855 resultados para fornos container e retangular


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Goatmilk with and without stabilizing salt was subjected to in-container and UHTsterilization. Heatstability was assessed by measuring the amount of sediment in the milk. Without stabilizing salts, goatmilk usually produced less sediment when subjected to in-containersterilization compared with UHT processing. Addition of stabilizing salts up to 12.8 mM resulted in a progressive increase in sediment for in-containersterilization. In contrast, adding stabilizing salts at 6.4 mM initially reduced sediment formation in UHT-treated milk but addition of stabilizing salts at 12.8 mM increased sediment formation. Adding stabilizing salts to goatmilk increased pH, decreased ionic calcium, and increased ethanol stability. Adding up to 2 mM calcium chloride increased sediment formation more after UHT treatment than after in-containersterilization. These results suggest that no single mechanism or set of reactions causes milk to produce sediment during heating and that the favored pathway is different for UHT and in-containersterilization processes. Poor heatstability could be induced both by increasing ionic calcium and by decreasing it. Ethanol stability is not a good indicator of heatstability for in-containersterilization, but it may be for UHTsterilization, if milk does not enter the region of poor heatstability found at low concentrations of ionic calcium.

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The proliferation of artificial container habitats in urban areas has benefitted urban adaptable mosquito species globally. In areas where mosquitoes transmit viruses and parasites, it can promote vector population productivity and fuel mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. In Britain, storage of water in garden water butts is increasing, potentially expanding mosquito larval habitats and influencing population dynamics and mosquito-human contact. Here we show that the community composition, abundance and phenology of mosquitoes breeding in experimental water butt containers were influenced by urbanisation. Mosquitoes in urban containers were less species-rich but present in significantly higher densities (100.4±21.3) per container than those in rural containers (77.7±15.1). Urban containers were dominated by Culex pipiens (a potential vector of West Nile Virus [WNV]) and appear to be increasingly exploited by Anopheles plumbeus (a human-biting potential WNV and malaria vector). Culex phenology was influenced by urban land use type, with peaks in larval abundances occurring earlier in urban than rural containers. Among other factors, this was associated with an urban heat island effect which raised urban air and water temperatures by 0.9°C and 1.2°C respectively. Further increases in domestic water storage, particularly in urban areas, in combination with climate changes will likely alter mosquito population dynamics in the UK.

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Heat stability was evaluated in bulk raw milk, collected throughout the year and subjected to ultra-high temperature (UHT) or in-container sterilisation, with and without added calcium chloride (2 mM), disodium hydrogen phosphate (DSHP, 10 mM) and trisodium citrate (TSC, 10 mM). More sediment was observed following in-container sterilisation (0.24%) compared with UHT (0.19%). Adding CaCl2 made the milk more unstable to UHT than to in-container sterilisation, while adding DSHP and TSC made the milk more unstable during in-container sterilisation than to UHT processing, although TSC addition increased the sediment formed by UHT processing. Better heat stability was observed in autumn and winter than in spring and summer following UHT. However, following in-container sterilisation, samples with added stabilising salts showed significantly improved heat stability in autumn, whereas with added CaCl2, the best heat stability was observed in spring. No correlation was found between urea and heat stability. DSHP and TSC made the milk more unstable during in-container sterilisation than to UHT processing, although TSC addition increased the sediment formed by UHT processing. Better heat stability was observed in autumn and winter than in spring and summer following UHT. However, following in-container sterilisation, samples with added stabilising salts showed significantly improved heat stability in autumn, whereas with added CaCl2, the best heat stability was observed in spring. No correlation was found between urea and heat stability.

