especially in free-living environments, and navigation in free-living environments also poses some problems such as the denied GPS signal and the moving objects commonly presented in free-living environments. This thesis seeks to develop new technologies to enable accurate motion tracking and positioning in free-living environments. This thesis comprises three specific goals using our developed IMU board and the camera from the imaging source company: (1) to develop a robust and real-time orientation algorithm using only the measurements from IMU; (2) to develop a robust distance estimation in static free-living environments to estimate people’s position and navigate people in static free-living environments and simultaneously the scale ambiguity problem, usually appearing in the monocular camera tracking, is solved by integrating the data from the visual and inertial sensors; (3) in case of moving objects viewed by the camera existing in free-living environments, to firstly design a robust scene segmentation algorithm and then respectively estimate the motion of the vIMU system and moving objects. To achieve real-time orientation tracking, an Adaptive-Gain Orientation Filter (AGOF) is proposed in this thesis based on the basic theory of deterministic approach and frequency-based approach using only measurements from the newly developed MARG (Magnet, Angular Rate, and Gravity) sensors. To further obtain robust positioning, an adaptive frame-rate vision-aided IMU system is proposed to develop and implement fast vIMU ego-motion estimation algorithms, where the orientation is estimated in real time from MARG sensors in the first step and then used to estimate the position based on the data from visual and inertial sensors. In case of the moving objects viewed by the camera existing in free-living environments, a robust scene segmentation algorithm is firstly proposed to obtain position estimation and simultaneously the 3D motion of moving objects. Finally, corresponding simulations and experiments have been carried out.

Changing Europe and The Relevance of Care and The Caring Professions

The aim of the paper is to introduce the challenges of the international care debate of the last ten years in order to grasp basic social needs, to analyse their treatment in the public and private sphere and to look at the orientation of professional answers by the care-professions. The concept of care enhances the societal dealing with - or ignoring of - different forms of dependency on informal and formal personal and social services throughout the life-cycle (child-care, nursing sick or handicapped persons, supporting the elderly) and in special life situations (from help to lone mothers and their children, via help to drug-addicts to help for homeless people). All societies have different approaches to deal with these life-situations, they do so by employ-ing various mixtures of: familial support, mostly provided by women, social politics, organized by the state, public and/or private social services. This welfare-mix shows different combinations of private and public obligations, paid and und unpaid work, professional and laymen's tasks based on a specific understanding of mo-rality and justice embedded in the gender structure and intergenerational relationships. The importance of social work as a profession in this context differs according to the historical developments and cultural traditions. Characteristic for the profile of social work is the rele-vance of a care ethics and the existence of social rights, the tension of mothering and profes-sional methods, the relationship between help, denial and punishment and the ways of institu-tionalisation. The actuality of this debate is closely intertwined with the restructuring of societal bonds in the face of globalisation, the political reorganisation of states, the changes in the living to-gether of different generations and both sexes and the consequences for the organisation and contents of welfare. Looking at Germany and Eastern Europe two new phenomena of social relevance for the dis-cussion of care work and care needs can be taken as an example: the extent of cheap illegal women laborers travelling between east and west, especially Polish women working intermit-tendly in private care for old people and the highly organized traffiking of women from Russia to Germany to work in the sex business. The care debate entails a reframing of welfare issues in the light of social justice between classes, ethnicities and gender groups.

Age -period -cohort analysis: An extension of Cox's lifetable regression with time -dependent covariates

It is well known that an identification problem exists in the analysis of age-period-cohort data because of the relationship among the three factors (date of birth + age at death = date of death). There are numerous suggestions about how to analyze the data. No one solution has been satisfactory. The purpose of this study is to provide another analytic method by extending the Cox's lifetable regression model with time-dependent covariates. The new approach contains the following features: (1) It is based on the conditional maximum likelihood procedure using a proportional hazard function described by Cox (1972), treating the age factor as the underlying hazard to estimate the parameters for the cohort and period factors. (2) The model is flexible so that both the cohort and period factors can be treated as dummy or continuous variables, and the parameter estimations can be obtained for numerous combinations of variables as in a regression analysis. (3) The model is applicable even when the time period is unequally spaced.^ Two specific models are considered to illustrate the new approach and applied to the U.S. prostate cancer data. We find that there are significant differences between all cohorts and there is a significant period effect for both whites and nonwhites. The underlying hazard increases exponentially with age indicating that old people have much higher risk than young people. A log transformation of relative risk shows that the prostate cancer risk declined in recent cohorts for both models. However, prostate cancer risk declined 5 cohorts (25 years) earlier for whites than for nonwhites under the period factor model (0 0 0 1 1 1 1). These latter results are similar to the previous study by Holford (1983).^ The new approach offers a general method to analyze the age-period-cohort data without using any arbitrary constraint in the model. ^

