Erzeugung vakuumultravioletter Strahlung durch Vierwellenmischen in einer Hohlfaser

In dieser Arbeit wird die Entwicklung und experimentelle Umsetzung einer kontinuierlichen, kohärenten Lichtquelle im vakuumultravioletten Wellenlängenbereich um 122 nm präsentiert. Diese basiert auf der nichtlinearen optischen Summenfrequenzmischung dreier Fundamentallaserstrahlen in einer mit Quecksilberdampf gefüllten Hohlfaser. Die Wellenlängen der fundamentalen Laser sind dabei an der Niveaustruktur des Quecksilbers orientiert, um eine mehrfach resonante Überhöhung der nichtlinearen Suszeptibilität zu erreichen. Der transversale Einschluss der Lichtfelder in der Faser verlängert die Wechselwirkungszone mit dem nichtlinearen Medium um mehrere Größenordnungen gegenüber dem Regime fokussierter Strahlen und erlaubt so signifikante Steigerungen der Mischeffizienz.rnrnIm Zuge dieser Arbeit wurde neben einer umfassenden mathematischen Analyse des nichtlinearen Mischprozesses unter Einfluss der Fasercharakteristika eine Apparatur zur Erzeugung und Detektion vakuumultravioletter Strahlung entwickelt. Die Generierung ausreichend hoher Dampfdichten innerhalb des 50 µm durchmessenden Faserkerns konnten spektroskopisch nachgewiesen werden.rnrnDas erste erfolgreiche Summenfrequenzmischen zu 121,26 nm in der Faser wurde demonstriert. Die erzielten Mischeffizienzen sind bereits mit denen vergleichbar, welche unter Verwendung fokussierter Strahlen erreicht werden, obwohl eine Phasenanpassung in der Faser bisher nicht möglich war. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit markieren damit einen wichtigen Schritt hin zu Leistungssteigerungen kohärenter, kontinuierlicher vakuumultravioletter Lichtquellen.rnrnEine solche Quelle wird für zukünftige Laserkühlung von magnetisch gefangenem Antiwasserstoff auf dem Lyman-Alpha Übergang, sowie die Rydberganregung von Calciumionen in einer Paulfalle zur Implementierung quantenlogischer Operationen benötigt.rnrnFerner hat eine Untersuchung der, für eine effiziente Konversion essentiellen, 6^1S_0 - 7^1S_0 Zwei-Photonen Resonanz in Quecksilber Hinweise auf eine bis dato experimentell nicht beobachtete, auf einer Mehr-Photonen Anregung beruhende Licht-induzierte Drift ergeben.

Phase dependent forward three wave amplification in photorefractive BSO

The results of three wave mixing experiments in photorefractive Bi12SiO20 are presented. The results confirm theoretical predictions that amplification by three wave mixing is strongly dependent on the phase relationship between the three beams at the input to the medium.

Phase dependent forward three wave amplification in photorefractive BSO

The results of three wave mixing experiments in photorefractive Bi12SiO20 are presented. The results confirm theoretical predictions that amplification by three wave mixing is strongly dependent on the phase relationship between the three beams at the input to the medium.

FWM Constraints Management for Lightpath Establishment in GMPLS Networks

In all-optical networks, management of physical layer restrictions should collaborate in lightpath establishment. Label-Switched Path validation in Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switching on Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing network requires the treatment of the physical impairment-related parameters along the provisioned route. In this paper we propose, for the first time in our view, the generation of an optical layer database by simulation that specifically characterizes the dynamic FWM impairments for the lightpaths provisioned in a GMPLS/DWDM network.

Response of a two-level atom to a narrow-bandwidth squeezed-vacuum excitation

Using the coupled-system approach we calculate the optical spectra of the fluorescence and transmitted fields of a two-level atom driven by a squeezed vacuum of bandwidths smaller than the natural atomic linewidth. We find that in this regime of squeezing bandwidths the spectra exhibit unique features, such as a hole burning and a three-peak structure, which do not appear for a broadband excitation. We show that the features are unique to the quantum nature of the driving squeezed vacuum field and donor appear when the atom is driven by a classically squeezed field. We find that a quantum squeezed-vacuum field produces squeezing in the emitted fluorescence field which appears only in the squeezing spectrum while there is no squeezing in the total field. We also discuss a nonresonant excitation and find that depending on the squeezing bandwidth there is a peak or a hole in the spectrum at a frequency corresponding to a three-wave-mixing process. The hole appears only for a broadband excitation and results from the strong correlations between squeezed-vacuum photons.