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Este trabalho teve como motivação buscar as causas e apresentar alternativas de soluções que busquem sanar ou reduzir o problema de desgaste localizado, produzido pela erosão das cinzas, nos tubos do economizador das caldeiras de uma usina termoelétrica a carvão. Para este fim foi construído um modelo em escala de parte da caldeira, reproduzindo o duto curvo de retorno dos gases e, na saída do mesmo, um banco de barras de seção circular, simulando o banco de tubos do economizador. Medições de velocidade, utilizando uma sonda tipo tubo de Pitot e anemômetro de fio quente, medições do campo de pressão nas paredes e visualização do escoamento utilizando fios de lã foram aplicados para a análise do escoamento nas condições existentes na usina e nas configurações modificadas, propostas segundo critérios de controle da camada limite. A análise dos dados, comparada com medições de desgaste localizado na caldeira, levaram à identificação do processo hidrodinâmico existente e os efeitos resultantes nas modificações propostas.

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Durante sua utilização, tubos que operam na pirólise de substâncias orgânicas sofrem degradação estrutural resultante dos mecanismos de carburização que, em geral, levam à falha dos tubos. A carburização decorre da quantidade de carbono disponível na pirólise, que chega a formar uma camada intensa de coque no interior dos tubos. Para a retirada do coque, é introduzido vapor no intuito de queimá-lo que, adicionalmente, deixa carbono na superfície para a carburização. Este trabalho analisa os aspectos metalúrgicos envolvidos no ataque das liga Fe-Cr- Ni através da carburização, onde falhas catastróficas podem ocorrer devido às tensões térmicas geradas nas paradas de retirada do coque formado. Os tubos usados são fabricados com as ligas HP40 e HPX. Ligas ricas em cromo e níquel são utilizados; no caso do níquel a estabilização da estrutura austenítica e do cromo pela formação de uma camada protetora de óxido. No entanto, tempos prolongados de emprego da liga pode gerar quebra da barreira protetora e, então, proporcionar a difusão do carbono para o material, causando mudanças microestuturais que irão afetar as propriedades metalúrgicas Neste trabalho foram analisadas microestruturas de ligas com 25% Cr e 35% Ni que operaram por 20.000 e 37.000 horas, bem como a realização de uma série de tratamentos térmicos com ligas 25% Cr 35% Ni e 35% Cr 45% Ni sem uso, a fim de se estabelecer à relação existente entre a difusão do carbono e a microestrutura resultante. De posse destes dados, foram realizadas análises em microscopia, ensaios mecânicos, dilatometria e modelamento das tensões térmicas geradas nas paradas de decoking. Foi, também, desenvolvido uma metodologia capaz de relacionar a espessura da camada difundida de carbono com o magnetismo existente na superfície interna causada pela formação de precipitados magnéticos.

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Neste trabalho, é estudado o controle da transmissão do som numa placa retangular e fina. Para tanto, é encontrada a resposta dinâmica da placa, excitada por forças harmônicas pontuais e piezomomentos, obtida usando uma base não-clássica e uma análise modal. A radiação sonora emitida pela vibração da placa é encontrada. A potência sonora radiada pode ser calculada aplicando controle ativo diretamente na estrutura, na forma de uma entrada vibratória, uma vez conhecida a resposta na superfície da placa, obtendo-se uma signicativa redução analitica. Os piezocerâmicos, modelados como quatro momentos pontuais, são unidos a superfície da placa como atuadores. A potência sonora transmitida antes e depois do controle é comparada, usando diferentes número de atuadores. Uma estratégia clássica de controle linear quadrático (LQR) e empregada no contexto de um procedimento de otimização da posição dos atuadores do sistema.

