鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田储层次生孔隙性质与分布预测

Permian reservoir in Sulige area of Ordos Basin, on which this paper focused, belongs to fluvial-delta lithofacies. The majority formations in this area are complicated channel sand deposit with serious inhomogeneity which makes natural gas exploration be very tough in this area. This inhomogeneity can be found everywhere both in large horizontal area and vertical profile of inner and interbedded formations.This paper studied the inhomogeneity characteristic of Permian formation in sulige area of Ordos Basin according to the logging data.Correlating with core data, a criterion to distinguish different type of reservoirs by using logging data is determined after the study of logging response is done considering the diverse conditions of deposit environments, lithology and reservoir space. The characteristic relationships between the various type formations and logging responses fully and systemically are established.It investigated reservoir parameter calculation methods amply. Combining the conventional and special logging data, basing on the feature of low porosity -permeability formation of sulige area, a set of methods to calculate reservoir parameters was formed including primary porosity, secondary porosity, fracture porosity, permeability and water saturation under the conditions of both low porosity-permeability and inhomogenous reservoirs. One thing should be pay close attention is the parameter M for calculating saturation. It is found that the M in low porosity -permeability formation decreases as the porosity decrease, which is opposite to the law that M increases as the porosity decrease in the formation with intermediate to high porosity and permeability. This view has innovated the traditional theory and offered theory basis for the logging interpretation of low porosity - permeability reservoir. Meanwhile it also improved the Arqi formula theoretically and enhanced the logging interpretation accuracy and rescued a number of formations which has been thought to be hopeless according to the old theory.By using advantage logging interpretation procedure, a territorial synthetic geology evaluation to the inhomogeneous reservoir was completed basing on the single well interpretation. All the reservoir evaluation parameters including sand formation thickness, primary porosity, secondary porosity were calculated and evaluated. The rules of changing and development for sand formation thickness, sand physical properties and secondary porous were found at different formations of upper part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, lower part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, the Member 1 of shanxi and the Member 2 of shanxi individually. Evaluation and Correlation of these five formations were also completed and one conclusion was arrived: upper part of the Member 8 of Shihezi formation has the best performance followed by the lower part of the Member 8 of Shihezi, the Member 1 of shanxi and the Member 2 of shanxi formation.After studied the relationship between reservoir deposition characteristic and the natural gas richness, it is regarded that reservoir inhomogeneity is the key issue of the impaction on the natural gas. Natural gas in Sulige gas field was mainly accumulated in sands of channel bar, distributary channel and debouchure bar. Especially, the quartz sand with rich of secondary porous space has obvious better physical properties than other reservoir and usually can forms the concentration of natural gas.

Modelling air quality in street canyons: a review

High pollution levels have been often observed in urban street canyons due to the increased traffic emissions and reduced natural ventilation. Microscale dispersion models with different levels of complexity may be used to assess urban air qualityand support decision-making for pollution control strategies and traffic planning. Mathematical models calculate pollutant concentrations by solving either analytically a simplified set of parametric equations or numerically a set of differential equations that describe in detail wind flow and pollutant dispersion. Street canyon models, which might also include simplified photochemistry and particle deposition–resuspension algorithms, are often nested within larger-scale urban dispersion codes. Reduced-scale physical models in wind tunnels may also be used for investigating atmospheric processes within urban canyons and validating mathematical models. A range of monitoring techniques is used to measure pollutant concentrations in urban streets. Point measurement methods (continuous monitoring, passive and active pre-concentration sampling, grab sampling) are available for gaseous pollutants. A number of sampling techniques (mainlybased on filtration and impaction) can be used to obtain mass concentration, size distribution and chemical composition of particles. A combination of different sampling/monitoring techniques is often adopted in experimental studies. Relativelysimple mathematical models have usually been used in association with field measurements to obtain and interpret time series of pollutant concentrations at a limited number of receptor locations in street canyons. On the other hand, advanced numerical codes have often been applied in combination with wind tunnel and/or field data to simulate small-scale dispersion within the urban canopy.

