Vergonha e comportamento de consumo de produtos falsificados

A vergonha é uma emoção autoconsciente e avaliadora que depende de uma série de cognições relacionadas ao self para ser experimentada. Apesar de amplamente estudada na psicologia, no marketing pouco se sabe sobre os antecedentes da vergonha e seu efeito no comportamento do consumidor, em especial no consumo de produtos falsificados. O objetivo geral desse estudo é entender a relação entre vergonha e comportamentos de consumo de produtos falsificados. Dois procedimentos experimentais, numa amostra de 129 pessoas com idade entre 18 e 50 anos, foram realizados para analisar seis hipóteses apresentadas. O primeiro experimento verificou (a) se o risco social percebido alto aumenta a vergonha, (b) se a qualidade da falsificação (alta/baixa) modera a relação entre risco social percebido e vergonha, caso esta relação exista. Os resultados confirmaram o efeito esperado do risco social percebido na vergonha, mas não confirmaram a moderação da qualidade da falsificação nessa relação. Mostraram ainda um efeito inesperado do gênero na vergonha: homens sentem mais vergonha que mulheres no contexto de consumo de falsificados. O segundo experimento verificou (a) se a antecipação da vergonha reduz a intenção de compra de produtos falsificados, (b) se a antecipação de vergonha influencia a atitude (favorável/desfavorável) em relação a produtos falsificados, e (c) se estas duas últimas relações, caso existam, são moderadas pelo custo-benefício do produto. Os resultados não confirmaram a influência da antecipação da vergonha na atitude em relação a falsificados e na intenção de compra de falsificados, mas mostraram que quanto menor o custo-benefício, maior o efeito da antecipação da vergonha na redução da intenção de produtos falsificados. Os resultados mostraram ainda um efeito moderador inesperado da renda na relação entre antecipação da vergonha e intenção de compra de falsificados. A antecipação da vergonha reduz a intenção de compras em consumidores com renda mais alta.

Dynamics of extinction in coupled populations of the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Comparação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro com os métodos in vivo e in situ: 2. Uso do resíduo da matéria seca de forragens

RESUMO - O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro com os métodos in vivo e in situ. Nas comparações, foram utilizadas silagens de milho com alto/baixo teores de matéria seca, com/sem inoculante. A digestibilidade das silagens com alto teor de matéria seca (MS), com/sem inoculação, não apresentou diferenças entre os métodos analisados. Quando avaliadas separadamente do efeito do inóculo, essas silagens diferiram nos métodos in vitro/gás e in situ, mas não no in vivo. Entretanto, quando analisadas somente sob efeito do inoculante, apenas no método in situ houve diferença. Não foram encontradas diferenças na digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) das silagens com alta ou baixa MS, inoculadas ou não, bem como em relação ao pH ao final da digestão. em conclusão, o desaparecimento da MS e FDN quantificada pelo resíduo no sistema in vitro/gás foi semelhante aos demais métodos avaliados.

Avaliação do sistema de monitoramento computadorizado de digestão in vitro: 3. Desaparecimento da matéria seca e/ou FDN pela produção de gás

RESUMO - Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar o sistema de monitoramento computadorizado da produção de gás in vitro e compará-lo com os métodos in vivo e in situ. Nos métodos de digestibilidade (MS), foram utilizadas amostras de silagens de milho com alto/baixo teor de MS, com/sem inoculante. Avaliando a digestibilidade das silagens, pelo gás produzido na fermentação, os resultados da extensão da degradação (A+D) foram: 21,5; 22,6; 22,1; e 20,9 mL de gás/100 mg MS, sem diferença significativa. Os coeficientes de determinação obtidos na produção de gás total, em relação ao potencial de degradação obtido in situ, mostraram-se elevados para silagem de milho com alta MS inoculada (R²= 0,99), alta MS não-inoculada (R²= 0,98), baixa MS inoculada (R²= 0,94) e baixa MS não-inoculada (R²=0,93). O desaparecimento da MS e/ou fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), quantificada pelo gás produzido no sistema in vitro/gás, apresentou resultados semelhantes aos demais métodos avaliados.

Análise genética da concentração de potássio eritrocitário em bovinos

Red-cell potassium concentration was determined in five breeds of cattle: Brown Swiss, Nelore, Pitangueiras, Gir and Girolanda. All the cattle examined for the red cell potassium concentration presented low potassium concentration or LK type. This were divided in the following sub-types: low-low potassium concentration (LLK variation: 7.0 -15.9 m-equiv/l) in 16.9% of the animals; medium-low potassium concentration (MLK variation: 16.0 - 30.9 m-equiv/l) in 77% of animals and high-low potassium concentration (HLK variation: 31.0 - 50.0 m-equiv/l) in 6.1% of the animals. This results may be associated with a tropical environment because animals whith red-cell potassium concentration have advantage in this environment.