Anharmonicity contributions to the vibrational second hyperpolarizability of conjugated oligomers

Restricted Hartree-Fock 6-31G calculations of electrical and mechanical anharmonicity contributions to the longitudinal vibrational second hyperpolarizability have been carried out for eight homologous series of conjugated oligomers - polyacetylene, polyyne, polydiacetylene, polybutatriene, polycumulene, polysilane, polymethineimine, and polypyrrole. To draw conclusions about the limiting infinite polymer behavior, chains containing up to 12 heavy atoms along the conjugated backbone were considered. In general, the vibrational hyperpolarizabilities are substantial in comparison with their static electronic counterparts for the dc-Kerr and degenerate four-wave mixing processes (as well as for static fields) but not for electric field-induced second harmonic generation or third harmonic generation. Anharmonicity terms due to nuclear relaxation are important for the dc-Kerr effect (and for the static hyperpolarizability) in the σ-conjugated polymer, polysilane, as well as the nonplanar π systems polymethineimine and polypyrrole. Restricting polypyrrole to be planar, as it is in the crystal phase, causes these anharmonic terms to become negligible. When the same restriction is applied to polymethineimine the effect is reduced but remains quantitatively significant due to the first-order contribution. We conclude that anharmonicity associated with nuclear relaxation can be ignored, for semiquantitative purposes, in planar π-conjugated polymers. The role of zero-point vibrational averaging remains to be evaluated

Investigation of the two-photon induced fluorescence in Rb vapour excited by Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser pulses

In this work we report the observation of the blue visible fluorescence at 420 nm in rubidium vapour as a result of two-photon absorption excited by femtosecond laser pulses 790 nm. After experimental investigation of the spa-tial and spectral characteristics of the obtained emission we can claim that mechanism of this coherent fluorescence at 420 nm was not caused by ampli-fied spontaneous emission, but represents the nondegenerate four-wave mixing. As a probable outcome of this investigation an opportunity of creation an ultrafast all-optical switcher might appear.

Collaborations complexes : modèle théorique et vérification empirique préliminaire en contexte de projets interdisciplinaires et interorganisationnels

La collaboration constitue une stratégie efficace pour aider les organisations et les individus à évoluer dans des environnements dynamiques et complexes, et génère de nombreux avantages cognitifs, affectifs et pécuniaires. De plus en plus, les équipes de travail sont impliquées dans des collaborations complexes, lesquelles requièrent de transiger à travers les frontières nationales, organisationnelles et disciplinaires. Bien que les collaborations complexes soient de plus en plus courantes en milieux organisationnels et étudiées par les scientifiques, peu d’études empiriques ont été réalisées sur le sujet et la documentation inhérente est disséminée dans divers silos parallèles de connaissances, donnant lieu à des modèles conceptuels divergents et incomplets. L’importance croissante de ces formes de collaboration crée l’impératif scientifique et pratique d’en acquérir une meilleure compréhension ainsi que d’identifier et d’évaluer les conditions et les facteurs qui favorisent leur succès et leur efficacité. Cette thèse vise à combler les lacunes susmentionnées et permettre un avancement des connaissances sur le sujet par l’entremise de deux articles répondant à divers objectifs de recherche. Le premier article avance une définition claire des collaborations complexes, en vue de réduire la confusion entourant ce construit. Il présente également la première revue de documentation sur les facteurs favorisant le succès des collaborations complexes, unifiant les résultats issus de divers contextes et disciplines scientifiques. Cette démarche a permis d’identifier 14 variables clés provenant de 26 études empiriques. À partir de ces données, un modèle conceptuel fondé sur des assises théoriques solides et reconnues en psychologie du travail et des organisations est proposé, offrant ainsi un canevas systémique et dynamique du phénomène ainsi qu’une orientation détaillée des pistes de recherches pertinentes. Le deuxième article part des résultats obtenus dans le premier article afin d’évaluer empiriquement les relations entre certains facteurs clés ayant un impact sur des extrants importants de collaborations complexes. L’étude multiphasique est réalisée auprès de 16 équipes de projets (N=93) interdisciplinaires et interorganisationnelles prenant part à des sessions de travail intensives visant la production de concepts novateurs en design intégré lié au développement durable. Les analyses corrélationnelles montrent des liens positifs entre l’ouverture à la diversité, les processus collaboratifs, la viabilité, la performance d’équipe et la performance de projet, ainsi que des liens négatifs entre les conflits et ces mêmes extrants. De plus, les analyses de médiation multiple révèlent qu’une plus grande ouverture à la diversité influence positivement la viabilité, la performance d’équipe et la performance de projet en favorisant les processus collaboratifs efficaces et en réduisant les conflits. Les implications théoriques et pratiques découlant de ces résultats sont discutées.