La misión fundante de los apodos en La Reina Isabel cantaba rancheras de Rivera Letelier

En su novela La Reina Isabel cantaba rancheras, Rivera Letelier retrata el sórdido mundo de las pampas salitreras del norte de Chile. Los personajes que habitan estas regiones carecen por completo de nombre propio. En su lugar encontramos apodos a partir de los que el autor crea y recrea la historia de los viejos y prostitutas que habitaron estas oficinas salitreras. Más allá de la evidente intención cómica que persigue el autor de la novela, creemos que el apodo es el elemento estructurante tanto de los personajes como de la novela en general. Esto se debe a que la historia de la desaparición de la "última oficina salitrera" se entrelaza con la historia de los personajes que vivieron en ella. Los protagonistas de la novela se destacan gracias a sus apodos del resto de aquellos viejos que no hicieron ningún mérito para conseguirlo y por lo tanto están condenados al anonimato. Precisamente, son las características del apodo las que permiten al autor configurar a estos personajes que al lector le costará olvidar. Como primera característica, aludiremos a la calidad referencial del apodo frente al nombre propio. Esto se debe a que el mote surge de los defectos, virtudes o de cualquier otra circunstancia vivida por alguna persona. Esto permite que se establezca una relación causal entre apodo y persona. Por su parte, el nombre propio establece una relación casual con la persona a la que designa. Por otro lado, mientras el nombre propio es otorgado de una vez y para siempre. El apodo presenta como segunda característica la validez. Es decir, el apodo, necesariamente, esta circuscripto a un tiempo, a un espacio y sólo es válido para un grupo determinado. Esto se debe a que sólo dentro de estos parámetros el apodo podrá ser interpretado. Cuando se altera alguna de estas coordenadas, indefectiblemente, el apodo cambia.

Evaluación de conductas adictivas en personal médico y no médico en un hospital de agudos : estudio comparativo

Objetivo: Identificar abuso, dependencia, adicciones (tabaquismo, problemas con alcohol y alimentación) y automedicación en el personal de la salud de un Hospital de agudos.- Material y Métodos: Estudio protocolizado y observacional mediante. encuesta estructurada, autoadministrada y anónima. Se realizó el análisis en 4 grupos: Médicos (M) (MS: Staff y MF: en formación), NO M: enfermeros (E) y otros (O: administración, laboratorio, farmacia, servicios generales). Se realizó un estudio comparativo con una población encuestada en el año 2004. Resultados: Se incluyeron 373 personas: 195 M (73 MS y 122 MF), 83 E y 92 O; 225 mujeres (60,3%); edad promedio grupal: 36.1 años (DS± 9.98). El 77.5% con pareja estable, el 98.1% heterosexuales y 67,3% universitarios. El 67.3% se automedicaba, el 35.1% eran tabaquistas activos; el 28.4% presentaba problemas con el alcohol y el 36.2% con la alimentación. El tabaquismo fue más frecuente entre 40-50 años (42,5%) y en E: 56.6%; MS: 21,9%; MF: 27% y O: 36.9%(p<0.05). Se incrementó la intención de abandonar el cigarrillo comparado con el año 2004 (74.6 vs 56.3%)(p<0.05). Los problemas con el alcohol fueron frecuentes entre 20 y 30 años (47.2%), en personas con pareja inestable (73.6%), sin diferencias entre los grupos y en 51.8% coexistía con tabaquismo. Los problemas de alimentación ocurrieron significativamente en MF (46,9%) comparados con MS (22.5%) (p<0.05). Se detectó automedicación en el 68.3 del Grupo O y en 48.1% del Grupo M (p<0.05). Al comparar la automedicación en las encuestas del año 2004 y 2007, se comprobó una reducción en E (87.8 vs 52.4%) y en O (77.5 vs 48.1%)(p<0.05).- Conclusiones: Se detectó elevada prevalencia de tabaquismo, problemas con el alcohol, alimentación y automedicación en todo el personal hospitalario. El tabaquismo predominó en enfermeros, los trastornos alimentarios en médicos en formación y el alcoholismo en solteros con pareja inestable.