Corporate Social Responsibility within the Northern Ireland Construction Industry: A Regional Review

As the construction industry continues to struggle with a poor societal image, many organizations have adopted a positive corporate social responsibility (CSR) towards their surrounding environment, with the objective of improving their persona within social circles. The aim of this research is to identify and document the various approaches adopted by UK contractors in relation to their international counterparts to aid in the identification of possible future benefits which may be exploitable.
In order to acquire the relevant information, a number of qualitative methodologies are adopted including a review of the current literature on the topic along with a detailed semi-structured interview with a UK based industry professional that specializes in corporate social responsibility. Through assessing the findings using qualitative analysis software, it is possible to disseminate the information, resulting in the identification of key findings. This research concludes that a number of factors profoundly affect corporate social responsibility within the UK versus other regions. These factors are identified as the effect of the recession, implementation and reporting along with competitiveness within the sector.
The impaction for practice within the UK construction sector of this research is that it enables various industry leaders to actively consider the findings of the research while also vigorously encouraging the establishment and development of corporate social responsibility, not only within their respective organizations, but within the construction industry as a whole. This would not only result in a more environmentally sustainable industry, but would also raise the awareness of the sector locally, nationally and internationally, therefore improving the overall perception of the sector on a variety of levels. This will ultimately lead to a more sustainable, environmentally friendly and collective industry while also considering the needs of one of its most important external stakeholders – the local community.

Viability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cough aerosols generated by persons with cystic fibrosis

Background Person-to-person transmission of respiratory pathogens, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a challenge facing many cystic fibrosis (CF) centres. Viable P aeruginosa are contained in aerosols produced during coughing, raising the possibility of airborne transmission.

Methods Using purpose-built equipment, we measured viable P aeruginosa in cough aerosols at 1, 2 and 4 m from the subject (distance) and after allowing aerosols to age for 5, 15 and 45 min in a slowly rotating drum to minimise gravitational settling and inertial impaction (duration). Aerosol particles were captured and sized employing an Anderson Impactor and cultured using conventional microbiology. Sputum was also cultured and lung function and respiratory muscle strength measured.

Results Nineteen patients with CF, mean age 25.8 (SD 9.2) years, chronically infected with P aeruginosa, and 10 healthy controls, 26.5 (8.7) years, participated. Viable P aeruginosa were detected in cough aerosols from all patients with CF, but not from controls; travelling 4 m in 17/18 (94%) and persisting for 45 min in 14/18 (78%) of the CF group. Marked inter-subject heterogeneity of P aeruginosa aerosol colony counts was seen and correlated strongly (r=0.73-0.90) with sputum bacterial loads. Modelling decay of viable P aeruginosa in a clinic room suggested that at the recommended ventilation rate of two air changes per hour almost 50 min were required for 90% to be removed after an infected patient left the room.

Conclusions: Viable P aeruginosa in cough aerosols travel further and last longer than recognised previously, providing additional evidence of airborne transmission between patients with CF.

Fungal contamination in two Portuguese wastewater treatment plants

The presence of filamentous fungi was detected in wastewater and air collected at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) from several European countries. The aim of the present study was to assess fungal contamination in two WWTP operating in Lisbon. In addition, particulate matter (PM) contamination data was analyzed. To apply conventional methods, air samples from the two plants were collected through impaction using an air sampler with a velocity air rate of 140 L/min. Surfaces samples were collected by swabbing the surfaces of the same indoor sites. All collected samples were incubated at 27°C for 5 to 7 d. After lab processing and incubation of collected samples, quantitative and qualitative results were obtained with identification of the isolated fungal species. For molecular methods, air samples of 250 L were also collected using the impinger method at 300 L/min airflow rate. Samples were collected into 10 ml sterile phosphate-buffered saline with 0.05% Triton X-100, and the collection liquid was subsequently used for DNA extraction. Molecular identification of Aspergillus fumigatus and Stachybotrys chartarum was achieved by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the Rotor-Gene 6000 qPCR Detection System (Corbett). Assessment of PM was also conducted with portable direct-reading equipment (Lighthouse, model 3016 IAQ). Particles concentration measurement was performed at five different sizes: PM0.5, PM1, PM2.5, PM5, and PM10. Sixteen different fungal species were detected in indoor air in a total of 5400 isolates in both plants. Penicillium sp. was the most frequently isolated fungal genus (58.9%), followed by Aspergillus sp. (21.2%) and Acremonium sp. (8.2%), in the total underground area. In a partially underground plant, Penicillium sp. (39.5%) was also the most frequently isolated, also followed by Aspergillus sp. (38.7%) and Acremonium sp. (9.7%). Using RT-PCR, only A. fumigatus was detected in air samples collected, and only from partial underground plant. Stachybotrys chartarum was not detected in any of the samples analyzed. The distribution of particle sizes showed the same tendency in both plants; however, the partially underground plant presented higher levels of contamination, except for PM2.5. Fungal contamination assessment is crucial to evaluating the potential health risks to exposed workers in these settings. In order to achieve an evaluation of potential health risks to exposed workers, it is essential to combine conventional and molecular methods for fungal detection. Protective measures to minimize worker exposure to fungi need to be adopted since wastewater is the predominant internal fungal source in this setting.

