Galactic Bulge PNe:Carbon molecules in oxygen-rich environments

Galactic bulge planetary nebulae show evidence of mixed chemistry with emission from both silicate dust and PAHs. This mixed chemistry is unlikely to be related to carbon dredge up, as third dredge-up is not expected to occur in the low mass bulge stars. We show that the phenomenon is widespread, and is seen in 30 nebulae out of our sample of 40. A strong correlation is found between strength of the PAH bands and morphology, in particular, the presence of a dense torus. A chemical model is presented which shows that hydrocarbon chains can form within oxygen-rich gas through gas-phase chemical reactions. We conclude that the mixed chemistry phenomenon occurring in the galactic bulge planetary nebulae is best explained through hydrocarbon chemistry in an UV-irradiated, dense torus. © 2012 International Astronomical Union.

Water in protoplanetary disks

Infrared water line emission from protoplanetary disks, recently observed by the Spitzer and Herschel space telescopes, is thought to trace the surface layer of the inner to outer regions of the disks. We have modelled the water abundance profile and line emission, especially focusing on the effects of dust size growth and turbulent mixing. Comparison between model calculations and observations suggests a small grain model with turbulent mixing is preferred. Copyright © International Astronomical Union 2014.

Commission 15: Physical Studies of Comets and Minor Planets

This report of the business meeting of Commission 15 at the 2009 IAU GA is based on notes provided by Walter Huebner, past president, and on the minutes taken by Daniel Boice, secretary of Commission 15 in the triennium 2006 to 2009, with additional notes from the current secretary, Daniel Hestroffer. The business meeting was split into two sessions, the first held on 5 August and the second held on 11 August. This report presents the minutes of the two Commission 15 business-meeting sessions held during General Assembly XXVII.

New transiting exoplanets from the SuperWASP-North survey

The Wide Angle Search for Planet (WASP) project is one of the leading projects in the discovery of transiting exoplanets. We present 1) the current status of the WASP-North survey, 2) our recent exoplanet discoveries, and 3) we exemplify how these results fit into our understanding of transiting exoplanet properties and how they can help to understand exoplanet diversity.

Channel estimation and parameters acquisition systems employing cooperative diversity

This work investigates new channel estimation schemes for the forthcoming and future generation of cellular systems for which cooperative techniques are regarded. The studied cooperative systems are designed to re-transmit the received information to the user terminal via the relay nodes, in order to make use of benefits such as high throughput, fairness in access and extra coverage. The cooperative scenarios rely on OFDM-based systems employing classical and pilot-based channel estimators, which were originally designed to pointto-point links. The analytical studies consider two relaying protocols, namely, the Amplifyand-Forward and the Equalise-and-Forward, both for the downlink case. The relaying channels statistics show that such channels entail specific characteristics that comply to a proper filter and equalisation designs. Therefore, adjustments in the estimation process are needed in order to obtain the relay channel estimates, refine these initial estimates via iterative processing and obtain others system parameters that are required in the equalisation. The system performance is evaluated considering standardised specifications and the International Telecommunication Union multipath channel models.

Natural gas system operation: lagrangean optimization techniques

To comply with natural gas demand growth patterns and Europe´s import dependency, the gas industry needs to organize an efficient upstream infrastructure. The best location of Gas Supply Units – GSUs and the alternative transportation mode – by phisical or virtual pipelines, are the key of a successful industry. In this work we study the optimal location of GSUs, as well as determining the most efficient allocation from gas loads to sources, selecting the best transportation mode, observing specific technical restrictions and minimizing system total costs. For the location of GSUs on system we use the P-median problem, for assigning gas demands nodes to source facilities we use the classical transportation problem. The developed model is an optimisation-based approach, based on a Lagrangean heuristic, using Lagrangean relaxation for P-median problems – Simple Lagrangean Heuristic. The solution of this heuristic can be improved by adding a local search procedure - the Lagrangean Reallocation Heuristic. These two heuristics, Simple Lagrangean and Lagrangean Reallocation, were tested on a realistic network - the primary Iberian natural gas network, organized with 65 nodes, connected by physical and virtual pipelines. Computational results are presented for both approaches, showing the location gas sources and allocation loads arrangement, system total costs and gas transportation mode.

