Discovery of viruses lysing blue-green algae in the Dneprovsk reservoirs. [Translation of: Water blooms (ed. A. V. Topachevskii) pp.171-174. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 1968]

Viruses, which are characterised by a relative simplicity of chemical composition, are involved with all the groups of the animal and plant world. The discovery of viruses of lower organisms has special interest. Along with the already known viruses lysing bacteria and actinomycetes, viruses have been discovered in recent years which lyse algae. During investigations of water from water-bloom patches and of mud taken from zones of massive accumulation of blue-green algae in the Dneprovsk reservoirs, the authors obtained viruses lysing algae. The revealing of viruses producing lysis of blue-green algae, which one could use in the control of water-blooms, has the greatest interest. With this aim, samples of water were collected from various zones of water-bloom patches in the Kremenchug, Dneprovsk and Kukhov reservoirs. For viruses lysing algae we propose the name 'algophages'. Along with the existence of viruses of algae of the phage type, one cannot deny the possibility of the existence of viruses of another type, multiplying in the cells of algae and causing their virus illnesses.

Holopedium gibberum - an indicator of soft-water lakes? [Translation from: Fauna 21 130-132, 1968.]

In fresh waters the planktonic Crustacea are represented mainly by the two large groups, the Copepoda and the Cladocera. This study focuses on Holopedium gibberum and examines if the plankton is an indicator of soft-water lakes. H. gibberum is found throughout the northern half of the globe but its distribution is scattered and irregular. The study is based on a literature review and samples taken from water bodies in Norway.

Comparative drift studies on streams in lower Austria (Flysch, gneiss and chalk formations) [Translation from: Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Hydrobiologie 30 138-185, 1968.]

Seasonal changes and flooding have an extraordinarily great influence on the drift of organisms. The free water space plays the main part in the provision of food for some fish (Salmo trutta - trout): drift and content of the stomach are balanced here (Simuliidae): whereas others (Thymallus vulgaris) only selectively chose certain animals living at the bottom (molluscs). The total drift, drift of organisms and drift of organic material and minerals, plays a main role in the rate of production in streams. Besides the biology of the organisms living on the river bed, also the geological and hydrographical situation of the area plays a very important role for the composition of the drift. During the years 1964-1966 three streams in the characteristical geological formations flysch, gneiss and chalk of lower Austria were studied in regard to their drift. The Tulln (above St. Christopen), the Krems (above Senftenberg) and the Schwarza (above Hirschwang) seemed to be ideal for this comparative study because they are easy to reach. After summarising the hydrography and chemistry of examined rivers, the author examines the relationship between water level and total drift and the stratification of the total drift before analysing the drift of living organisms. Also considered are seasonal changes of drift of organisms and drift of exuviae.

Primary cosmic-ray positrons and negatrons in 1968 at energies between 11 and 204 MeV

The cosmic-ray positron and negatron spectra between 11 and 204 MeV have been measured in a series of 3 high-altitude balloon flights launched from Fort Churchill, Manitoba, on July 16, July 21, and July 29, 1968. The detector system consisted of a magnetic spectrometer utilizing a 1000-gauss permanent magnet, scintillation counters, and a lucite Čerenkov counter.

Launches were timed so that the ascent through the 100 g/cm² level of residual atmosphere occurred after the evening geomagnetic cutoff transition. Data gathered during ascent are used to correct for the contribution of atmospheric secondary electrons to the flux measured at float altitude. All flights floated near 2.4 g/cm².

A pronounced morning intensity increase was observed in each flight. We present daytime positron and negatron data which support the interpretation of the diurnal flux variation as a change in the local geomagnetic cutoff. A large diurnal variation was observed in the count rate of positrons and negatrons with magnetic rigidities less than 11 MV and is evidence that the nighttime cutoff was well below this value.

Using nighttime data we derive extraterrestrial positron and negatron spectra. The positron-to-total-electron ratio which we measure indicates that the interstellar secondary, or collision, source contributes ≾50 percent of the electron flux within this energy interval. By comparing our measured positron spectrum with the positron spectrum calculated for the collision source we derive the absolute solar modulation for positrons in 1968. Assuming negligible energy loss during modulation, we derive the total interstellar electron spectrum as well as the spectrum of directly accelerated, or primary, electrons. We examine the effect of adiabatic deceleration and find that many of the conclusions regarding the interstellar electron spectrum are not significantly altered for an assumed energy loss of up to 50 percent of the original energy.