Modelling of fatigue crack growth following overloads

In variable-amplitude loading there are interaction effects between the loading history and the crack propagation rate. The most important of these effects is the retardation in the crack propagation, which may raise the life of the cracked structureconsiderably. The main objective of this research is to analyse and quantify the retardation of crack propagation in a thin plate of the high-resistance aluminium alloy 2024-T3, comparing the results obtained from the mathematical models proposed to account for the retardation effect. The specimens were tested under high-low loading sequences, for different crack sizes and overload ratios. A simplified model was developed, based on crack closure theory, that could represent the crack behaviour during retardation very well. © 1991.

Vulnerabilidade e perigo de contaminação dos aquíferos nas sub-bacias do Alto Aguapeí e Alto Peixe - SP

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Interação genótipo x ambiente para a produção de leite na espécie bubalina utilizando inferência Bayesiana por meio de Amostradores de Gibbs

Com o objetivo de verificar a existência da interação genótipo x ambiente, sob a forma de heterogeneidade de variâncias para a produção de leite na espécie bubalina e o seu impacto na avaliação genética dos animais, utilizando a inferência Bayesiana por meio de Amostrador de Gibbs, foram utilizados 5.484 registros de produção de leite referentes à produções de 2.994 búfalas predominantemente Murrah, filhas de 150 reprodutores, acasalados com 1130 matrizes, cujos partos ocorreram entre os anos de 1974 e 2004. Os registros foram provenientes do Programa de Melhoramento Genético dos Bubalinos (PROMEBUL) com a adição de registros provenientes do rebanho da EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental -EAO, localizada em Belém, Pará. Foram estabelecidas classes de rebanho-ano de parto e de acordo com o desvio padrão de cada classe, os registros de produção de leite foram classificados em classes de alto e baixo desvio-padrão fenotípico. Posteriormente, os dados foram analisados desconsiderando e considerando as classes de desvio-padrão. O modelo utilizado empregou os efeitos fixos referentes às classes de rebanho-ano, mês de parto e covariáveis idade da fêmea ao parto e duração da lactação, além do efeito aleatório de animal, ambiente permanente e ambiente temporário. Para os efeitos fixos, foi assumido distribuição à priori uniforme e para os componentes de (co)variâncias foram assumidas distribuições priori qui-quadrado inversa e Wishart invertida. As médias observadas e desvio-padrão para produção de leite nas classes de alto e baixo desvio-padrão e em análise geral, foram iguais a 1870,21±758,78, 1900,50±587,76 e 1885,48±677,98, respectivamente. As médias posteriores para os componentes de variâncias foram maiores na classe de alto desvio-padrão. A herdabilidade obtida na classe de alto desvio-padrão foi próxima do valor observado na análise geral e inferior ao valor encontrado na classe de baixo desvio-padrão fenotípico. A correlação genética para produção de leite entre as classes de desvio-padrão foi igual a 0,58. As correlações de Spearman entre os valores genéticos para a produção de leite obtidos em análise geral com os valores obtidos nas classes de alto e baixo desvio padrão foram iguais a 0,94 e 0,93, respectivamente, para todos os reprodutores. Para uma amostra dos 10 melhores reprodutores, as mesmas correlações foram iguais a 0,94 e 0,47, respectivamente. Tais resultados revelam presença de heterogeneidade de variâncias entre rebanhos e esta heterogeneidade de variâncias é resultante de fatores ambientais, que podem levar a uma classificação errônea dos melhores reprodutores geneticamente para a produção leite.

Plant iononne diagnosis using sound balances: case study with mango (Mangifera Indica)

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Doses e parcelamento da adubação potássica na cultura da batata (Solanum tuberosum L.)

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Suicide rates and income in Sao Paulo and Brazil: a temporal and spatial epidemiologic analysis from 1996 to 2008