Regulatory governance in the latinamerican telecommunications sector

Empezando con Chile a comienzos de 1980, los países de América Latina han profundizado la reforma a las telecomunicaciones para crear un entorno regulatorio que incentive la inversión privada, en particular la inversión extranjera. En este artículo, trabajo las tendencias regulatorias en el sector telecomunicaciones de 24 países latinoamericanos y del caribe durante el período 1980-1997 y construyo un índice basado en : autonomía, rendición de cuentas, claridad de las funciones y objetivos, transparencia y participación, y el tipo de mandato legal que crea el ente regulador. El índice muestra que, en promedio, la mayoría de los países llevaron a cabo fuertes reformas regulatorias en la dirección sugerida por expertos e investigadores. El índice también se correlación bien con varias variables políticas, de riesgo, económicas y de telecomunicaciones.

Simulations of angular momentum evolution in wind-fed CV precursors

It is thought that the secondary stars in cataclysmic variables (CVs) may undergo a period of mass loss in the form of a wind during the evolution of the system (Mullan et al. 1992). This wind is thought to magnetically brake the secondary star with a time-scale ~ 10^8 yr (e.g. van Paradijs 1986). When the secondary’s spin has been brought close to synchronism with the orbit it is possible for tidal torques to lock the secondary in synchronous rotation.

Landscape and farm scale management to enhance biodiversity conservation in the cocoa producing region of southern Bahia, Brazil

In southern Bahia, Brazil, large land areas are used for the production of cocoa (Theobroma cacao), which is predominantly grown under the shade of native trees in an agroforestry system locally known as cabruca. As a dominant forest-like landscape element of the cocoa region, the cabrucas play an important role in the conservation of the region`s biodiversity. The purpose of this review is to provide the scientific basis for an action plan to reconcile cocoa production and biodiversity conservation in southern Bahia. The available research collectively highlights the diversity of responses of different species and biological groups to both the habitat quality of the cabrucas themselves and to the general characteristics of the landscape, such as the relative extent and spatial configuration of different vegetation types within the landscape mosaic. We identify factors that influence directly or indirectly the occurrence of native species in the cabrucas and the wider landscape of the cocoa region and develop recommendations for their conservation management. We show that the current scientific knowledge already provides a good basis for a biodiversity friendly management of the cocoa region of southern Bahia, although more work is needed to refine some management recommendations, especially on shade canopy composition and density, and verify their economic viability. The implementation of our recommendations should be accompanied by appropriate biological and socioeconomic monitoring and the findings should inform a broad program of adaptive management of the cabrucas and the wider cocoa landscape.

The importance of national ICT visions for information society in South East Asia

This paper addresses the question ‘How necessary is a national information and communications technology (ICT) strategy/vision for the development of an information society?’ For the purpose of this paper, ‘information society’ is reduced to two key dimensions: penetration of ICT, and access to government information on-line. In considering the question, the paper calls on data contained in the International Telecommunication Union’s (ITU) case studies of e-readiness in eight South East Asian (SEA) nations (Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam). The background to the paper includes an overview of the SEA nations in terms of demographics and a discussion of the dilemma of government involvement in developing an information society in the light of the ‘small government mantra’ that has dominated in recent years. National ICT strategies visions of each nation are presented, followed by on overview of their information society policies and practices and their ICT penetration. The importance of the vision is then contrasted with other factors including level of development and national income. The conclusions draw attention to the importance of a vision irrespective of level of development and resource availability. In fact, for the least developed nations, poor infrastructure may be an opportunity to leap frog to the most advanced networks supporting an information society, if the vision is relevant, powerful and broadly held.

Análise comparativa de desempenho de redes IP e ATM com tráfego multimídia interativo