Characterizing the fungal and bacterial microflora and concentrations in fitness centres

Fitness centres are special places where conditions for microbiological proliferation should be considered. Moisture due to human perspiration and water condensation as a result of human physical activities are prevalent in this type of buildings. Exposure to microbial contaminants is clinically associated with respiratory disorders and people who work out in polluted environments would be susceptible to contaminants. This work studied the indoor air contamination in three gymnasiums in Lisbon. The sampling was performed at two periods: at the opening (morning) and closing (night) of the three gymnasiums. The airborne bacterial and fungal populations were sampled by impaction directly onto Tryptic Soy Agar (for bacteria) and Malt Extract Agar (for fungi) plates, using a Merck MAS-100 air sampler. Higher bacterial concentrations were found at night as compared to the morning but the same behaviour was not found for fungal concentrations. Gram-negative catalase positive cocci were the dominant bacteria in indoor air samples of the studied gymnasiums. In this study, 21 genera/species of fungal colonies were identified. Chrysosporium sp., Chrysonilia sp., Neoscytalidium hialinum, Sepedonium sp. and Penicillium sp. were the most prevalent species identified in the morning, while Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp., Chrysosporium sp., Acremonium sp. and Chrysonilia sp. were more prevalent at night. A well-designed sanitation and maintenance program for gymnasiums is needed to ensure healthier space for indoor physical activity.

Évaluation de la stabilité de l'ostéotomie de type LeFort I multisegmentaire

Introduction : Cette étude vise à évaluer la stabilité de la chirurgie LeFort I multisegmentaire à moyen (fin du traitement orthodontique) et à long termes dans les trois plans de l'espace (transversal, antéro-postérieur et vertical). Matériel et méthodes : L'échantillon étudié est composé de 31 patients traités en clinique privée, ayant eu une chirurgie LeFort I multisegmentaire en deux, trois ou quatre morceaux, et ayant terminé leur traitement orthodontique. Parmi eux, 17 patients ayant terminé leur traitement orthodontique depuis plus de deux ans (moyenne de trois ans post-traitement) ont permis d'évaluer la stabilité de la procédure chirurgicale à long terme. La collecte des données a été réalisée sur des modèles et des radiographies céphalométriques latérales pris à des temps précis tout au long du traitement orthodontique, ainsi que pendant la période de contention. Concernant l'analyse statistique, des T-tests et des corrélations de Pearson ont été utilisés. Le test de Bland-Altman et le coefficient de corrélation intra-classe ont permis d'analyser les fiabilités intra-examinateur et inter-examinateurs. Résultats : Une récidive transverse significative, mais très faible cliniquement, est constatée aux niveaux prémolaires et molaires entre la chirurgie et la fin du traitement orthodontique. Elle est corrélée avec l’expansion totale réalisée. Cette récidive transverse est non significative suite au traitement orthodontique. Aucune corrélation statistiquement significative n'est mise en évidence entre le nombre de segments et la récidive transverse postchirurgicale. Une variation de certaines mesures antéro-postérieures et verticales statistiquement significative, mais faible cliniquement, est notée entre la chirurgie et la fin du traitement orthodontique (avancement et impaction postérieure). Pour les mesures antéro-postérieures et verticales, aucun changement n'est statistiquement significatif suite au traitement orthodontique. Conclusion : Pour l'échantillon étudié, la stabilité de l'ostéotomie de type LeFort I multisegmentaire est très bonne, dans les trois plans de l'espace étudiés.

Évaluation de la stabilité primaire d'une greffe ostéochondrale autologue stabilisée au moyen d'un ciment ostéoconducteur résorbable

L’objectif de cette étude est de vérifier si un ciment ostéoconducteur résorbable utilisé comme technique de fixation de greffons ostéochondraux permet d'obtenir une stabilité initiale supérieure à celle obtenue avec la technique de mosaicplastie originalement décrite. Il s’agit d’une étude biomécanique effectuée sur des paires de fémurs cadavériques bovins. Pour chaque paire de fémurs, des greffons ostéochondraux autologues ont été insérés et stabilisés au moyen d’un ciment biorésorbable (Kryptonite, DRG inc.) sur un fémur alors qu’au fémur controlatéral, les greffons ont été implantés par impaction selon la technique usuelle de mosaicplastie. Des greffons uniques ainsi que des greffons en configuration groupée ont été implantés et soumis à une évaluation biomécanique. Les charges axiales nécessaires pour enfoncer les greffons de 1, 2 et 3 mm ont été comparées en fonction de la technique de stabilisation utilisée, ciment ou impaction, pour chaque configuration de greffons. Les résultats démontrent que les greffons ostéochondraux cimentés uniques et groupés ont une stabilité initiale supérieure à celle de greffons non cimentés sur des spécimens cadavériques bovins. L’obtention d’une plus grande stabilité initiale par cimentation des greffons ostéochondraux pourrait permettre une mise en charge précoce post-mosaicplastie et mener à une réhabilitation plus rapide.

Interobserver reliability of radial head fracture classification : two-dimensional compared with three-dimensional CT

Background: The Broberg and Morrey modification of the Mason classification of radial head fractures has substantial interobserver variation. This study used a large web-based collaborative of experienced orthopaedic surgeons to test the hypothesis that three-dimensional reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) scans improve the interobserver reliability of the classification of radial head fractures according to the Broberg and Morrey modification of the Mason classification.

Methods: Eighty-five orthopaedic surgeons evaluated twelve radial head fractures. They were randomly assigned to review either radiographs and two-dimensional CT scans or radiographs and three-dimensional CT images to determine the fracture classification, fracture characteristics, and treatment recommendations. The kappa multirater measure (κ) was calculated to estimate agreement between observers.

Results: Three-dimensional CT had moderate agreement and two-dimensional CT had fair agreement among observers for the Broberg and Morrey modification of the Mason classification, a difference that was significant. Observers assessed seven fracture characteristics, including fracture line, comminution, articular surface involvement, articular step or gap of ≥2 mm, central impaction, recognition of more than three fracture fragments, and fracture fragments too small to repair. There was a significant difference in kappa values between three-dimensional CT and two-dimensional CT for fracture fragments too small to repair, recognition of three fracture fragments, and central impaction. The difference between the other four fracture characteristics was not significant. Among treatment recommendations, there was fair agreement for both three-dimensional CT and two-dimensional CT.

Conclusions: Although three-dimensional CT led to some small but significant decreases in interobserver variation, there is still considerable disagreement regarding classification and characterization of radial head fractures. Three-dimensional CT may be insufficient to optimize interobserver agreement.

Effects of glycopyrrolate on cardiorespiratory function in horses anesthetized with halothane and xylazine

Objective-To evaluate cardiopulmonary effects of glycopyrrolate in horses anesthetized with halothane and xylazine.Animals-6 horses.Procedure-Horses were allocated to 2 treatment groups in a randomized complete block design. Anesthesia was maintained in mechanically ventilated horses by administration of halothane (1% end-tidal concentration) combined with a constant-rate infusion of xylazine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg/h, IV). Hemodynamic variables were monitored after induction of anesthesia and for 120 minutes after administration of glycopyrrolate or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Glycopyrrolate (2.5 mug/kg, IV) was administered at 10-minute intervals until heart rate (HR) increased at least 30% above baseline or a maximum cumulative dose of 75 mug/kg had been injected. Recovery characteristics and intestinal auscultation scores were evaluated for 24 hours after the end of anesthesia.Results-Cumulative dose of glycopyrrolate administered to 5 horses was 5 mug/kg, whereas 1 horse received 75 mug/kg. The positive chronotropic effects of glycopyrrolate were accompanied by an increase in cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, and tissue oxygen delivery. Whereas HR increased by 53% above baseline values at 20 minutes after the last glycopyrrolate injection, cardiac output and mean arterial pressure increased by 38% and 31%, respectively. Glycopyrrolate administration was associated with impaction of the large colon in I horse and low intestinal auscultation scores lasting 24 hours in 3 horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-The positive chronotropic effects of glycopyrrolate resulted in improvement of hemodynamic function in horses anesthetized with halothane and xylazine. However, prolonged intestinal stasis and colic may limit its use during anesthesia.