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Neste trabalho, fez-se uma avaliação da reatividade do carvão gaúcho da mina de Faxinal com 17% de cinzas, de dois carvões importados, bem como das misturas destes carvões em diferentes proporções mássicas. Além disso, quantificou-se outros parâmetros importantes para o processo de injeção do carvão pulverizado (PCI) na fabricação do gusa via alto-forno, como o teor de cinzas, teor de matéria volátil e composição química das cinzas. A reatividade foi avaliada em termos da reação de gaseificação com CO2, em termobalança, sob condições isotérmicas e pressão atmosférica. Os experimentos foram realizados na temperatura de 1050ºC com CO2 puro, utilizando amostras com granulometria menor que 75 mm. Avaliou-se o efeito da geometria do cadinho e vazão de gás sobre a taxa de reação para garantir uma situação de controle cinético na reação de gaseificação. Os resultados experimentais revelaram que o carvão de Faxinal possui uma reatividade muito maior frente ao CO2 do que os carvões importados. O tempo para que se complete a reação, parâmetro importantíssimo no processo do alto-forno que utiliza PCI, é muitíssimo menor para o carvão de Faxinal do que para os carvões importados. As misturas de carvões revelaram um comportamento aditivo quanto à reatividade e aos demais parâmetros estudados. Observou-se que quanto maior o teor de carvão gaúcho presente na mistura, maior sua reatividade e menor é o tempo gasto para atingir a taxa máxima de reação. Em função dos resultados de reatividade, teor de cinzas e composição química das cinzas obtidos, permitiu-se indicar uma mistura com até 50% de carvão de Faxinal para ser testada na injeção de carvão pulverizado.

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Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento realizado para a implantação do novo sistema de despoeiramento dos Fornos Elétricos a Arco da Aciaria da Gerdau Riograndense. O desenvolvimento do novo sistema iniciou com a necessidade de substituir o antigo sistema de captação, pois este não estava obtendo o desempenho esperado. Os principais resultados obtidos com a implantação deste projeto foram o atendimento das especificações do projeto, comprovado pelos resultados obtidos nas medições de material particulado (MP), uma vez que as concentrações de material particulado medido estão abaixo do limite de emissão estabelecido pelo órgão de controle ambiental, e os resultados do estudo de dispersão, realizados para avaliar a qualidade do ar, utilizando modelagem matemática, atenderam aos limites legais de emissão estabelecidos pelo Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente - CONAMA. O estudo de dispersão foi elaborado após a implantação do sistema de despoeiramento, considerando os dados de entrada obtidos nas medições realizadas na saída dos gases da nova casa de filtros. As causas para o sucesso do projeto estão associadas a sólidos conhecimentos das tecnologias disponíveis da equipe responsável pela implantação do investimento, a visitas realizadas em outras empresas siderúrgicas, ao modelamento hidráulico que estabeleceu o dimensionamento correto do sistema e as experiências adquiridas na operação do antigo sistema de despoeiramento, pois orientaram as decisões tomadas no decorrer do projeto. A garantia da continuidade do desempenho do sistema implantado está assegurada por sua inclusão no programa de gestão ambiental da empresa.

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O carvão vegetal tem um papel de destaque entre as biomassas consumidas no Brasil. Seu uso em larga escala na indústria siderúrgica para a produção de ferro gusa fez do país um dos maiores produtores e consumidores mundiais de carvão vegetal. A matéria-prima abundante, bem como a falta de preocupação com fatores ambientais e sociais, permitiu no passado que se atentasse apenas ao fator econômico; e a tecnologia de produção deste combustível/insumo se desenvolveu muito pouco ao longo de quase toda a sua história no Brasil até os anos mais recentes. Nas duas últimas décadas, quando se intensificou a preocupação social e ambiental e esses fatores ganharam relevância na análise da viabilidade de projetos tanto a serem implantados, quanto já existentes, a produção de carvão vegetal passou a ser identificada como extremamente rudimentar e impactante ao meio ambiente e sociedade onde se localiza. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar a viabilidade econômica de quatro sistemas de produção de carvão existentes no Brasil. O sistema mais rudimentar, comumente chamado de “rabo quente”, um sistema ainda de alvenaria, com um pouco mais desenvolvimento tecnológico conhecido como forno retangular, e dois sistemas que utilizam fornos metálicos para buscar menor tempo do processo de carbonização (devido ao mais rápido resfriamento do sistema) e que têm, ambos, uma preocupação ambiental maior e buscam emitir menos poluentes e oferecer uma condição de trabalho mais adequada, refletindo também positivamente sob o aspecto sócio-ambiental. Percebe-se que em termos de implantação, obviamente, os sistemas que envolvem um pouco mais de tecnologia são bem mais dispendiosos em investimento inicial, porém, há resultados animadores do ponto de vista de retorno do investimento e possibilidades de agregação de valor que tendem a atrair o investimento especialmente dos grandes grupos siderúrgicos consumidores, que têm se preocupado cada vez mais em investir tanto na produção de matéria-prima, com grandes áreas de reflorestamento, quanto na produção sustentável do carvão vegetal.

