943 resultados para malattia di Parkinson, analisi del cammino, biofeedback, riabilitazione, cadenza


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La ricerca analizza, con gli strumenti della semiotica della cultura, il rito islamico del sacrificio in occasione di Aid al Adha. Il lavoro dunque esplora un oggetto tradizionalmente più vicino all’interesse etnografico e antropologico. Di tale sapere si rende conto nel Capitolo 1 dedicato interamente a una puntualizzazione dei maggiori studi antropologici elaborati sul sacrificio. Tali riflessioni sono anche l’occasione per problematizzare il dialogo tra semiotica e antropologia, in particolare in riferimento alla costruzione del corpus e alla applicabilità della categoria di “testo” a oggetti e pratiche sociali così complesse. Dopo una descrizione (Capitolo 2) delle caratteristiche del sacrificio islamico, nella seconda parte del lavoro si passa alla vera e propria analisi semiotica del rito in contesto di immigrazione (Capitolo 3), soffermandosi su alcune dimensioni significative per la semiotica: attori (Capitolo 4) e organizzazione spaziale (Capitolo 5).

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L’attenta analisi della letteratura scientifica su argomenti riguardanti i contaminanti ambientali oggetto di studio (i policlorodifenili) ha permesso di raccogliere dati utili riguardanti le proprietà di queste molecole, la loro diffusione e la loro pericolosità. Oggetto della ricerca è stato lo studio in vitro del potenziale citotossico e trasformante dei PCB, utilizzando come riferimento una miscela commerciale di PCB, l’Aroclor 1260, e di un MIX di 18 congeneri ricostituito in laboratorio. Il lavoro è proseguito con la valutazione degli effetti di queste miscele e di due congeneri singoli (PCB 118 e PCB 153) su linee cellulari diverse in test di vitalità a breve termine. L’utilizzo di test specifici ha poi permesso la valutazione di un possibile potenziale estrogenico. Una volta ottenuto un quadro generale sui possibili effetti delle miscele grazie ai risultati dei test funzionali, è stata valutata la modulazione, da parte delle molecole e/o di miscele delle stesse, dell’espressione di geni coinvolti nella risposta ad estrogeni o a composti diossino simili, andando ad effettuare un’analisi di tipo molecolare con Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) e analizzando nello specifico marcatori di pathway dell’Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) o dell’Estrogen Receptor (ER). In ultima analisi al fine di verificare l’applicabilità di biomarkers di espressione a situazioni di contaminazioni reali, ci si è focalizzati su campioni estratti da matrici ambientali, ed in particolare linee cellulari di interesse sono state esposte a estratti di sedimenti provenienti da siti inquinati. L’approccio scelto è stato di tipo molecolare, con lo scopo di individuare pathway da valutare in un secondo momento in test funzionali specifici. L’attività di ricerca si è avvalsa della tecnica del DNA-microarray per valutare la modulazione dell’espressione genica in risposta all’esposizione a contaminanti ambientali. In questo modo è possibile definire i profili di espressione genica che sottendono a risposte biologiche complesse nell’intento di individuare biomarcatori in grado di predire il rischio per l’uomo, e di consentire la stima di una relazione diretta tra esposizione ed effetti possibili.