A década de 80 é um marco para a área de comunicação de dados. Muitos estudos, pesquisas e especificações foram iniciados para permitir a integração de sistemas de comunicação para voz, vídeo e dados. Desde essa década, os cientistas procuram investir na Internet, que é um dos mais importantes e populares meios de transmissão de informações no mundo, para acomodar aplicações que permitam enviar imagens e sons por esta imensa rede de comunicação. Também nessa década, no final, o International Telecommunications Union – Telecommunication (ITU-T), especificou a tecnologia ATM, cujas pesquisas vinham ocorrendo desde o seu início. O serviço de rede tradicional na Internet é transmissão de datagramas ´besteffort ´, conforme será visto neste trabalho. Neste serviço, os pacotes da origem são enviados para o destino, sem garantia de entrega. Para aquelas aplicações que requerem garantia de entrega, o protocolo TCP (equivalente à camada 4 do RM-OSI) se encarregará da retransmissão dos pacotes que falharam ao atingir o destino para então se conseguir uma recepção correta. Para aplicações de comunicação tradicionais, como FTP e Telnet, em que uma entrega correta é mais importante que a perda de tempo da retransmissão, este serviço é satisfatório. Entretanto, uma nova classe de aplicações, as quais usam mídias múltiplas (voz, som e dados), começam a aparecer na Internet. Exemplos desta classe de aplicação são: vídeo teleconferência, vídeo sob demanda e simulação distribuída. Operações de modo tradicional para estas aplicações resultam em redução da qualidade da informação recebida e, potencialmente, ineficiência do uso da largura de banda. Para remediar este problema é desenvolvido um ambiente de serviço para tempo real, no qual múltiplas classes de serviços são oferecidas. Este ambiente estende o modelo de serviços existentes para ir ao encontro das necessidades das aplicações multimídia com obrigatoriedade de tempo real, porém esta não é uma meta muito fácil. Contudo, a comunidade pesquisadora tem conseguido desenvolver alguns mecanismos que vão pouco a pouco permitindo que este objetivo se transforme em realidade. O ATM é uma tecnologia que provê dutos de alta velocidade para a transferência de qualquer tipo de informação em pequenos pacotes de tamanho fixo, chamados células. A idéia básica é estabelecer entre dois pontos que desejam se comunicar um circuito virtual que é mantido pelos comutadores de células para levar a informação de um lado a outro. A característica marcante do ATM é a Qualidade de Servico – QoS, que garante o desempenho predefinido que determinado serviço necessita. Isso permite suportar aplicações de tempo real que são sensíveis ao atraso. O atendimento à diversidade de características de tráfego e exigências distintas de grandes quantidades de serviços é possível pelo ATM graças ao controle de tráfego reunido à capacidade de multiplexação estatística do meio em altas taxas de transmissão. O objetivo principal desta dissertação é elaborar uma comparação quantitativa e qualitativa do funcionamento de aplicações multimídia sobre IP com RSVP - Protocolo desenvolvido para realizar reservas de recursos integrante da arquitetura de Serviços Integrados (IntServ) proposta pelo IETF para oferecer qualidade de serviço para aplicações tais como aplicações multimídia. Essa proposta também inclui duas classes de serviços, sendo que nessa dissertação, o serviço de carga controlada é que está sendo utilizado. Isso deve-se a implementação dos módulos apresentados em [GRE 2001] e que foram utilizados na realização desse trabalho - e sobre ATM. A proposta final é a elaboração de uma técnica de análise baseado nas principais métricas de desempenho em redes que deve permitir uma melhor visualização do comportamento das tecnologias sob determinadas cargas de tráfego, permitindo assim uma tomada de decisão entre qual das tecnologias que deverá ser adotada em um dado momento, em uma dada situação, ou seja, a indicação do ponto de quebra tecnológica na situação modelada. Para que fosse possível fazer esta comparação, foi necessário dividir-se este trabalho em 3 grandes etapas, que são: • Estudo e desenvolvimento da técnica para análise do elemento carga de tráfego na tecnologia ATM; • Estudo e desenvolvimento da técnica para análise do elemento carga de tráfego na tecnologia IP com RSVP; • Comparativo quantitativo e qualitativo dos estudos acima.

The use of the two-body energy to study problems of escape/capture Ernesto Vieira Neto1

The problem of escape/capture is encountered in many problems of the celestial mechanics -the capture of the giants planets irregular satellites, comets capture by Jupiter, and also orbital transfer between two celestial bodies as Earth and Moon. To study these problems we introduce an approach which is based on the numerical integration of a grid of initial conditions. The two-body energy of the particle relative to a celestial body defines the escape/capture. The trajectories are integrated into the past from initial conditions with negative two-body energy. The energy change from negative to positive is considered as an escape. By reversing the time, this escape turns into a capture. Using this technique we can understand many characteristics of the problem, as the maximum capture time, stable regions where the particles cannot escape from, and others. The advantage of this kind of approach is that it can be used out of plane (that is, for any inclination), and with perturbations in the dynamics of the n-body problem. © 2005 International Astronomical Union.