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The present study aimed to characterize the thermal profile of wood fired oven used by the red ceramic industry in Parelhas, in the Seridó region/RN, aiming to propose structural interventions that can contribute to increasing productivity and product quality, optimize wood consumption and mitigate existing losses during the burning process. The study was conducted at Cerâmica Esperança in the city of Parelhas -RN, Brazil, during the period from August 2012 to September 2013. Four treatments were performed with three replicates, ie, with, a total of 12 experimental units (burnings). In the first stage 4 treatments were performed with three replicates, totaling 12 experimental units (firings). In the second stage 2 treatments were performed with three replications, totaling 6 experimental units (firings). The physical characteristics of the wood were analyzed using standard NBR 11941 and NBR 7190 for basic density and moisture, respectively. The clay was used as a reference parameter for distinguishing treatments. For both the analysis and characterization was carried out using techniques of fluorescence X (XRF) rays, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, particle size analysis (FA). In the first and second stages were monitored: the time during the firing process, the amount of wood used at each firing, the number of parts enfornadas for subsequent determination of the percentages of losses, but also product quality. To characterize the thermal profile of the oven, we measured the temperature at 15 points scored in the surface charge put into the oven. Measurements were taken every 30 minutes from preheat until the end of burning, using a pyrometer laser sight sighting from preheating until the end of burning. In the second step 12 metal cylinders distributed on the oven walls, and the cylinder end walls 8 of the furnace 2 and rollers on each side walls are installed equidistant to 17 cm from the soil and the surface 30 of the wall are installed. The cylinders distributed on the front were placed 50 cm above the furnace, and the base of the oven 20 cm distant from the ground. 10 also thermocouples were installed, and five thermocouples distributed 1.77 cm above the combustion chambers, and one thermocouple on each side, and three thermocouples in front of the oven. We carried out the measurements of the temperatures every 1 hour during the burning two hours in cooling the cylinders with a pyrometer and thermocouples for dattaloger. These were fixed with depth of 30 cm from the wall. After statistical analysis it was found that: the thermal profile of the furnace surface and at different heights was heterogeneous; and the ranges of density and moisture content of wood are within recommended for use as an energy source standards. We conclude that even at low temperatures reached during firing there was a significant production of good quality products, this is due to high concentrations of iron oxide and potassium oxide found in clay, which lowers the melting point of the piece. The average burn time for each step varied 650-2100 minutes wood consumption was on average 20 m3, product quality was on average 16% of first quality, 70% second, third and 5% to 10% loss . The distance between the wire and the surface of the oven was a significant parameter for all treatments, but with different variations, meaning that the wire should not be so generic and unique form, used as a criterion for completion of the burn process. The central part of the furnace was the area that reached higher temperature, and in a unified manner, with the highest concentration of top quality products. The ideal temperature curve, which provided the highest quality of ceramic products was achieved in the central part of the furnace