Background: In a classical study, Durkheim noted a direct relation between suicide rates and wealth in the XIX century France. Since that time, several studies have verified this relationship. It is known that suicide rates are associated with income, although the direction of this association varies worldwide. Brazil presents a heterogeneous distribution of income and suicide across its territory; however, evaluation for an association between these variables has shown mixed results. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between suicide rates and income in Brazil, State of Sao Paulo (SP), and City of SP, considering geographical area and temporal trends. Methods: Data were extracted from the National and State official statistics departments. Three socioeconomic areas were considered according to income, from the wealthiest (area 1) to the poorest (area 3). We also considered three regions: country-wide (27 Brazilian States and 558 Brazilian micro-regions), state-wide (645 counties of SP State), and city-wide (96 districts of SP city). Relative risks (RR) were calculated among areas 1, 2, and 3 for all regions, in a cross-sectional approach. Then, we used Joinpoint analysis to explore the temporal trends of suicide rates and SaTScan to investigate geographical clusters of high/low suicide rates across the territory. Results: Suicide rates in Brazil, the State of SP, and the city of SP were 6.2, 6.6, and 5.4 per 100,000, respectively. Taking suicide rates of the poorest area (3) as reference, the RR for the wealthiest area was 1.64, 0.88, and 1.65 for Brazil, State of SP, and city of SP, respectively (p for trend <0.05 for all analyses). Spatial cluster of high suicide rates were identified at Brazilian southern (RR = 2.37), state of SP western (RR = 1.32), and city of SP central (RR = 1.65) regions. A direct association between income and suicide were found for Brazil (OR = 2.59) and the city of SP (OR = 1.07), and an inverse association for the state of SP (OR = 0.49). Conclusions: Temporospatial analyses revealed higher suicide rates in wealthier areas in Brazil and the city of SP and in poorer areas in the State of SP. We further discuss the role of socioeconomic characteristics for explaining these discrepancies and the importance of our findings in public health policies. Similar studies in other Brazilian States and developing countries are warranted.

Suicide rates and income in São Paulo and Brazil: a temporal and spatial epidemiologic analysis from 1996 to 2008

Abstract Background In a classical study, Durkheim noted a direct relation between suicide rates and wealth in the XIX century France. Since that time, several studies have verified this relationship. It is known that suicide rates are associated with income, although the direction of this association varies worldwide. Brazil presents a heterogeneous distribution of income and suicide across its territory; however, evaluation for an association between these variables has shown mixed results. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between suicide rates and income in Brazil, State of São Paulo (SP), and City of SP, considering geographical area and temporal trends. Methods Data were extracted from the National and State official statistics departments. Three socioeconomic areas were considered according to income, from the wealthiest (area 1) to the poorest (area 3). We also considered three regions: country-wide (27 Brazilian States and 558 Brazilian micro-regions), state-wide (645 counties of SP State), and city-wide (96 districts of SP city). Relative risks (RR) were calculated among areas 1, 2, and 3 for all regions, in a cross-sectional approach. Then, we used Joinpoint analysis to explore the temporal trends of suicide rates and SaTScan to investigate geographical clusters of high/low suicide rates across the territory. Results Suicide rates in Brazil, the State of SP, and the city of SP were 6.2, 6.6, and 5.4 per 100,000, respectively. Taking suicide rates of the poorest area (3) as reference, the RR for the wealthiest area was 1.64, 0.88, and 1.65 for Brazil, State of SP, and city of SP, respectively (p for trend <0.05 for all analyses). Spatial cluster of high suicide rates were identified at Brazilian southern (RR = 2.37), state of SP western (RR = 1.32), and city of SP central (RR = 1.65) regions. A direct association between income and suicide were found for Brazil (OR = 2.59) and the city of SP (OR = 1.07), and an inverse association for the state of SP (OR = 0.49). Conclusions Temporospatial analyses revealed higher suicide rates in wealthier areas in Brazil and the city of SP and in poorer areas in the State of SP. We further discuss the role of socioeconomic characteristics for explaining these discrepancies and the importance of our findings in public health policies. Similar studies in other Brazilian States and developing countries are warranted.

Preparation and characterisation of refractory whiskers and selected alumina composites