La salud oral de grupos poblacionales vulnerables : experiencias de educación para la salud bucal en niños con discapacidad en Perú y Argentina

Dos elementos permiten reflexionar sobre el futuro de los seres humanos: La buena noticia es que a través de la ciencia los seres humanos pueden vivir más de 80 años. La noticia negativa es que de acuerdo con las estadísticas, entre los 60 y 80 años de edad las personas van a sufrir algún tipo de discapacidad. Esta situación hace que muchos países trabajen hoy para hacer una contribución, por pequeña que parezca, que ayude a mantener los aspectos sanitarios susceptibles a la enfermedad. Estas contribuciones están directamente vinculadas a las acciones de atención primaria, educación en salud oral en las instituciones educativas que reúnen a los niños con discapacidad, sus familias y profesores, y teniendo en cuenta que los bebés y los niños con discapacidad se encuentran en vulnerabilidad desde la salud oral. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: compartir experiencias de educación para la salud oral en instituciones educativas especiales en Perú y Argentina y proporcionar recursos didácticos a través de herramientas educativas que permitan ayudar a los niños, maestros, padres y comunidad en el aprendizaje del cuidado de la salud oral en especial las instituciones educativas de ambos países. Desde la población en estudio se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria entre 2.010 escuelas especiales en la región de Lima, Perú y Mendoza, Argentina. Se acordaron temas básicos de promoción de la salud bucal como: higiene bucal, salud bucal, enfermedades prevalentes, caries, enfermedad periodontal, maloclusión, medidas de prevención, nutrición, etc. y se realizó una encuesta entre los padres para evaluar los conocimientos en los tópicos mencionados y el grado de compromiso de los maestros para aplicar estrategias de higiene en el ámbito escolar. Conclusión: La creación de espacios comunitarios para insertar la salud oral es un desafío. Ambos países desarrollan metodologías similares, resultando muy rica la experiencia de compartir las actividades que realizan cada uno de ellos. La premisa “Lo normal es ser diferente" es compartida por nosotros desde la idea de personalizar e individualizar las acciones con un fin común. En Promoción de la Salud Bucal para niños especiales Perú y Argentina se encuentran en la misma dirección.

