103 resultados para jasmonate


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A produção e a otimização de substâncias de valor medicinal têm sido alcançadas pelo uso das técnicas de cultura de tecidos vegetais, que têm apresentado grande relevância quando se considera o status de conservação de uma espécie ou sua ocorrência em ambientes ameaçados. No presente trabalho foi avaliada a produção de carotenoides em culturas de calos e células em suspensão de Cleome rosea Vahl ex DC, espécie nativa encontrada em áreas de restinga nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e de São Paulo. Plantas micropropagadas obtidas a partir de raízes produzidas in vitro foram usadas como fonte de explantes para o início das culturas de calos. A produção de massa calogênica foi avaliada em meio MS suplementado com diferentes concentrações das auxinas ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético e ácido 4-amino- 3,5,6-tricloropicolínico, na presença de luz ou no escuro. O uso de diferentes meios básicos de cultura (B5, Nitsch, White) também foi avaliado. A calogênese foi induzida em todos os tratamentos, entretanto a maior produção de biomassa foi alcançada pelas culturas mantidas na presença de luz. A maior produção de massa calogênica foi obtida em culturas iniciadas no meio MS suplementado com 0,2 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D. A exposição das culturas à luz foi um fator essencial para a produção de carotenoides, que só ocorreu nas culturas mantidas nessa condição. Culturas de calos foram submetidas a tratamentos com substâncias elicitoras (extrato de levedura, metil jasmonato, quitosana) em diferentes concentrações e por um período de exposição de sete ou 14 dias visando otimizar a produção do pigmento. A maior produção de carotenoides nas culturas elicitadas foi alcançada com o tratamento com metil jasmonato (MJ) na concentração de 300 μM, independentemente do tempo de exposição ao elicitor. Análises cromatográficas mostraram que o processo de elicitação com MJ induziu ao aumento na produção de β-caroteno. Calos elicitados nessa condição foram usados para iniciar culturas de células em suspensão (CCS). Estas culturas foram acompanhadas por três subculturas realizadas a cada 20 dias, durante a fase exponencial de crescimento. Embora as CCS tenham mantido uma produção de biomassa constante ao longo das subculturas, os valores de produção de carotenoides foram inferiores àqueles alcançados pelas culturas de calos e não houve diferenças estatísticas significativas quando comparadas às CCS iniciadas a partir de calos não elicitados. Extratos de calos produzidos em meio MS suplementado com 0,2 mg.L-1 de 2,4-D foram avaliados quanto à sua capacidade antioxidante por meio da incubação dos extratos com DNA plasmidial em presença de cloreto estanoso (SnCl2), um potente agente redutor capaz de produzir quebras na molécula de DNA. Os extratos foram avaliados em concentrações crescentes (25 - 500 μg.mL-1) e apresentaram uma proteção dose dependente à ação do SnCl2. Estudos de toxicidade com o modelo de Artemia salina demonstraram que os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade nas concentrações avaliadas. Os resultados alcançados mostram que a elicitação foi eficiente para a otimização da produção de β-caroteno nas culturas in vitro e que os extratos obtidos a partir desses materiais apresentaram atividade antioxidante, indicando o êxito das técnicas de cultura de tecidos para a produção deste metabólito sob condição in vitro.