A whisker is a common name of single crystalline inorganic fibre of small dimensions, typically 0.5-1 μm in diameter and 20-50 μm in length. Whiskers are mainly used as reinforcement of ceramics. This work describes the synthesis and characterisation of new whisker types. Ti0.33Ta0.33Nb0.33CxN1-x, TiB2, B4C, and LaxCe1-xB6 have been prepared by carbothermal vapour–liquid–solid (CTR-VLS) growth mechanisms in the temperature range 900-1800°C, in argon or nitrogen. Generally, carbon and different suitable oxides were used as whisker precursors. The oxides reacted via a carbothermal reduction process. A halogenide salt was added to form gaseous metal halogenides or oxohalogenides and small amount of a transition metal was added to catalyse the whisker growth. In this mechanism, the whisker constituents are dissolved into the catalyst, in liquid phase, which becomes supersaturated. Then a whisker could nucleate and grow out under continuous feed of constituents. The syntheses of TiC, TiB2, and B4C were followed at ordinary synthesis conditions by means of mass spectrometry (MS), thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and quenching. The main reaction starting temperatures and reaction time for the different mixtures was revealed, and it was found that the temperature inside the crucible during the reactions was up to 100°C below the furnace set-point, due to endothermic nature of the reactions. Quench experiments showed that whiskers were formed already when reaching the temperature plateau, but the yield increased fast with the holding time and reached a maximum after about 20-30 minutes. Growth models for whisker formation have been proposed. Alumina based composites reinforced by (2-5 vol.%) TiCnano and TiNnano and 25 vol.% of carbide, and boride phases (whiskers and particulates of TiC, TiN, TaC, NbC, (Ti,Ta)C, (Ti,Ta,Nb)C, SiC, TiB2 and B4C) have been prepared by a developed aqueous colloidal processing route followed by hot pressing for 90 min at 1700°C, 28 MPa or SPS sintering for 5 minutes at 1200-1600°C and 75 MPa. Vickers indentation measurements showed that the lowest possible sintering temperature is to prefer from mechanical properties point of view. In the TiNnano composites the fracture mode was typically intergranular, while it was transgranular in the SiCnano composites. The whisker and particulate composites have been compared in terms of e.g. microstructure and mechanical properties. Generally, additions of whiskers yielded higher fracture toughness compared to particulates. Composites of commercially available SiC whiskers showed best mechanical properties with a low spread but all the other whisker phases, especially TiB2, exhibited a great potential as reinforcement materials.

Effect of two beta-alanine dosing protocols on muscle carnosine synthesis and washout

Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is found in high concentrations in skeletal muscle and chronic β-alanine (BA) supplementation can increase carnosine content. This placebo-controlled, double-blind study compared two different 8-week BA dosing regimens on the time course of muscle carnosine loading and 8-week washout, leading to a BA dose-response study with serial muscle carnosine assessments throughout. Thirty-one young males were randomized into three BA dosing groups: (1) high-low: 3.2 g BA/day for 4 weeks, followed by 1.6 g BA/day for 4 weeks; (2) low-low: 1.6 g BA/day for 8 weeks; and (3) placebo. Muscle carnosine in tibialis-anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GA) muscles was measured by 1H-MRS at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16. Flushing symptoms and blood clinical chemistry were trivial in all three groups and there were no muscle carnosine changes in the placebo group. During the first 4 weeks, the increase for high-low (TA 2.04 mmol/kgww, GA 1.75 mmol/kgww) was ~twofold greater than low-low (TA 1.12 mmol/kgww, GA 0.80 mmol/kgww). 1.6 g BA/day significantly increased muscle carnosine within 2 weeks and induced continual rises in already augmented muscle carnosine stores (week 4-8, high-low regime). The dose-response showed a carnosine increase of 2.01 mmol/kgww per 100 g of consumed BA, which was only dependent upon the total accumulated BA consumed (within a daily intake range of 1.6-3.2 g BA/day). Washout rates were gradual (0.18 mmol/kgww and 0.43 mmol/kgww/week; ~2%/week). In summary, the absolute increase in muscle carnosine is only dependent upon the total BA consumed and is not dependent upon baseline muscle carnosine, the muscle type, or the daily amount of supplemented BA.

Maternal vitamin C deficiency during pregnancy persistently impairs hippocampal neurogenesis in offspring of guinea pigs

While having the highest vitamin C (VitC) concentrations in the body, specific functions of VitC in the brain have only recently been acknowledged. We have shown that postnatal VitC deficiency in guinea pigs causes impairment of hippocampal memory function and leads to 30% less neurons. This study investigates how prenatal VitC deficiency affects postnatal hippocampal development and if any such effect can be reversed by postnatal VitC repletion. Eighty pregnant Dunkin Hartley guinea pig dams were randomized into weight stratified groups receiving High (900 mg) or Low (100 mg) VitC per kg diet. Newborn pups (n = 157) were randomized into a total of four postnatal feeding regimens: High/High (Control); High/Low (Depleted), Low/Low (Deficient); and Low/High (Repleted). Proliferation and migration of newborn cells in the dentate gyrus was assessed by BrdU labeling and hippocampal volumes were determined by stereology. Prenatal VitC deficiency resulted in a significant reduction in postnatal hippocampal volume (P<0.001) which was not reversed by postnatal repletion. There was no difference in postnatal cellular proliferation and survival rates in the hippocampus between dietary groups, however, migration of newborn cells into the granular layer of the hippocampus dentate gyrus was significantly reduced in prenatally deficient animals (P<0.01). We conclude that a prenatal VitC deficiency in guinea pigs leads to persistent impairment of postnatal hippocampal development which is not alleviated by postnatal repletion. Our findings place attention on a yet unrecognized consequence of marginal VitC deficiency during pregnancy.