Obstrução intestinal no idoso

RACIONAL: O envelhecimento da população é realidade sentida na vivência diária, levando à necessidade associada de prover cuidados médicos eletivos e de emergência a um número cada vez maior de idosos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os aspectos clínicos, terapêuticos e evolutivos de pacientes idosos com obstrução intestinal atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de pacientes internados no período de janeiro de 2002 a dezembro de 2006. Foram estudados 50 pacientes, 24 homens e 26 mulheres, com idade média de 74,7 ± 7,4 anos, analisando-se a diferenciação entre obstrução funcional e orgânica; a freqüência das causas obstrutivas; a mortalidade; a incidência dos sinais e sintomas; e correlação laboratorial. RESULTADOS: O quadro obstrutivo intestinal teve as seguintes causas: brida (38%), câncer de colon (24%), hérnias (12%), impactacão fecal (12%), carcinomatose (10%) e volvo da sigmóide (4%). A mortalidade foi de 18% associada à complicações infecciosas em todos os pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: a) A distinção entre a obstrução intestinal funcional e orgânica oferece dificuldade no idoso; b) o câncer do colon constitui-se em importante causa de obstrução intestinal com quadro obstrutivo já na primeira manifestação clínica desse tumor; c) bridas e hérnias são igualmente importantes na etiologia da obstrução intestinal; d) os sinais clínicos obstrutivos são poucos evidentes no idoso e a leucometria é mais fidedigna para este diagnóstico.

Interceptive Approach to Treatment of Impacted Maxillary Canines

Impaction of maxillary canines can be prevented by early intervention in the mixed dentition phase after the correct diagnosis of malocclusion, reducing the complexity of the treatment. This article reports the case of a 10-year-old patient who possessed impacted maxillary canines and, after early extraction of primary canines, had reestablished favorable permanent successors' eruption axis. This 5-year radiographic follow-up study with panoramic radiography shows that this can be used in practice and that an effective control strategy ensures the accuracy in the inclination of the impacted canines. Treatment success is related to early diagnosis and strategic interceptive treatment choice.

Maxillo-mandibular counter-clockwise rotation and mandibular advancement with TMJ Concepts (R) total joint prostheses Part IV - Soft tissue response

The purpose of this Study was to evaluate Soft tissue response to rnaxillo-mandibular counter-clockwise rotation, with TMJ reconstruction and mandibular advancement using TMJ Concepts (R) total joint prostheses, and maxillary osteotomies in 44 females. All patients were operated at Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas TX, USA, by one Surgeon (Wolford). Eighteen patients had genioplasties with either porous block hydroxyapatite or hard tissue replacement implants (Group 2) 26 had no genioplasty (Group 1). Surgically, the maxilla moved forward and upward by counter-clockwise maxillo-mandibular rotation with greater horizontal movement in Group 2. Vertically, both groups showed diversity of maxillo-mandibular mean movement. Group I showed a consistent 1:0.97 ratio of hard to soft tissue advancement at pogonion; Group 2 results were less consistent, with ratios between 1:0.84 and 1:1.02. Horizontal changes in upper lip morphology after maxillary advancement/impaction, VY closure, and alar base cinch sutures showed greater movement in both groups, than observed in hard tissue. Counter-clockwise rotation of the maxillo-mandibular complex using TMJ Concepts total joint prostheses resulted in similar soft tissue response as previously reported for traditional maxillo-mandibular advancement without counter-clockwise rotation of the occlusal plane. The association of chin implants, in the present sample, showed higher variability of soft tissue response.

Tricobezoar gástrico: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Bezoar é a impactação de material estranho no interior do trato digestivo, originado a partir da ingestão de diversas substâncias, incluindo cabelos ou pêlos, fibras vegetais e outros. No presente estudo relata-se caso de um volumoso tricobezoar gástrico observado em uma adolescente de 16 anos, com queixa de dor e tumoração palpável na região epigástrica, diagnosticado através da endoscopia digestiva alta. Dada às proporções do bezoar, a paciente foi submetida à gastrotomia anterior com retirada de uma massa sólida de cabelos, com 1200 g, a qual moldava todo o estômago, desde o fundo até o piloro. Uma grande úlcera de pressão também foi detectada em região antral, cujas biópsias revelaram- se negativas para neoplasia. Após a alta, sem intercorrências, a paciente foi encaminhada ao Serviço de Neuropsiquiatria para o tratamento da tricofagia e prevenção da recorrência, objetivo final, ao nosso ver, de todo o tratamento.

Dispersão de bioaerossóis por aeradores em uma estação de tratamento de esgoto sanitário

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)