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茉莉酸(JA)以及茉莉酸甲醋(MeJA)统称为茉莉素(jasmonates),是由 亚麻酸起始合成的一类具环戊酮基的广泛存在于植物界的类激素,它们对于植物 的发育和抗逆性等都起着重要的作用。为了进一步的了解茉莉酸的生物合成以及 功能,我们对”冬小麦中的茉莉酸生物合成、低温环境中的作用及对拟南芥开花时 间的影响等方面进行了研究。 为了方便分离茉莉酸诱导的基因,我们构建了一个高质量的小麦茉莉酸诱导 文库。未扩增时滴度为3一4xlo6pfu/ml,平均插入的长度为1.2kb。TaJIP是一个 JA诱导的基因,进一步的Northern分析发现它亦可以被低温诱导表达,这给了 我们一个提示,JA信号系统可能参与了植物对低温反应的过程。当外源施加JA于拟南芥时,无论是春化处理或者没有春化处理,无论是C24 还是Col生态型,开花时间都有所增加,而且进一步的NOrthern实验证明,这 种外源的JA的处理延迟开花的现象是与开花抑制基因FLC表达水平的增加相平 行,与长日促进途径中的主效基因CO的表达水平无关。这种JA处理延迟开花的 现象与FLC表达水平增加相平行的现象,表明了JA有可能是通过作用于FLC, 使它的表达水平增加来延迟开花。 Aos(Allene oxide synthase)是茉莉酸合成的脂氧合酶途径中的第一个关 键酶。我们克隆了小麦中的该基因并作了表达分析。它的开放阅读框(ORF)约 1410 bp,编码的多肤长约470个氨基酸,推测其蛋白分子量为51.9 kDa,pI为 9.39。Southern分析表明其在基因组中的拷贝数为3个。其mRNA表达可被外源 的JA强烈的诱导。处理10小时达到高峰。RNA原位杂交表明,该基因在幼苗 中组织特异表达,主要集中在幼叶,特别是在维管束区域,与大麦中的AOS不 同的是,它还在胚芽鞘和茎尖的维管束区域有强烈的表达信号。原位杂交还显示 La3十并不能阻断JA对它的诱导表达

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低温贮藏是延缓园艺产品采后成熟、抑制病原菌生长和保持品质的常规方法。然而,许多园艺产品对低温(一般低于10 ºC~12 ºC)相当敏感,如果贮藏温度过低,就易产生冷害,降低其商业价值。所以研究采后园艺产品的冷害机制及如何提高其抗冷性是具有潜在经济价值的科学问题。水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯是植物产生的信号物质,有研究表明这两种物质能够缓解低温贮藏下果实的冷害程度或提高果实的抗冷性,但是相关的作用机理并不清晰。本论文以芒果、桃和黄瓜为材料,研究水杨酸甲酯或茉莉酸甲酯处理的果实在冷害或非冷害贮藏条件下的抗氧化代谢、酚类物质代谢、细胞膜完整性以及细胞壁成分和结构等方面的变化,进一步证实了水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯能够缓解果实的冷害,同时还探讨了提高抗冷性的机制。   本论文采用扫描电子显微镜研究果实表皮蜡层的变化,用光学显微镜、透射电子显微镜和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪研究果实细胞壁结构和成分的变化,用原子吸收分光光度计测定细胞壁钙离子的变化,用电导率仪检测果实细胞的完整性。同时测定了果实酚类物质含量、多酚氧化酶(EC 1.10.3.1)活性、过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.7)活性,并分析了果实硬度、糖和酸含量等品质指标。试验结果表明:适宜浓度的水杨酸甲酯和茉莉酸甲酯均能缓解果实的冷害症状,提高果实的抗冷性。其中,水杨酸甲酯处理能够改变果实表皮蜡层结构;降低表皮脂类物质和细胞壁酚类物质积累;抑制细胞壁纤维物质的降解,调节果胶物质的溶解,保护细胞壁结构。茉莉酸甲酯处理可以保护细胞膜的完整性;调节果实的酚类物质代谢,缓解果实的酶促褐变;抑制细胞壁果胶物质和纤维物质的降解,维持细胞壁结构和果实的硬度,有利于提高果实的抗冷性和缓解果实冷害。   虽然不同的果实表现的冷害症状不完全相同,但是低温胁迫对植物组织结构(膜系统和细胞壁结构)的破坏是造成果实冷害的根本原因。提高果实抗冷性的各种调节机制归根结底是通过保护细胞正常结构而发挥作用的。水杨酸甲酯与茉莉酸甲酯处理保护了果实的组织结构,缓解了低温胁迫对果实的伤害,提高了果实的抗冷性。然而,果实自身物质成分的差异是造成冷害症状表现不同的主要原因。   