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The wheel - rail contact analysis plays a fundamental role in the multibody modeling of railway vehicles. A good contact model must provide an accurate description of the global contact phenomena (contact forces and torques, number and position of the contact points) and of the local contact phenomena (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements). The model has also to assure high numerical efficiency (in order to be implemented directly online within multibody models) and a good compatibility with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The wheel - rail contact problem has been discussed by several authors and many models can be found in the literature. The contact models can be subdivided into two different categories: the global models and the local (or differential) models. Currently, as regards the global models, the main approaches to the problem are the so - called rigid contact formulation and the semi – elastic contact description. The rigid approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. The contact is imposed by means of constraint equations and the contact points are detected during the dynamic simulation by solving the nonlinear algebraic differential equations associated to the constrained multibody system. Indentation between the bodies is not permitted and the normal contact forces are calculated through the Lagrange multipliers. Finally the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces respectively. Also the semi - elastic approach considers the wheel and the rail as rigid bodies. However in this case no kinematic constraints are imposed and the indentation between the bodies is permitted. The contact points are detected by means of approximated procedures (based on look - up tables and simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry). The normal contact forces are calculated as a function of the indentation while, as in the rigid approach, the Hertz’s and the Kalker’s theories allow to evaluate the shape of the contact patch and the tangential forces. Both the described multibody approaches are computationally very efficient but their generality and accuracy turn out to be often insufficient because the physical hypotheses behind these theories are too restrictive and, in many circumstances, unverified. In order to obtain a complete description of the contact phenomena, local (or differential) contact models are needed. In other words wheel and rail have to be considered elastic bodies governed by the Navier’s equations and the contact has to be described by suitable analytical contact conditions. The contact between elastic bodies has been widely studied in literature both in the general case and in the rolling case. Many procedures based on variational inequalities, FEM techniques and convex optimization have been developed. This kind of approach assures high generality and accuracy but still needs very large computational costs and memory consumption. Due to the high computational load and memory consumption, referring to the current state of the art, the integration between multibody and differential modeling is almost absent in literature especially in the railway field. However this integration is very important because only the differential modeling allows an accurate analysis of the contact problem (in terms of contact forces and torques, position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) while the multibody modeling is the standard in the study of the railway dynamics. In this thesis some innovative wheel – rail contact models developed during the Ph. D. activity will be described. Concerning the global models, two new models belonging to the semi – elastic approach will be presented; the models satisfy the following specifics: 1) the models have to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the models have to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the models have to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the models have to evaluate the number and the position of the contact points and, for each point, the contact forces and torques 4) the models have to be implementable directly online within the multibody models without look - up tables 5) the models have to assure computation times comparable with those of commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail) and compatible with RT and HIL applications 6) the models have to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). The most innovative aspect of the new global contact models regards the detection of the contact points. In particular both the models aim to reduce the algebraic problem dimension by means of suitable analytical techniques. This kind of reduction allows to obtain an high numerical efficiency that makes possible the online implementation of the new procedure and the achievement of performance comparable with those of commercial multibody software. At the same time the analytical approach assures high accuracy and generality. Concerning the local (or differential) contact models, one new model satisfying the following specifics will be presented: 1) the model has to be 3D and to consider all the six relative degrees of freedom between wheel and rail 2) the model has to consider generic railway tracks and generic wheel and rail profiles 3) the model has to assure a general and accurate handling of the multiple contact without simplifying hypotheses on the problem geometry; in particular the model has to able to calculate both the global contact variables (contact forces and torques) and the local contact variables (position and shape of the contact patch, stresses and displacements) 4) the model has to be implementable directly online within the multibody models 5) the model has to assure high numerical efficiency and a reduced memory consumption in order to achieve a good integration between multibody and differential modeling (the base for the local contact models) 6) the model has to be compatible with commercial multibody software (Simpack Rail, Adams Rail). In this case the most innovative aspects of the new local contact model regard the contact modeling (by means of suitable analytical conditions) and the implementation of the numerical algorithms needed to solve the discrete problem arising from the discretization of the original continuum problem. Moreover, during the development of the local model, the achievement of a good compromise between accuracy and efficiency turned out to be very important to obtain a good integration between multibody and differential modeling. At this point the contact models has been inserted within a 3D multibody model of a railway vehicle to obtain a complete model of the wagon. The railway vehicle chosen as benchmark is the Manchester Wagon the physical and geometrical characteristics of which are easily available in the literature. The model of the whole railway vehicle (multibody model and contact model) has been implemented in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The multibody model has been implemented in SimMechanics, a Matlab toolbox specifically designed for multibody dynamics, while, as regards the contact models, the CS – functions have been used; this particular Matlab architecture allows to efficiently connect the Matlab/Simulink and the C/C++ environment. The 3D multibody model of the same vehicle (this time equipped with a standard contact model based on the semi - elastic approach) has been then implemented also in Simpack Rail, a commercial multibody software for railway vehicles widely tested and validated. Finally numerical simulations of the vehicle dynamics have been carried out on many different railway tracks with the aim of evaluating the performances of the whole model. The comparison between the results obtained by the Matlab/ Simulink model and those obtained by the Simpack Rail model has allowed an accurate and reliable validation of the new contact models. In conclusion to this brief introduction to my Ph. D. thesis, we would like to thank Trenitalia and the Regione Toscana for the support provided during all the Ph. D. activity. Moreover we would also like to thank the INTEC GmbH, the society the develops the software Simpack Rail, with which we are currently working together to develop innovative toolboxes specifically designed for the wheel rail contact analysis.