Manuel Bandeira em prosa e verso: marcas de oralidade e características do português do Brasil

O combate ao excessivo rebuscamento da linguagem e a defesa de uma sintaxe mais reveladora dos fatos gramaticais da fala brasileira começaram a ganhar vulto a partir do Romantismo. No entanto, o movimento modernista revigorou essa tendência, estreitando a aproximação entre fala e escrita. Mesmo antes do advento do Modernismo, Manuel Bandeira já privilegiava uma escrita mais leve e simples, próxima da língua realmente em uso pelos falantes brasileiros. Embora tivesse recebido uma formação acadêmica clássica, Manuel Bandeira mostrou-se fiel defensor de uma escrita literária efetivamente simples, com características próprias da oralidade e que registrasse as variações da língua em função das diferentes situações comunicativas. Além disso, sempre repudiou certas exigências da tradição gramatical que não correspondiam à realidade linguística do Brasil. Este trabalho pretende levantar algumas questões relacionadas à variação linguística e à história da língua portuguesa, especialmente na variedade brasileira. Também objetiva tratar de certos aspectos referentes à norma linguística, apresentando breves comentários sobre o papel da literatura na afirmação da identidade brasileira. Esta pesquisa apresenta alguns comentários do poeta sobre questões relacionadas ao emprego do registro coloquial, da norma padrão e da valorização de uma linguagem mais simples e popular. Além disso, faz um levantamento de certos exemplos que corroboram a proposta defendida neste trabalho sobre a intenção de Manuel Bandeira de demonstrar fatos correspondentes aos verdadeiros usos linguísticos dos falantes brasileiros, no que se refere à presença marcante da oralidade na escrita, a determinadas escolhas lexicais e a estruturas sintáticas características da língua portuguesa do Brasil

Brasilgo mirari ekonomikoa 1968-1973

Brasilen 1968tik 1973ra emandako hazkunde ekonomiko izugarria. "Mirari" honetara heldu arte aurreko urte korapilatsuak eta honek utzitako krisia ere aztertuz.

Das deutsche Einschiff-Schwimmschleppnetz. (Entwicklung seit 1959 und derzeitiger Stand Anfang 1968)

Herrn Professor Dr. Andres v. BRANDT Ltd.Dir. und Prof. des Instituts für Fangtechnik, Hamburg, zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.

A questão nuclear na relação argentino-brasileira (1968-1984)

Este trabalho visa explorar a dinâmica da relação nuclear entre Argentina e o Brasil ao longo do período 1968-1984. Em particular, ele procura analisar a interação de duas dimensões desta relação. A primeira, de ordem bilateral, centra-se no estudo da rivalidade argentino-brasileira e procura medir o seu impacto tanto nas decisões nucleares de cada país como nas tentativas de estabelecer um acordo de cooperação nesta área. A segunda dimensão, de ordem internacional, analisa o impacto que teve sobre o relacionamento argentino-brasileiro a coincidente postura de ambos os países frente o regime de não proliferação nuclear (Tlatelolco e TNP) e a pressão internacional que ambos tiveram que suportar sobre os seus programas nucleares. Com esse objetivo, o trabalho se concentra em uma abordagem histórica guiada por fontes primárias (pesquisa de arquivo e entrevistas pessoais) com o objeto de reconstruir a narrativa histórica e contribuir a novas interpretações sobre o relacionamento argentino-brasileiro no período em questão em base à nova evidencia apresentada. São apresentadas quatro conclusões centrais: (1) mesmo sob uma situação de competição regional e crescente disputa geopolítica na Bacia da Prata, não houve uma corrida armamentista para a obtenção da bomba devido à natureza da rivalidade argentino-brasileira; (2) em todo momento os dois países têm incentivos para cooperar no campo nuclear por causa da sua visão compartilhada respeito à ordem nuclear global e a falta de informação perfeita sobre as atividades nucleares do outro país; (3) a dinâmica da rivalidade regional argentino-brasileira é fundamental para explicar por que, apesar de numerosas tentativas de cooperação nuclear de ambos os lados, escolhem uma lógica de não-cooperação entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970, e posteriormente, passam a uma de cooperação no começo de 1980 (4) a democratização como variável central para explicar o rapprochement nuclear teve um papel menor do que a literatura sugere.

Third Annual Report for the year ended 31st March, 1968

This is the third Annual report of the Cumberland River Authority on information of its activities and responsibilities on river management in its area between the beginning of April 1967, to the end of March 1968. The report contains 5 main sections on water resources, land drainage, fisheries, pollution, and finally the expenditure and income for the 12 month period. The first area that the report deals with is water resources, which includes periodical surveys, hydrometric schemes, acceptable flows, conservation works and a review of rainfall and river flow. The section on land drainage looks at work on improvement schemes, floods, charges and information on maintenance work carried out on rivers including Wampool, Waver, Glenderamackin, Marron, Eden, Caldew, and Lyvennet. The fisheries section covers 5 districts of the River Eden, Esk, Ellen, Derwent and South West Cumberland. It includes angling information and a general report for salmon and sea trout, brown trout and freshwater fish. Fish disease and fish hatchery are also covered as well as fisheries protection and licence duties. The fourth section on pollution deals with water quality, and the results of samples taken from rivers Eden, Eamont, Petteril, Caldew, Calder, Derwent, Ehen, Ellen, Wampool and Waver are also given. It also covers information on sewage and trade effluents. The River Authorities preceded the Environment Agency which came into existence in 1996.

River Dart Biological Survey 10th June - 15th July 1968

This is the River Dart Biological Survey from 10th June to 15th July 1968 by the Devon River Authority. This survey was undertaken to investigate the invertebrate bottom fauna of the river and to assess the condition of the river with regard to pollution. It describes the environmental conditions of the River Dart and the biological sampling method used, plus a brief conclusion of the survey. It also contains tables with the different species present and abundance on each sampling stations.