Entropia conjunta de espaço e reqüência espacial estimada através da discriminação de estímulos espaciais com luminância e cromaticidade moduladas por funções de Gábor: implicações para o processamento paralelo de informação no sistema visual humano

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a entropia conjunta do sistema visual humano no domínio do espaço e no domínio das freqüências espaciais através de funções psicométricas. Estas foram obtidas com testes de discriminação de estímulos com luminância ou cromaticidade moduladas por funções de Gábor. A essência do método consistiu em avaliar a entropia no domínio do espaço, testando-se a capacidade do sujeito em discriminar estímulos que diferiam apenas em extensão espacial, e avaliar a entropia no domínio das freqüências espaciais, testando-se a capacidade do sujeito em discriminar estímulos que diferiam apenas em freqüência espacial. A entropia conjunta foi calculada, então, a partir desses dois valores individuais de entropia. Três condições visuais foram estudadas: acromática, cromática sem correção fina para eqüiluminância e cromática com correção para eqüiluminância através de fotometria com flicker heterocromático. Quatro sujeitos foram testados nas três condições, dois sujeitos adicionais foram testados na condição cromática sem eqüiluminância fina e um sétimo sujeito também fez o teste acromático. Todos os sujeitos foram examinados por oftalmologista e considerados normais do ponto de vista oftálmico, não apresentando relato, sintomas ou sinais de disfunções visuais ou de moléstias potencialmente capazes de afetar o sistema visual. Eles tinham acuidade visual normal ou corrigida de no mínimo 20/30. O trabalho foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa do Núcleo de Medicina Tropical da UFPA e obedeceu às recomendações da Declaração de Helsinki. As funções de Gábor usadas para modulação de luminância ou cromaticidade compreenderam redes senoidais unidimensionais horizontais, moduladas na direção vertical, dentro de envelopes gaussianos bidimensionais cuja extensão espacial era medida pelo desvio padrão da gaussiana. Os estímulos foram gerados usando-se uma rotina escrita em Pascal num ambiente Delphi 7 Enterprise. Foi utilizado um microcomputador Dell Precision 390 Workstation e um gerador de estímulos CRS VSG ViSaGe para exibir os estímulos num CRT de 20”, 800 x 600 pixels, 120 Hz, padrão RGB, Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 2070SB. Nos experimentos acromáticos, os estímulos foram gerados pela modulação de luminância de uma cor branca correspondente à cromaticidade CIE1931 (x = 0,270; y = 0,280) ou CIE1976 (u’ = 0,186; v’= 0,433) e tinha luminância média de 44,5 cd/m2. Nos experimentos cromáticos, a luminância média foi mantida em 15 cd/m2 e foram usadas duas series de estímulos verde-vermelhos. Os estímulos de uma série foram formados por duas cromaticidades definidas no eixo M-L do Espaço de Cores DKL (CIE1976: verde, u’=0,131, v’=0,380; vermelho, u’=0,216, v’=0,371). Os estímulos da outra série foram formados por duas cromaticidades definidas ao longo de um eixo horizontal verde-vermelho definido no Espaço de Cores CIE1976 (verde, u’=0,150, v’=0,480; vermelho, u’=0,255, v’=0,480). Os estímulos de referência eram compostos por redes de três freqüências espaciais diferentes (0,4, 2 e 10 ciclos por grau) e envelope gaussiano com desvio padrão de 1 grau. Os estímulos de testes eram compostos por uma entre 19 freqüências espaciais diferentes em torno da freqüência espacial de referência e um entre 21 envelopes gaussianos diferentes com desvio padrão em torno de 1 grau. Na condição acromática, foram estudados quatro níveis de contraste de Michelson: 2%, 5%, 10% e 100%. Nas duas condições cromáticas foi usado o nível mais alto de contraste agregado de cones permitidos pelo gamut do monitor, 17%. O experimento consistiu numa escolha forçada de dois intervalos, cujo procedimento de testagem compreendeu a seguinte seqüência: i) apresentação de um estímulo de referência por 1 s; ii) substituição do estímulo de referência por um fundo eqüiluminante de mesma cromaticidade por 1 s; iii) apresentação do estímulo de teste também por 1 s, diferindo em relação ao estímulo de referência seja em freqüência espacial, seja em extensão espacial, com um estímulo sonoro sinalizando ao sujeito que era necessário responder se o estímulo de teste era igual ou diferente do estímulo de referência; iv) substituição do estímulo de teste pelo fundo. A extensão espacial ou a freqüência espacial do estímulo de teste foi mudada aleatoriamente de tentativa para tentativa usando o método dos estímulos constantes. Numa série de 300 tentativas, a freqüencia espacial foi variada, noutra série também de 300 tentativas, a extensão espacial foi variada, sendo que cada estímulo de teste em cada série foi apresentado pelo menos 10 vezes. A resposta do indivíduo em cada tentativa era guardada como correta ou errada para posterior construção das curvas psicométricas. Os pontos experimentais das funções psicométricas para espaço e freqüência espacial em cada nível de contraste, correspondentes aos percentuais de acertos, foram ajustados com funções gaussianas usando-se o método dos mínimos quadrados. Para cada nível de contraste, as entropias para espaço e freqüência espacial foram estimadas pelos desvios padrões dessas funções gaussianas e a entropia conjunta foi obtida multiplicando-se a raiz quadrada da entropia para espaço pela entropia para freqüência espacial. Os valores de entropia conjunta foram comparados com o mínimo teórico para sistemas lineares, 1/4π ou 0,0796. Para freqüências espaciais baixas e intermediárias, a entropia conjunta atingiu níveis abaixo do mínimo teórico em contrastes altos, sugerindo interações não lineares entre dois ou mais mecanismos visuais. Este fenômeno occorreu em todas as condições (acromática, cromática e cromática eqüiluminante) e foi mais acentuado para a frequência espacial de 0,4 ciclos / grau. Uma possível explicação para este fenômeno é a interação não linear entre as vias visuais retino-genículo-estriadas, tais como as vias K, M e P, na área visual primária ou em níveis mais altos de processamento neural.

Seletividade espacial de cor do potencial cortical provocado visual pseudoaleatório

A seletividade espacial para cor tem sido investigada usando métodos eletrofisiológicos invasivos e não invasivos, e métodos psicofísicos. Em eletrofisiologia cortical visual não invasiva este tópico foi investigado usando métodos convencionais de estimulação periódica e extração de respostas por promediação simples. Novos métodos de estimulação (apresentação pseudo-aleatória) e extração de respostas corticais não invasivas (correlação cruzada) foram desenvolvidos e ainda não foram usados para investigar a seletividade espacial de cor de respostas corticais. Este trabalho objetivou introduzir esse novo método de eletrofisiologia pseudoaleatória para estudar a seletividade espacial de cor. Foram avaliados 14 tricromatas e 16 discromatópsicos com acuidade visual normal ou corrigida. Os voluntários foram avaliados pelo anomaloscópio HMC e teste de figuras de Ishihara para caracterizar a visão de cores quanto à presença de tricromacia. Foram usadas redes senoidais, 8º de ângulo visual, vermelho-verde para 8 frequências espaciais entre 0,2 a 10 cpg. O estímulo foi temporalmente modulado por uma sequência-m binária em um modo de apresentação de padrão reverso. O sistema VERIS foi usado para extrair o primeiro e o segundo slice do kernel de segunda ordem (K2.1 e K2.2, respectivamente). Após a modelagem da resposta às frequências espaciais com função de diferença de gaussianas, extraiu-se a frequência espacial ótima e banda de frequências com amplitudes acima de ¾ da amplitude máxima da função para servirem como indicadores da seletividade espacial da função. Também foi estimada a acuidade visual cromática pelo ajuste de uma função linear aos dados de amplitude a partir da frequência espacial do pico de amplitude até a mais alta frequência espacial testada. Em tricromatas, foi encontrada respostas cromáticas no K2.1 e no K2.2 que apresentaram seletividade espacial diferentes. Os componentes negativos do K2.1 e do K2.2 apresentaram sintonia passa-banda e o componente positivo do K2.1 apresentou sintonia passa-baixa. A acuidade visual estimada de todos os componentes estudados foi próxima àquelas encontradas por Mullen (1985) e Kelly (1983). Diferentes componentes celulares podem estar contribuindo para a geração do VECP pseudoaleatório. Este novo método se candidata a ser uma importante ferramenta para a avaliação não invasiva da visão de cores em humanos.

Estudo genético quantitativo da qualidade da carcaça e da carne e suas associações com as características de avaliação visual na raça Nelore

Pós-graduação em Genética e Melhoramento Animal - FCAV

Finishing precocity visual score and genetic associations with growth traits in Angus beef cattle

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Reliability of marginal microleakage assessment by visual and digital methods

The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of visual and digital methods to assess marginal microleakage in vitro. Materials and Methods: Typical Class V preparations were made in bovine teeth and filled with composite resin. After dye penetration (0.5% basic fuchsin), teeth were sectioned and the 53 obtained fragments were assessed according to visual (stereomicroscope) and digital methods (Image Tool Software ® -ITS) (University of Texas Health Science Center-San Antonio Dental School, USA). Two calibrated examiners (A and B) evaluated dye penetration, by means of a stereomicroscope with ×20 magnification (scores), and by the ITS (millimeters). The intra- and inter-examiner agreement was estimated according to Kappa statistics (κ), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ρ). Results: In relation to the visual method, the intra-examiner agreement was almost perfect (κA = 0.87) and substantial (κB = 0.76), respectively to the examiner A and B. The inter-examiner agreement showed an almost perfect reliability (κ = 0.84). For the digital method, the intra-examiner agreement was almost perfect for both examiners and equal to ρ = 0.99, and so was the inter-examiner agreement value. Conclusion: Visual (stereomicroscope) and digital methods (ITS) showed high levels of intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility when marginal microleakage was assessed.

Visual impairment in children with spastic cerebral palsy measured by psychophysical and electrophysiological grating acuity tests

Background: This study measured grating visual acuity in 173 children between 6-48 months of age who had different types of spastic cerebral palsy (CP). Method: Behavioural acuity was measured with the Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) using a staircase psychophysical procedure. Electrophysiological visual acuity was estimated using the sweep VEP (sVEP). Results: The percentage of children outside the superior tolerance limits was 44 of 63 (69%) and 50 of 55 (91%) of tetraplegic, 36 of 56 (64%) and 42 of 53 (79%) of diplegic, 10 of 48 (21%) and 12 of 40 (30%) of hemiplegic for sVEP and TAC, respectively. For the sVEP, the greater visual acuity deficit found in the tetraplegic group was significantly different from that of the hemiplegic group (p < 0.001). In the TAC procedure the mean visual acuity deficits of the tetraplegic and diplegic groups were significantly different from that of hemiplegic group (p < 0.001). The differences between sVEP and TAC means of visual acuity difference were statistically significant for the tetraplegic (p < 0.001), diplegic (p < 0.001), and hemiplegic group (p = 0.004). Discussion: Better visual acuities were obtained in both procedures for hemiplegic children compared to diplegic or tetraplegic. Tetraplegic and diplegic children showed greater discrepancies between the TAC and sVEP results. Inter-ocular acuity difference was more frequent in sVEP measurements. Conclusions: Electrophysiologically measured visual acuity is better than behavioural visual acuity in children with CP.

Rates of Change in the Visual Field and Optic Disc in Patients with Distinct Patterns of Glaucomatous Optic Disc Damage

Purpose: To investigate the rate of visual field and optic disc change in patients with distinct patterns of glaucomatous optic disc damage. Design: Prospective longitudinal study. Participants: A total of 131 patients with open-angle glaucoma with focal (n = 45), diffuse (n = 42), and sclerotic (n = 44) optic disc damage. Methods: Patients were examined every 4 months with standard automated perimetry (SAP, SITA Standard, 24-2 test, Humphrey Field Analyzer, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA) and confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT, Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany) for a period of 4 years. During this time, patients were treated according to a predefined protocol to achieve a target intraocular pressure (IOP). Rates of change were estimated by robust linear regression of visual field mean deviation (MD) and global optic disc neuroretinal rim area with follow-up time. Main Outcome Measures: Rates of change in MD and rim area. Results: Rates of visual field change in patients with focal optic disc damage (mean -0.34, standard deviation [SD] 0.69 dB/year) were faster than in patients with sclerotic (mean - 0.14, SD 0.77 dB/year) and diffuse (mean + 0.01, SD 0.37 dB/year) optic disc damage (P = 0.003, Kruskal-Wallis). Rates of optic disc change in patients with focal optic disc damage (mean - 11.70, SD 25.5 x 10(-3) mm(2)/year) were faster than in patients with diffuse (mean -9.16, SD 14.9 x 10(-3) mm(2)/year) and sclerotic (mean -0.45, SD 20.6 x 10(-3) mm(2)/year) optic disc damage, although the differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.11). Absolute IOP reduction from untreated levels was similar among the groups (P = 0.59). Conclusions: Patients with focal optic disc damage had faster rates of visual field change and a tendency toward faster rates of optic disc deterioration when compared with patients with diffuse and sclerotic optic disc damage, despite similar IOP reductions during follow-up. Financial Disclosure(s): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references. Ophthalmology 2012; 119: 294-303 (C) 2012 by the American Academy of Ophthalmology.

On the use of 10-minute point counts and 10-species lists for surveying birds in lowland Atlantic Forests in southeastern Brazil

Due to rapid and continuous deforestation, recent bird surveys in the Atlantic Forest are following rapid assessment programs to accumulate significant amounts of data during short periods of time. During this study, two surveying methods were used to evaluate which technique rapidly accumulated most species (> 90% of the estimated empirical value) at lowland Atlantic Forests in the state of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil. Birds were counted during the 2008-2010 breeding seasons using 10-minute point counts and 10-species lists. Overall, point counting detected as many species as lists (79 vs. 83, respectively), and 88 points (14.7 h) detected 90% of the estimated species richness. Forty-one lists were insufficient to detect 90% of all species. However, lists accumulated species faster in a shorter time period, probably due to the nature of the point count method in which species detected while moving between points are not considered. Rapid assessment programs in these forests will rapidly detect more species using 10-species lists. Both methods shared 63% of all forest species, but this may be due to spatial and temporal mismatch between samplings of each method.

Reliability and consistency affect the integration of visual depth cues

Abstract Originalsprache (englisch) Visual perception relies on a two-dimensional projection of the viewed scene on the retinas of both eyes. Thus, visual depth has to be reconstructed from a number of different cues that are subsequently integrated to obtain robust depth percepts. Existing models of sensory integration are mainly based on the reliabilities of individual cues and disregard potential cue interactions. In the current study, an extended Bayesian model is proposed that takes into account both cue reliability and consistency. Four experiments were carried out to test this model's predictions. Observers had to judge visual displays of hemi-cylinders with an elliptical cross section, which were constructed to allow for an orthogonal variation of several competing depth cues. In Experiment 1 and 2, observers estimated the cylinder's depth as defined by shading, texture, and motion gradients. The degree of consistency among these cues was systematically varied. It turned out that the extended Bayesian model provided a better fit to the empirical data compared to the traditional model which disregards covariations among cues. To circumvent the potentially problematic assessment of single-cue reliabilities, Experiment 3 used a multiple-observation task, which allowed for estimating perceptual weights from multiple-cue stimuli. Using the same multiple-observation task, the integration of stereoscopic disparity, shading, and texture gradients was examined in Experiment 4. It turned out that less reliable cues were downweighted in the combined percept. Moreover, a specific influence of cue consistency was revealed. Shading and disparity seemed to be processed interactively while other cue combinations could be well described by additive integration rules. These results suggest that cue combination in visual depth perception is highly flexible and depends on single-cue properties as well as on interrelations among cues. The extension of the traditional cue combination model is defended in terms of the necessity for robust perception in ecologically valid environments and the current findings are discussed in the light of emerging computational theories and neuroscientific approaches.

Improved antiretroviral treatment outcome in a rural African setting is associated with cART initiation at higher CD4 cell counts and better general health condition

Background Data on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) in remote rural African regions is increasing. Methods We assessed prospectively initial cART in HIV-infected adults treated from 2005 to 2008 at St. Francis Designated District Hospital, Ifakara, Tanzania. Adherence was assisted by personal adherence supporters. We estimated risk factors of death or loss to follow-up by Cox regression during the first 12 months of cART. Results Overall, 1,463 individuals initiated cART, which was nevirapine-based in 84.6%. The median age was 40 years (IQR 34-47), 35.4% were males, 7.6% had proven tuberculosis. Median CD4 cell count was 131 cells/μl and 24.8% had WHO stage 4. Median CD4 cell count increased by 61 and 130 cells/μl after 6 and 12 months, respectively. 215 (14.7%) patients modified their treatment, mostly due to toxicity (56%), in particular polyneuropathy and anemia. Overall, 129 patients died (8.8%) and 189 (12.9%) were lost to follow-up. In a multivariate analysis, low CD4 cells at starting cART were associated with poorer survival and loss to follow-up (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.15-2.75, p = 0.009; for CD4 <50 compared to >100 cells/μl). Higher weight was strongly associated with better survival (HR 0.63, 95% CI 0.51-0.76, p < 0.001 per 10 kg increase). