979 resultados para mud solids
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kuv., 10 x 15 cm
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kuv., 14 x 21 cm
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kuv., 13 x 21 cm
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kuv., 9 x 14 cm
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kuv., 10 x 14 cm
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kuv., 14 x 21 cm
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kuv., 21 x 27 cm
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kuv., 10 x 15 cm
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kuv., 10 x 15 cm
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kuv., 10 x 15 cm
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kuv., 10 x 15 cm
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kuv., 10 x 15 cm
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kuv., 10 x 14 cm
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Pyrolysis is a process for turning biomass into liquid fuel. The process consists of heating the biomass in inert conditions and quenching the resulting vapors into oil. The oil has many potential uses, such as heating fuel in peak heating plants. In order to broaden the application base and improve the quality of the oil, solids removal has to be addressed. The solids may also increase the probability of plugging in downstream equipment. The purpose of this research was to gain an understanding of the formation of solids in the pyrolysis process and to assess options for reducing the solid content of the oil. From literature it is known that the solids can be removed either by hot vapor filtration, liquid treatment or multiple cyclones. Hot vapor filtration decreases yield, but improves the stability of the oil while simultaneously removing solids and ash. Liquid treatment techniques are good for removing large particles but involve losses of pyrolysis liquid. Cyclones are a traditional robust technique used regularly in pyrolysis. In the experimental part of this thesis, a 2 MWfuel pyrolysis setup with 2 cyclones in series was operated and monitored. Solid and liquid samples were collected from various parts of the process for further examination. Sampling and sample treatment techniques were developed. The chemical properties of the pyrolysis char were also analyzed and assessed as a function of reactor temperature and fluidizing velocity. By measuring the particle size distributions it was noticed that there were much smaller particles collected from the second cyclone than fed into pyrolysis. The solids in the pyrolysis oil were even smaller. This was most likely caused by attrition and shrinkage. Due to better separation efficiency of the cyclones in large particles, excess attrition should be avoided.
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Vitamin D3 (100 ng 100 g body weight-l day-l) was administered intraperitoneally (ip) to the freshwater mud eel Amphipnous cuchia kept in artificial freshwater, calcium-free freshwater, low-calcium freshwater (0.2 mmol/l CaCl2) or calcium-rich freshwater (13.4 mmol/l CaCl2) for 15 days. Analyses of serum calcium and phosphate levels were performed on days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 15 after the beginning of the experiment (six eels from each group at each interval). Administration of vitamin D3 elevated the serum calcium [maximum elevation occurred at day 10 in artificial freshwater (vehicle: 10.55 ± 0.298, vitamin D: 13.90 ± 0.324), low-calcium freshwater (vehicle: 11.17 ± 0.220, vitamin D: 12.98 ± 0.297) and calcium-rich freshwater (vehicle: 11.24 ± 0.373, vitamin D: 14.24 ± 0.208) whereas it occurred at day 5 (vehicle: 8.42 ± 0.253, vitamin D: 11.07 ± 0.328) in calcium-free freshwater] and phosphate levels [maximum elevation at day 15 in artificial freshwater (vehicle: 4.39 ± 0.105, vitamin D: 5.37 ± 0.121), calcium-free freshwater (vehicle: 4.25 ± 0.193, vitamin D: 5.12 ± 0.181), low-calcium freshwater (vehicle: 3.93 ± 0.199, vitamin D: 5.28 ± 0.164) and calcium-rich freshwater (vehicle: 3.77 ± 0.125, vitamin D: 5.46 ± 0.151)] of the fish maintained in the above mentioned environmental media, but the responses were more pronounced in the fish kept in calcium-rich media