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Il progetto prevede l’applicazione dell’analisi del ciclo di vita al sistema integrato di raccolta, riciclaggio e smaltimento dei rifiuti urbani e assimilati. La struttura di una LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) è determinata dalla serie di norme UNI EN ISO 14040 e si può considerare come “un procedimento oggettivo di valutazione dei carichi energetici e ambientali relativi a un processo o un’attività, effettuato attraverso l’identificazione dell’energia e dei materiali usati e dei rifiuti rilasciati nell’ambiente. La valutazione include l’intero ciclo di vita del processo o attività, comprendendo l’estrazione e il trattamento delle materie prime, la fabbricazione, il trasporto, la distribuzione, l’uso, il riuso, il riciclo e lo smaltimento finale”. Questa definizione si riassume nella frase “ from cradle to grave” (dalla culla alla tomba). Lo scopo dello studio è l’applicazione di una LCA alla gestione complessiva dei rifiuti valutata in tre territori diversi individuati presso tre gestori italiani. Due di questi si contraddistinguono per modelli di raccolta con elevati livelli di raccolta differenziata e con preminenza del sistema di raccolta domiciliarizzato, mentre sul territorio del terzo gestore prevale il sistema di raccolta con contenitori stradali e con livelli di raccolta differenziata buoni, ma significativamente inferiori rispetto ai Gestori prima descritti. Nella fase iniziale sono stati individuati sul territorio dei tre Gestori uno o più Comuni con caratteristiche abbastanza simili come urbanizzazione, contesto sociale, numero di utenze domestiche e non domestiche. Nella scelta dei Comuni sono state privilegiate le realtà che hanno maturato il passaggio dal modello di raccolta a contenitori stradali a quello a raccolta porta a porta. Attuata l’identificazione delle aree da sottoporre a studio, è stato realizzato, per ognuna di queste aree, uno studio LCA dell’intero sistema di gestione dei rifiuti, dalla raccolta allo smaltimento e riciclaggio dei rifiuti urbani e assimilati. Lo studio ha posto anche minuziosa attenzione al passaggio dal sistema di raccolta a contenitori al sistema di raccolta porta a porta, evidenziando il confronto fra le due realtà, nelle fasi pre e post passaggio, in particolare sono stati realizzati tre LCA di confronto attraverso i quali è stato possibile individuare il sistema di gestione con minori impatti ambientali.

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Pharmacogenetic testing provides an outstanding opportunity to improve prescribing safety and efficacy. In Public health policy pharmacogenetics is relevant for personalized therapy and to maximize therapeutic benefit minimizing adverse events. CYP2D6 is known to be a key enzyme responsible for the biotransformation of about 25-30% of extensively used drugs and genetic variations in genes coding for drug-metabolizing enzymes might lead to adverse drug reactions, toxicity or therapeutic failure of pharmacotherapy. Significant interethnic differences in CYP2D6 allele distribution are well established, but immigration is reshaping the genetic background due to interethnic admixture which introduces variations in individual ancestry resulting in distinct level of population structure. The present thesis deals with the genetic determination of the CYP2D6 alleles actually present in the Emilia-Romagna resident population providing insights into the admixture process. A random sample of 122 natives and 175 immigrants from Africa, Asia and South America where characterized considering the present scenario of migration and back migration events. The results are consistent with the known interethnic genetic variation, but introduction of ethnic specific variants by immigrants predicts a heterogeneous admixed population scenario requiring, for drugs prescription and pharmacogenetics studies, an interdisciplinary approach applied in a properly biogeographical and anthropological frame. To translate pharmacogenetics knowledge into clinical practice requires appropriated public health policies, possibly guiding clinicians to evaluate prospectively which patients have the greatest probability of expressing a variant genotype.

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E' stato sviluppato un modello del ciclo produttivo del materiale composito utilizzato in aeronautica e sono state svolte valutazioni comparative con altri materiali tradizionali utilizzati nello stesso ambito.