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In the globalized world modern telecommunications have assumed key role within the company, causing a large increase in demand for the wireless technology of communication, which has been happening in recent years have greatly increased the number of applications using this technology. Due to this demand, new materials are developed to enable new control mechanisms and propagation of electromagnetic waves. The research to develop new technologies for wireless communication presents a multidisciplinary study that covers from the new geometries for passive antennas, active up to the development of materials for devices that improve the performance at the frequency range of operation. Recently, planar antennas have attracted interest due to their characteristics and advantages when compared with other types of antennas. In the area of mobile communications the need for antennas of this type has become increasingly used, due to intensive development, which needs to operate in multifrequency antennas and broadband. The microstrip antennas have narrow bandwidth due to the dielectric losses generated by irradiation. Another limitation is the degradation of the radiation pattern due to the generation of surface waves in the substrate. Some techniques have been developed to minimize this limitation of bandwidth, such as the study of type materials PBG - Photonic Band Gap, to form the dielectric material. This work has as main objective the development project of a slot resonator with multiple layers and use the type PBG substrate, which carried out the optimization from the numerical analysis and then designed the device initially proposed for the band electromagnetic spectrum between 3-9 GHz, which basically includes the band S to X. Was used as the dielectric material RT/Duroid 5870 and RT/Duroid 6010.LM where both are laminated ceramic-filled PTFE dielectric constants 2.33 and 10.2, respectively. Through an experimental investigation was conducted an analysis of the simulated versus measured by observing the behavior of the radiation characteristics from the height variation of the dielectric multilayer substrates. We also used the LTT method resonators structures rectangular slot with multiple layers of material photonic PBG in order to obtain the resonance frequency and the entire theory involving the electromagnetic parameters of the structure under consideration. xviii The analysis developed in this work was performed using the method LTT - Transverse Transmission Line, in the field of Fourier transform that uses a component propagating in the y direction (transverse to the real direction of propagation z), thus treating the general equations of the fields electric and magnetic and function. The PBG theory is applied to obtain the relative permittivity of the polarizations for the sep photonic composite substrates material. The results are obtained with the commercial software Ansoft HFSS, used for accurate analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of the planar device under study through the Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical computational results are presented in graphical form in two and three dimensions, playing in the parameters of return loss, frequency of radiation and radiation diagram, radiation efficiency and surface current for the device under study, and have as substrates, photonic materials and had been simulated in an appropriate computational tool. With respect to the planar device design study are presented in the simulated and measured results that show good agreement with measurements made. These results are mainly in the identification of resonance modes and determining the characteristics of the designed device, such as resonant frequency, return loss and radiation pattern

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Recently, planar antennas have attracted interest due to its characteristics as well as the advantages they offer compared to other types of antennas. In the area of mobile communications the need for such antennas has become increasingly intense due to development, which requires antennas that operate in multifrequency and broadband. The microstrip antennas have narrow bandwidth due to losses in the dielectric caused by irradiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due to generation of surface waves in the substrate. Some techniques are being developed to minimize this bandwidth limitation, as is the case in the study of type materials PBG - Photonic Band Gap, to compose the dielectric material. The analysis developed in this work were performed with use of the method LTT - Transverse Transmission Line, in the field of Fourier transform that uses a component propagating in the y direction (transerve real direction of propagation z), thus treating the general equations of the fields electric and magnetic fields as a functions of y E and Hy . This work has as main objective the method LTT structures resonator line slot with four layers of material photonic PBG, for obtaining the complex resonant frequency and efficiency of this structure. PBG theory is applied to obtain the relative permittivity for the substrate biases sep compounds photonic material. Numerical-computational results in graph form in two dimensions for all the analysis are presented for the proposed structures that have photonic materials, as substrates

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In the State of Rio Grande do Norte potteries are distributed in several counties in the four meso, which are: West Potiguar, Center Potiguar, Agreste Potiguar and East Portiguar. The ceramics, mostly, are responsible for products used in construction as bricks, tiles and white brick and wood used as fuel. This paper had a primary focus in the region of Seridó. The furnaces in this region, used to manufacture bricks are configured Caieira and Valt, in most of them using principles rustic, usually operated in an empirical way, using principles of control rather primitive, predominantly visual control. The focus of this study was to analyze the differences in the thermophysical, mechanical and geometric characteristics of bricks produced by Caieira and vault furnaces, using the NBR 15720 and the evaluation of energy efficiency in both furnaces. Thermophysical characteristics were analyzed through tests to determine the water absorption obtained from the difference between dry mass and wet mass of the sample and analysis of the thermal gradient, the mechanical characteristics from determination of the compressive strength of ceramic brick popularly known as bricks and also analyzed the geometrical characteristics of the bricks in order to verify the homogeneity of manufacturing. The tests showed that the energy difference of the two furnaces is not considered responsible for a significant difference in the properties of the products

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)