Studies on Some Aspects of Light Beam Propagation Through Certain Nonlinear Media

This thesis deals with the study of light beam propagation through different nonlinear media. Analytical and numerical methods are used to show the formation of solitonS in these media. Basic experiments have also been performed to show the formation of a self-written waveguide in a photopolymer. The variational method is used for the analytical analysis throughout the thesis. Numerical method based on the finite-difference forms of the original partial differential equation is used for the numerical analysis.In Chapter 2, we have studied two kinds of solitons, the (2 + 1) D spatial solitons and the (3 + l)D spatio-temporal solitons in a cubic-quintic medium in the presence of multiphoton ionization.In Chapter 3, we have studied the evolution of light beam through a different kind of nonlinear media, the photorcfractive polymer. We study modulational instability and beam propagation through a photorefractive polymer in the presence of absorption losses. The one dimensional beam propagation through the nonlinear medium is studied using variational and numerical methods. Stable soliton propagation is observed both analytically and numerically.Chapter 4 deals with the study of modulational instability in a photorefractive crystal in the presence of wave mixing effects. Modulational instability in a photorefractive medium is studied in the presence of two wave mixing. We then propose and derive a model for forward four wave mixing in the photorefractive medium and investigate the modulational instability induced by four wave mixing effects. By using the standard linear stability analysis the instability gain is obtained.Chapter 5 deals with the study of self-written waveguides. Besides the usual analytical analysis, basic experiments were done showing the formation of self-written waveguide in a photopolymer system. The formation of a directional coupler in a photopolymer system is studied theoretically in Chapter 6. We propose and study, using the variational approximation as well as numerical simulation, the evolution of a probe beam through a directional coupler formed in a photopolymer system.

Anharmonicity contributions to the vibrational second hyperpolarizability of conjugated oligomers

Restricted Hartree-Fock 6-31G calculations of electrical and mechanical anharmonicity contributions to the longitudinal vibrational second hyperpolarizability have been carried out for eight homologous series of conjugated oligomers - polyacetylene, polyyne, polydiacetylene, polybutatriene, polycumulene, polysilane, polymethineimine, and polypyrrole. To draw conclusions about the limiting infinite polymer behavior, chains containing up to 12 heavy atoms along the conjugated backbone were considered. In general, the vibrational hyperpolarizabilities are substantial in comparison with their static electronic counterparts for the dc-Kerr and degenerate four-wave mixing processes (as well as for static fields) but not for electric field-induced second harmonic generation or third harmonic generation. Anharmonicity terms due to nuclear relaxation are important for the dc-Kerr effect (and for the static hyperpolarizability) in the σ-conjugated polymer, polysilane, as well as the nonplanar π systems polymethineimine and polypyrrole. Restricting polypyrrole to be planar, as it is in the crystal phase, causes these anharmonic terms to become negligible. When the same restriction is applied to polymethineimine the effect is reduced but remains quantitatively significant due to the first-order contribution. We conclude that anharmonicity associated with nuclear relaxation can be ignored, for semiquantitative purposes, in planar π-conjugated polymers. The role of zero-point vibrational averaging remains to be evaluated

"Racism in a Melting Pot...?" Trinidadian mid-life transnational migrants' views on race and colour-class on return to their homes of descent

This paper deals with second-generation, one-and-a-half generation and ‘‘prolonged sojourner” Trinidadian transnational migrants, who have decided to ‘return’ to the birthplace of their parents. Based on 40 in-depth interviews, the paper considers both the positive and critical things that these youthful transnational migrants report about returning to, and living in, this multi-ethnic plural society and the salience of racial and colour-class stratification as part of their return migration experiences. Our qualitative analysis is based on the narratives provided by these youthful returnees, as relayed ‘‘in their own words”, presenting critical reflections on racism, racial identities and experiences as transnational Trinidadians. It is clear that it is contexts such as contemporary working environments, family and community that act as the reference points for the adaptation ‘‘back home” of this strongly middle-class cohort. We accordingly encounter a diverse, sometimes contesting set of racial issues that emerge as salient concerns for these returnees. The consensus is that matters racial remain as formidable legacies in the hierarchical stratification of Trinidadian society for a sizeable number. Many of our respondents reported the positive aspects of racial affirmation on return. But for another sub-set, the fact that multi-ethnic and multi-cultural mixing are proudly embraced in Trinidad meant that it was felt that return experiences were not overly hindered, or blighted by obstacles of race and colour-class. For these returnees, Trinidad and Tobago is seen as representing a 21st century ‘‘Melting Pot”. But for others the continued existence of racial divisions within society – between ethnic groups and among those of different skin shades – was lamented. In the views of these respondents, too much racial power is still ascribed to ‘near-whiteness’. But for the most part, the returnees felt that where race played a part in their new lives, this generally served to advantage them. However, although the situation in Trinidad appears to have been moderated by assumptions that it remains a racial ‘Melting Pot’, the analysis strongly suggests that the colour-class system of stratification is still playing an essential role, along with racial stereotyping in society at large.