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水母雪莲(Saussurea medusa Maxim.)和新疆雪莲(Saussurea involucrata Karel. et Kir.)是我国珍稀的药用植物资源,具有清热解毒、止痉镇痛、敛伤、消肿及治疗热病、风湿等多种功效。雪莲的主要药用成份为紫丁香甙(Syringin)、芦丁(Rutin)、高车前素(Hispidulin)和Jaceosidin等苯基丙酸类(phenylpropanoid)和黄酮类(flavonoids)物质。最新的药理研究表明,上述物质还具有抗菌消炎、保肝降压、延缓衰老和抑制癌细胞增殖等重要的研发价值。 雪莲生境恶劣,生长缓慢,人工引种困难,加上长期掠夺性采挖,已使雪莲处于灭绝的边缘。为了保存国家珍稀植物品种,保护生态环境,满足临床上对雪莲药物的需求,本研究在雪莲组织培养的基础上,应用诱导子添加技术和毛状根培养技术对雪莲中具有重要药用价值的次生代谢物质进行调控,并对雪莲MYB类转录因子的功能进行了初步探索,为保护珍稀植物资源、维护生态环境、开发野生雪莲替代产品、缩短雪莲药用成份的生产周期奠定了基础。另外,分析了野生雪莲和雪莲培养物中主要生物活性成份的种类及含量,为今后雪莲药理药效研究及品质评价奠定了基础。 为了提高雪莲黄酮的产量,满足工业化生产的需要,在细胞培养水平上,通过添加茉莉酸甲酯(MJ),对雪莲黄酮类物质的代谢进行调控。研究了诱导子的添加时间、添加浓度对水母雪莲红色系悬浮细胞的生物量和总黄酮产量的影响。发现在细胞培养的指数期(第9天)添加5.0 µmol/L的MJ,可以使总黄酮产量提高2.4倍(1134.5 ± 63.86 mg/L),而雪莲细胞干重(dw)仅比对照提高23.8 %(20.4 ±0.27 g/L)。另外,细胞中苯丙氨酸裂解酶(PAL)的活性分析表明,MJ添加后PAL活性的增加与雪莲总黄酮含量增长之间存在相关性。 在器官培养水平上,对雪莲毛状根的诱导频率及其培养条件进行了研究。结果表明,选择发根农杆菌R1601侵染预培养2天的新疆雪莲根段外植体,毛状根的诱导效率可达到83 %。毛状根的冠瘿碱检测、PCR和Southern分析表明,Ri质粒中的T-DNA已整合到植物基因组中并稳定表达。以新疆雪莲毛状根为外植体,能够容易地获得再生芽。在含有1.0 mg/L 6-BA的MS固体培养基上,其再生频率高达91 ± 5.9 %,是其正常根的2.4倍。而水母雪莲在该培养条件下,仅有少量的畸形芽出现。进而对毛状根的培养条件进行初步研究,结果表明在无激素附加的MS液体培养基中,新疆雪莲的HR1601根系在一个培养周期内(32 天),其生物量能够达到接种量的16倍,而紫丁香甙含量(43.5 ± 1.13 mg/g dw)能够达到野生雪莲的83倍。从而显示了雪莲毛状根培养体系的优良特性。 在基因水平上,对雪莲黄酮类物质代谢调控的研究已经展开。玉米P基因编码的Myb类转录因子能够调节黄酮类物质代谢途径关键酶基因的表达。根据P基因的保守序列设计引物,从雪莲细胞培养物中获得了SmP基因。核酸序列分析表明,SmP基因与烟草中涉及苯丙素类物质代谢途径的LBM 1、LBM 3和MybAS 1基因具有较高的一致性,分别为66 %、60 %和61 %。因此为了研究雪莲SmP基因的功能,构建了正义表达载体,并与先前构建好的反义表达载体分别导入烟草,分析了转基因植株的形态特征及黄酮类物质的含量变化。其中,约有30 %转反义SmP基因的株系表现叶片皱缩、叶脉紊乱、主侧脉角度缩小、叶片、花瓣失去对称性以及花粉败育等性状。 另外,通过正交试验设计优化了雪莲提取工艺的条件,并对雪莲细胞提取物进行了分离纯化。正交试验设计结果表明,温度对雪莲黄酮提取效率的影响极为显著,而分批多次提取比一次性浸提,能够收到较好的提取效果。考虑到工业生产中的实际问题,推荐在60 ℃水浴条件下,采用50 %乙醇对雪莲样品连续浸提2次的方案。对雪莲提取物的纯化研究表明,雪莲成份复杂,仅依靠单一的分离手段,往往难以奏效。另外,野生雪莲及雪莲培养物中生物活性成份的比色法、HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography)、LC-ESI-MS(Liquid Chromotagraphy Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry)分析表明,传统的NaNO2-AlCl3 法测定雪莲总黄酮的含量,结果偏高,不利于雪莲黄酮的实验室研究分析与今后工业化生产的质量监控。而AlCl3 法的显色反应较为特异,今后有望取代NaNO2-AlCl3 法,作为雪莲类药材品质评价的标准。而HPLC-DAD结合LC-ESI-MS可以对雪莲中的主要生物活性成份进行较为准确的定性分析,从而解决了由于缺乏相应的雪莲化合物标准品而难以对雪莲中的成份进行定性定量分析及比较的难题。最后综合利用上述分析方法,对雪莲细胞培养物中的花素类物质进行了分析。结果表明,雪莲细胞中至少含有7种花色素类物质,分别为矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖甙及其衍生物、天竺葵素糖甙衍生物和芍药色素糖甙衍生物。

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茉莉酸是植物信号传递以及诱导植物产生防御反应的关键诱导激素之一,广泛存在于高等植物中,并在植物病虫害防御的信号传导通路中起着重要的作用。茉莉酸可以诱导植物抗性基因表达,产生茉莉酸调节蛋白来抵御病虫害。在禾本科的大麦中发现了一个分子量在32kDa茉莉酸调节蛋白家族(JPR-32),但其功能一直没有深入的研究。 木菠萝素是从桂木属木菠萝的种子中分离的一种可以和半乳糖或甘露糖特异结合的凝集素。近来的研究表明,植物的凝集素具有多种功能,主要有:可作为储存蛋白,对储存物质进行包装、运输;作为植物细胞的有丝分裂因子,参与细胞壁的延伸;生长调节及运输碳水化合物;具有酶的功能;参与豆科植物感染结瘤;协同其它防御蛋白参与植物防御反应。植物凝集素的功能复杂各异,对木菠萝素的功能研究更是相对较少。 本文在小麦中克隆出的cDNA(本文命名为Ta-JA1基因),该基因cDNA全长1158bp,编码304个氨基酸,分子量32.7kDa,与JPR-32蛋白质家族的基因序列具有很高的同源性。从蛋白结构分析中显示,Ta-JA1基因有两个典型的功能结构域:N末端的茉莉酸诱导的防御反应结构域和C末端的木菠萝素相关结构域。为我们研究这个新的蛋白家族的功能提供了一个典型的模式蛋白。本文即从Ta-JA1基因出发来研究这一类蛋白的相关功能。在此,我们构建了Ta-JA1基因的pBI121表达载体,并通过农杆菌介导叶圆片法转化烟草,成功获得转基因植株。通过硫酸铵盐析法获得了植物Ta-JA1蛋白粗提品,效率在0.01%左右。使用蛋白粗提物进行凝血效应分析,转基因植株的蛋白粗样品可以凝集新鲜的兔血,说明Ta-JA1蛋白具有植物凝集素的基本性质。选取烟草上典型的三类病原体:烟草花叶病毒,烟草黑胫病菌和烟草野火病菌。分别对转基因烟草进行侵染,并观察统计其抗病性,发现转基因烟草对烟草花叶病毒和烟草黑胫病具有显著的抗性,对烟草野火病也具有一定的抑制作用。通过与野生型烟草在抗盐,抗旱,抗虫和生长发育等方面的统计比较与分析,可以看出,基因烟草在抗逆性上也有了显著的提高,虽然Ta-JA1的过量表达没有影响转基因烟草的整体生长进程,开花期和结实情况与对照烟草相比也无明显变化,但是转基因烟草的种子在萌发时间上有了显著提高,一定数量上还表现出愈合的花冠筒上出现不同程度开裂,花冠筒上有附生舌状花瓣,及带有花瓣状颜色的花萼等异常花表型。

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茉莉酸(JA)是由脂肪酸衍生而来的环戊酮化合物,广泛存在于自然界中,在植物逆境胁迫响应和生长发育调节过程中起重要作用。因此,JA被认为是一种新型植物激素。植物JA生物合成的最初底物是三烯脂肪酸(含有三个双键的十八碳和十六碳脂肪酸,18:3和16:3),这些脂肪酸经过脂氧合酶(LOX)、丙二烯氧化物合酶(AOS)和丙二烯氧化物环化酶(AOC)等一系列酶促反应,最终生成JA。JA生物合成所需要的三烯脂肪酸来自叶绿体膜脂。高等植物叶绿体类囊体膜含有四种极性甘油脂,它们是:单半乳糖甘油二酯(MGDG)、双半乳糖甘油二酯(DGDG)、硫代异鼠李糖甘油二酯(SQDG)和磷脂酰甘油(PG)。但是人们尚不清楚JA生物合成所需要的三烯脂肪酸主要来自哪一种膜脂。 最近,我们利用RNA干扰技术获得了烟草MGDG部分缺失的突变体。MGDG是质体中最重要的甘油脂,其含量高达50%,其中含有的三烯脂肪酸约占总脂中三烯脂肪酸含量的65%。本研究的目的是以烟草MGDG缺失的突变体(mgd1)为材料,通过研究MGDG缺失对茉莉酸生物合成的影响,阐明半乳糖脂与JA生物合成的关系。 首先我们对野生型烟草(WT)和mgd1的相关生物学特性进行了研究,包括甘油脂和脂肪酸组成。结果表明,mgd1烟草叶片中MGDG含量降低了57%,同时,其三烯脂肪酸相对含量也大幅度降低。其中十六碳三烯酸(16:3)降低了78%,亚麻酸(18:3)含量减少了28%。因此,由于MGDG缺失,类囊体中的三烯脂肪酸降低了27%。这一结果说明了JA生物合成的底物大幅度减少。 为了说明MGDG缺失导致的三烯脂肪酸含量的减少是否影响到JA的含量,我们利用GC-MS方法比较了WT和mgd1烟草中JA的含量。结果表明,mgd1叶片中的JA含量较WT降低了50%,说明了MGDG的缺失影响了JA的生物合成。 伤害可以诱导JA在短时间内大量合成。我们比较了机械损伤后JA在WT和mgd1叶片中积累的动态过程。伤害同时可以使WT和mgd1叶片中的JA含量增加,并且在1小时达到最大值。但是,JA在两种烟草叶片中增加的幅度不同,WT叶片受伤1小时后JA含量是未受伤时的5倍,而mgd1叶片受伤1小时后,其JA含量只增加了1倍。这些结果说明了MGDG缺失可以严重影响伤害诱导的 JA 的积累,MGDG是JA的生物合成底物的重要来源。 我们进一步研究了MGDG缺失对JA生物合成相关酶基因表达的影响。 LOX1和AOC编码JA生物合成途径中的关键酶LOX和AOC。RT-PCR分析表明mgd1叶片中这两个基因受伤害激活的程度比WT弱。进一步说明突变体中JA合成受到影响。 植物受到伤害时内源JA含量增加,并激活防御基因的表达。我们的结果显示,当植物受伤害后,mgd1叶片中与JA信号转导相关的防御基因HPL,PI-I和PI-II的表达量增加幅度明显低于WT。这说明突变体中JA信号转导途径受到了抑制。 JA在植物对昆虫侵害的防御反应中起重要作用,上述结果表明突变体对伤害响应受到削弱。昆虫饲喂实验显示,棉铃虫更趋向食用mgd1植株叶片,取食mgd1植株的棉铃虫的体重增加较多。这些结果与WT和mgd1在JA含量、防御相关基因表达方面的差异相一致。外源施加茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)能够恢复mgd1的抗虫性和防御基因的表达,说明JA是恢复mgd1抗虫性所必须的。 上述结果表明MGDG缺失使JA生物合成受到影响,尤其是JA在植物受到伤害后的生物合成。对于这一现象的可能的解释是:MGDG是JA生物合成底物的主要来源,由于mgd1中缺少大量的MGDG,当植物受到伤害时,MGDG不能释放出足够三烯脂肪酸来合成JA,导致其含量降低,破坏了JA信号途径,最终使得植株表现出抗性降低等特性。我们的研究证明了MGDG可以作为JA生物合成的底物来源在JA信号途径中起重要作用。

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茉莉酸类化合物是一种具有诱导植物次生代谢,抵抗外来侵害,提高植物抗逆防御性等重要作用的植物激素,主要包括茉莉酸(JA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)及其异亮氨酸衍生物等。茉莉酸的化学合成已报道有十几种之多,但都还无法实现工业化生产,满足农业需求。 本文以α-羧基肉桂酸为起始原料,经过加氢还原、AlCl3-NaCl离子液体中的分子内F-C酰基化反应,HATU催化下与异亮氨酸结合三步反应,合成了一种茉莉酸类似物吲哚异亮氨酸甲酯结合物(Ind-IleMe),总收率约70 %。 用合成的Ind-IleMe、coronalon及MeJA对银杏叶进行诱导,银杏叶经盐酸甲醇溶液加热水解提取黄酮苷元,HPLC检测发现,经诱导后的银杏叶与对照相比银杏黄酮含量均有所增加,最高可诱导银杏叶黄酮含量增长15%—20%,最高诱导浓度coronalon 最低,为1 μmol/L,Ind-IleMe是10 μmol/L,MeJA的诱导浓度最高,大于等于100 μmol/L。 对MeJA诱导后银杏叶的生理生化中几个重要指标进行了测定,发现经诱导后SOD、MDA、PAL、蛋白活性或含量相对升高,叶绿素、可溶性糖含量相对降低,这与MeJA诱导提高银杏叶的逆境防御及次生代谢有关。 在植物的次生代谢中,挥发性气体(VOCs)具有防御草食动物及实现同种及不同种植物间信息交流的重要作用。本文应用自组装的炭阱吸附装置和固相微萃取(SPME)来收集诱导后的银杏叶、利马豆及三种酒中的挥发物,GC-MS检测进行定性定量分析,发现诱导后的银杏叶释放出更多的挥发性有机物,主要是石竹烯等一些参与植物防御机制的倍半萜类,通过对比炭阱吸附和SPME在挥发物的收集上,发现炭阱吸附具有吸附效率更高、样品可短期保存、重复进样分析、可定量等优越性,因此具有很好的发展前景。

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非生物逆境胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育和作物的产量。解析逆境下植物体基 因表达及信号传导网络调控机制对于阐明植物的适应性反应及培育耐逆性作物具有 重要理论和现实意义。 雨生红球藻(Haematoccoccus pluvialis)通过累积虾青素来适应胁迫环境,茉莉 酮酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MJ)和赤霉素(gibberellins,GA)对植物胁迫适应过 程中相关基因的诱导表达起到重要的调控作用。本文选取 H. pluvialis 作为出发株, 研究了 MJ 和 GA 对虾青素合成途径关键酶 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶基因的调控作用。 在其中一种 H. pluvialis 中克隆获得了三种不同的 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶基因。通过基 因组步移,获得了三种 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶的5’ 侧翼序列(5’-flanking region),其 中存在着多样的顺式作用元件,包括 MJ 和 GA 的顺式作用位点。进一步的实验 表明,MJ 和 GA 的诱导处理,可以促进 H. pluvialis 中虾青素的累积;同时,MJ 和 GA 调控了三种 β-胡萝卜素酮化酶基因的转录水平。 南极小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris NJ-7)可以在较大温度和盐度变化范围内存活, 是研究生物胁迫适应机理的理想模式生物。对数期的 C. vulgaris NJ-7 主要的脂肪酸

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The inherent instability of metabolite production in plant cell culture-based bioprocessing is a major problem hindering its commercialization. To understand the extent and causes of this instability, this study was aimed at understanding the variability of anthocyanin accumulation during long-term subcultures, as well as within subculture batches, in Vitis vinifera cell cultures. Therefore, four cell line suspensions of Vitis vinitera L. var. Gamay Freaux, A, B, C and D, originated from the same callus by cell-aggregate cloning, were established with starting anthocyanin contents of 2.73 +/- 0.15, 1.45 +/- 0.04, 0.77 +/- 0.024 and 0.27 +/- 0.04 CV (Color Value)/g-FCW (fresh cell weight), respectively. During weekly subculturing of 33 batches over 8 months, the anthocyanin biosynthetic capacity was gradually lost at various rates, for all four cell lines, regardless of the significant difference in the starting anthocyanin content. Contrary to this general trend, a significant fluctuation in the anthocyanin content was observed, but with an irregular cyclic pattern. The variabilities in the anthocyanin content between the subcultures for the 33 batches, as represented by the variation coefficient (VC), were 58, 57, 54, and 84% for V vinifera cell lines A, B, C and D, respectively. Within one subculture, the VCs from 12 replicate flasks for each of 12 independent subcultures were averaged, and found to be 9.7%, ranging from 4 to 17%. High- and low-producing cell lines, VV05 and VV06, with 1.8-fold differences in their basal anthocyanin contents, exhibited different inducibilities to L-phenylalanine feeding, methyl jasmonate and light irradiation. The low-producing cell line, showed greater potential in enhanced the anthocyanin production.