O derramamento do Espírito : fortalecimento dos enfraquecidos

Esta tese se insere dentro da leitura bíblica latino-americana trazendo, nessa ótica, a riqueza e o desafio do que significa ler a Bíblia a partir de um contexto de opressão como é o nosso continente. Nos servimos do roteiro das ciências bíblicas e dos métodos exegéticos modernos. É uma pesquisa bibliográfica onde, eventualmente, consideramos o nível experiêncial, por exemplo quando trabalhamos o tema do derramamento do Espírito nos pentecostais chilenos. Esse capítulo, IV, segue o roteiro da hipótese central de nossa tese na medida que firmamos o princípio de que os pentecostais fazem parte do amplo e diverso grupo dos enfraquecidos como produto de um sistema excludente, baseado na exploração social. Numa situação de crise, o anúncio do derramamento do Espírito é um sinal de salvação, de perspectivas futuras, de conservação e prolongação da vida. Esta tese relê o tema do derramamento do Espírito, a partir de Jl 3,1-5. O tema é analisado num contexto social concreto, onde os enfraquecidos recebem o Espírito do Senhor. O eixo que nos permite fazer esta leitura encontra sua referencial nas pessoas setores sociais - mencionadas como beneficiadas diretas da ação do Espírito. São pessoas que representam setores diferentes; jovens, escravos e escravas, formam o grupo que sustenta e faz funcionar o sistema imperial persa grego - baseado na exploração e mão de obra barata. Eles, juntamente com os idosos que não produzem mais, são a base de sustentação da pirâmide social. Como demostraremos no decorrer da tese, nossa hipótese somente é possível se duas conjunturas se cruzam. Para isso, em num primeiro momento, localizamos e demostramos que o livro de Joel deve ser situado no contexto da literatura apocalíptica (nascimento). Em seguida, demonstramos que o livro de Joel, como produto literário final, deve ser localizado no contexto histórico do pós-exílio, isto é, no tempo dos impérios persa e grego. A confirmação destes dois aspectos desenvolvidos nos capítulos I e II, nos permitem, na análise literária, capítulo III, aprofundar, mediante a análise exegética, e confirmar a nossa hipótese central. Com estes três capítulos demostramos que o derramamento do Espírito do Senhor tem como destinatários preferenciais, senão exclusivos, os setores enfraquecidos pela política social, econômica e religiosa dos impérios persa e grego. Com estes três capítulos desenvolvidos, no quarto capítulo analisamos uma experiência concreta, de um setor majoritariamente pobre que tem se apropriado do texto de Jl 3,1-5, e encontrado nele uma alternativa social, política e religiosa para se manter fiel ao Senhor e por quase um século recria e revive a experiência do derramamento do Espírito. Os velhos, os jovens, os escravos e as escravas, formam o setor dos enfraquecidos. É o setor que nada espera, e que nada terá da parte dos impérios e que, como os pentecostais, pela sua situação de enfraquecimento, acredita que somente uma intervenção externa pode mudar o seu futuro, pode trazer de volta a esperança. Essa intervenção externa começa a ser possível pelo derramamento do Espírito e se concretiza na chegada do dia de Javé, que será grande e terrível, onde o sol e a lua se unem para indicar o monte de Sião e a cidade de Jerusalém como lugar de adoração, refúgio e salvação. Esta perspectiva da ação do Espírito é possível somente no período do pós-exílio. Nesse tempo o Espírito adquire uma dimensão ampla e inclusiva agindo sobre diversos setores sociais, independe de serem ou não judeus.(AU)

Estado nutricional dos idosos no Centro de Saúde Santa Maria de Bragança

O estado nutricional dos idosos, nomeadamente a malnutrição constitui um dos principais determinantes de doença e diminuição da qualidade de vida (Elia & Stratton, 2005). A malnutrição deve ser encarada como uma das maiores ameaças para a saúde, bem-estar e autonomia dos idosos; prejudica a saúde física e psicológica predispondo-os ao desenvolvimento de doenças, ao mesmo tempo que condiciona negativamente o seu prognóstico (Cowan, Roberts, Fitzpatrick, While & Baldwin, 2004; Elia & Stratton, 2005). O trabalho de investigação desenvolvido pretende conhecer o estado nutricional dos idosos inscritos no centro de saúde Santa Maria de Bragança. Definem-se como objetivos principais: caracterizar o estado nutricional, identificar a prevalência de malnutrição e relacionar o estado nutricional com variáveis socioeconómicas demográficas, comportamentais e clínicas. Face aos objetivos delineados opta-se por um estudo observacional, analítico, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa. A amostra é composta por 385 idosos, representativos da população alvo com distribuição por sexo e faixa etária da população. Para a colheita de dados utiliza-se um formulário, no qual é incluído o MNA® e o Índice de Barthel. Como principais resultados e segundo o IMC, evidencia-se uma acentuada prevalência de malnutrição (57,66%), rastreando-se 43,11% dos idosos como sobrenutridos e 14.54% desnutridos. Através da aplicação do MNA® identificam-se 25% de situações de risco nutricional. Conclui-se que o estado nutricional segundo o MNA® está significativamente associado com o estado civil, escolaridade, coabitação, solidão, consumo de álcool, polimedicação, existência de hospitalizações recorrentes, estado de dentição e ao nível de independência do idoso. Segundo o IMC está significativamente associado ao estado civil, escolaridade, coabitação, estado da dentição e ao nível de independência do idoso.