Temperature optimization of optical-phase conjugation in dye doped polymer-films

Experimental results of the temperature dependence of the nonlinear optical response of methyl red doped polymethylmethacrylate films in the range 20°C to 170°C are reported. It is found that the intensity of the phase conjugate signal resulting from degenerate four-wave mixing using pump and probe beams with parallel polarisation states increases dramatically on heating by a factor of ∼ 10, reaching a maximum at ∼ 100°C. The intensity of the phase conjugate signal for the case with crossed polarisation states of the pump and probe beams drops monotonically with increasing temperature. For both configurations the response time shortens with increasing temperature. The particular role of the polymer matrix in this temperature variation of the nonlinear optical response is discussed.

Temperature-tuned vector phase conjugation in azobenzene dye impregnated polymer films

Near-perfect vector phase conjugation was achieved at 488 nm in a methyl red dye impregnated polymethylmethacrylate film by employing a temperature tuning technique. Using a degenerate four-wave mixing geometry with vertically polarized counterpropagating pump beams, intensity and polarization gratings were written in the dye/polymer system using a vertically or horizontally polarized weak probe beam. Over a limited temperature range, as the sample was heated, the probe reflectivity from the polarization grating dropped but the reflectivity from the intensity grating rose sharply. At a sample temperature of approximately 50°C, the reflectivities of the gratings were measured to be equal and we confirmed that, at this temperature, the measured vector phase conjugate fidelity was very close to unity. We discuss a possible explanation of this effect.

Quantum control of electromagnetically induced transparency dispersion via atomic tunneling in a double-well Bose-Einstein condensate

Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) is an important tool for controlling light propagation and nonlinear wave mixing in atomic gases with potential applications ranging from quantum computing to table top tests of general relativity. Here we consider EIT in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) trapped in a double-well potential. A weak probe laser propagates through one of the wells and interacts with atoms in a three-level Lambda configuration. The well through which the probe propagates is dressed by a strong control laser with Rabi frequency Omega(mu), as in standard EIT systems. Tunneling between the wells at the frequency g provides a coherent coupling between identical electronic states in the two wells, which leads to the formation of interwell dressed states. The macroscopic interwell coherence of the BEC wave function results in the formation of two ultranarrow absorption resonances for the probe field that are inside of the ordinary EIT transparency window. We show that these new resonances can be interpreted in terms of the interwell dressed states and the formation of a type of dark state involving the control laser and the interwell tunneling. To either side of these ultranarrow resonances there is normal dispersion with very large slope controlled by g. We discuss prospects for observing these ultranarrow resonances and the corresponding regions of high dispersion experimentally.

Enhanced multiwavelength holographic profilometry by laser mode selection

A method for improving the accuracy of surface shape measurement by multiwavelength holography is presented. In our holographic setup, a Bi12TiO20 photorefractive crystal was the holographic recording medium, and a multimode diode laser emitting in the red region was the light source in a two-wave mixing scheme. on employing such lasers the resulting holographic image appears covered with interference fringes corresponding to the object relief, and the interferogram spatial frequency is proportional to the diode laser's free spectral range (FSR). Our method consists in increasing the effective free spectral range of the laser by positioning a Fabry-Perot etalon at the laser output for mode selection. As larger effective values of the laser FSR were achieved, higher-spatial-frequency interferograms were obtained and therefore more sensitive and accurate measurements were performed. The quantitative evaluation of the interferograms was made through the phase-stepping technique, and the phase map unwrapping was carried out through the cellular-automata method. For a given surface, shape measurements with different interferogram spatial frequencies were performed and compared with respect to measurement noise and visual inspection. (c) 2007 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.