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Chez les végétaux supérieurs, l’embryogenèse est une phase clé du développement au cours de laquelle l’embryon établit les principales structures qui formeront la future plante et synthétise et accumule des réserves définissant le rendement et la qualité nutritionnelle des graines. Ainsi, la compréhension des évènements moléculaires et physiologiques menant à la formation de la graine représente un intérêt agronomique majeur. Toutefois, l'analyse des premiers stades de développement est souvent difficile parce que l'embryon est petit et intégré à l'intérieur du tissu maternel. Solanum chacoense qui présente des fleurs relativement grande facilitant l’isolation des ovules, a été utilisée pour l’étude de la biologie de la reproduction plus précisément la formation des gamètes femelles, la pollinisation, la fécondation et le développement des embryons. Afin d'analyser le programme transcriptionnel induit au cours de la structuration de ces étapes de la reproduction sexuée, nous avons mis à profit un projet de séquençage de 7741 ESTs (6700 unigènes) exprimés dans l’ovule à différents stades du développement embryonnaire. L’ADN de ces ESTs a été utilisé pour la fabrication de biopuces d’ADN. Dans un premier temps, ces biopuces ont été utilisé pour comparer des ADNc issus des ovules de chaque stade de développement embryonnaire (depuis le zygote jusqu’au embryon mature) versus un ovule non fécondé. Trois profils d’expression correspondant au stade précoce, intermédiaire et tardive ont été trouvés. Une analyse plus approfondie entre chaque point étudié (de 0 à 22 jours après pollinisation), a permis d'identifier des gènes spécifiques caractérisant des phases de transition spécifiques. Les annotations Fonctionnelles des gènes differentiellement exprimés nous ont permis d'identifier les principales fonctions cellulaires impliquées à chaque stade de développement, révélant que les embryons sont engagés dans des actifs processus de différenciation. Ces biopuces d’ADN ont été par la suite utilisé pour comparer différent types de pollinisation (compatible, incompatible, semi-compatible et inter-espèce) afin d’identifier les gènes répondants à plusieurs stimuli avant l'arrivé du tube pollinique aux ovules (activation à distance). Nous avons pu démontrer que le signal perçu par l’ovaire était différent et dépend de plusieurs facteurs, incluant le type de pollen et la distance parcourue par le pollen dans le style. Une autre analyse permettant la comparaison des différentes pollinisations et la blessure du style nous a permis d’identifier que les programmes génétiques de la pollinisation chevauchent en partie avec ceux du stress. Cela était confirmé en traitant les fleurs par une hormone de stress, méthyle jasmonate. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous avons utilisé ces biopuces pour étudier le changement transcriptionnel d’un mutant sur exprimant une protéine kinase FRK2 impliqué dans l’identité des ovules. Nous avons pu sélectionner plusieurs gènes candidat touchés par la surexpression de cette kinase pour mieux comprendre la voie se signalisation. Ces biopuces ont ainsi servi à déterminer la variation au niveau transcriptionnelle des gènes impliqués lors de différents stades de la reproduction sexuée chez les plantes et nous a permis de mieux comprendre ces étapes.

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The foraging strategies of two natural enemies of the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae: the seven-spot ladybird Coccinella septempunctata and the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae, were investigated. Specifically the roles of plant semiochemicals in the location of plants infested with M. persicae by these natural enemies were examined. I investigated the olfactory responses of female C. septempunctata to volatiles collected from M. persicae and four Brassica cultivars; Brassica rapa, B. juncea, B. napus cultivar ‘Apex’ and B. napus cultivar ‘Courage’ and wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana that were: undamaged, previously infested by M. persicae and infested with M. persicae. C. septempunctata showed no attraction to volatiles from M. persicae alone. C. septempunctata significantly changed its searching behaviour in response to plant volatiles from B. rapa, B. napus cv. ‘Apex’ and Arabidopsis infested with M. persicae. C. septempunctata was also found to display a significant turning bias when foraging on a branching horizontal wire stem. A model was developed to investigate how turning biases affect the foraging efficiency of C. septempunctata in dichotomous branched environments. Simulations using this model indicated that turning biases could potentially increase searching efficiency. D. rapae showed a significant preference for volatiles from M. persicae infested wild-type Arabidopsis but no preference to volatiles from M. persicae alone or M. persicae honeydew. Volatile emissions by Arabidopsis were shown to be localised to the area of aphid-infestation rather than systemic. Using gas chromatography plants infested with M. persicae were shown to emit a quantitatively different volatile blend than undamaged plants. In experiments with jasmonate mutants of Arabidopsis the jasmonate (octadecanoid) wound response pathway was implicated as being important for the production of M. persicae induced volatiles, attractive to D. rapae. Other wound response pathways were also found to be involved in the production of the full blend of M. persicae induced volatiles.

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The Arabidopsis thaliana heterotrimeric G protein complex is encoded by single canonical Galpha and Gbeta subunit genes and two Ggamma subunit genes (AGG1 and AGG2), raising the possibility that the two potential G protein complexes mediate different cellular processes. Mutants with reduced expression of one or both Ggamma genes revealed specialized roles for each Ggamma subunit. AGG1-deficient mutants, but not AGG2-deficient mutants, showed impaired resistance against necrotrophic pathogens, reduced induction of the plant defensin gene PDF1.2, and decreased sensitivity to methyl jasmonate. By contrast, both AGG1- and AGG2-deficient mutants were hypersensitive to auxin-mediated induction of lateral roots, suggesting that Gbetagamma1 and Gbetagamma2 synergistically inhibit auxin-dependent lateral root initiation. However, the involvement of each Ggamma subunit in this root response differs, with Gbetagamma1 acting within the central cylinder, attenuating acropetally transported auxin signaling, while Gbetagamma2 affects the action of basipetal auxin and graviresponsiveness within the epidermis and/or cortex. This selectivity also operates in the hypocotyl. Selectivity in Gbetagamma signaling was also found in other known AGB1-mediated pathways. agg1 mutants were hypersensitive to glucose and the osmotic agent mannitol during seed germination, while agg2 mutants were only affected by glucose. We show that both Ggamma subunits form functional Gbetagamma dimers and that each provides functional selectivity to the plant heterotrimeric G proteins, revealing a mechanism underlying the complexity of G protein-mediated signaling in plants.

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Nicotiana glauca (Argentinean tree tobacco) is atypical within the genus Nicotiana, accumulating predominantly anabasine rather than nicotine and/or nornicotine as the main component of its leaf pyridine alkaloid fraction. The current study examines the role of the A622 gene from N. glauca (NgA622) in alkaloid production and utilises an RNAi approach to down-regulate gene expression and diminish levels of A622 protein in transgenic tissues. Results indicate that RNAi-mediated reduction in A622 transcript levels markedly reduces the capacity of N. glauca to produce anabasine resulting in plants with scarcely any pyridine alkaloids in leaf tissues, even after damage to apical tissues. In addition, analysis of hairy roots containing the NgA622-RNAi construct shows a substantial reduction in both anabasine and nicotine levels within these tissues, even if stimulated with methyl jasmonate, indicating a role for the A622 enzyme in the synthesis of both alkaloids in roots of N. glauca. Feeding of Nicotinic Acid (NA) to hairy roots of N. glauca containing the NgA622-RNAi construct did not restore capacity for synthesis of anabasine or nicotine. Moreover, treatment of these hairy root lines with NA did not lead to an increase in anatabine levels, unlike controls. Together, these results strongly suggest that A622 is an integral component of the final enzyme complex responsible for biosynthesis of all three pyridine alkaloids in Nicotiana.

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Background: Sugarcane is an increasingly economically and environmentally important C4 grass, used for the production of sugar and bioethanol, a low-carbon emission fuel. Sugarcane originated from crosses of Saccharum species and is noted for its unique capacity to accumulate high amounts of sucrose in its stems. Environmental stresses limit enormously sugarcane productivity worldwide. To investigate transcriptome changes in response to environmental inputs that alter yield we used cDNA microarrays to profile expression of 1,545 genes in plants submitted to drought, phosphate starvation, herbivory and N-2-fixing endophytic bacteria. We also investigated the response to phytohormones (abscisic acid and methyl jasmonate). The arrayed elements correspond mostly to genes involved in signal transduction, hormone biosynthesis, transcription factors, novel genes and genes corresponding to unknown proteins.Results: Adopting an outliers searching method 179 genes with strikingly different expression levels were identified as differentially expressed in at least one of the treatments analysed. Self Organizing Maps were used to cluster the expression profiles of 695 genes that showed a highly correlated expression pattern among replicates. The expression data for 22 genes was evaluated for 36 experimental data points by quantitative RT-PCR indicating a validation rate of 80.5% using three biological experimental replicates. The SUCAST Database was created that provides public access to the data described in this work, linked to tissue expression profiling and the SUCAST gene category and sequence analysis. The SUCAST database also includes a categorization of the sugarcane kinome based on a phylogenetic grouping that included 182 undefined kinases.Conclusion: An extensive study on the sugarcane transcriptome was performed. Sugarcane genes responsive to phytohormones and to challenges sugarcane commonly deals with in the field were identified. Additionally, the protein kinases were annotated based on a phylogenetic approach. The experimental design and statistical analysis applied proved robust to unravel genes associated with a diverse array of conditions attributing novel functions to previously unknown or undefined genes. The data consolidated in the SUCAST database resource can guide further studies and be useful for the development of improved sugarcane varieties.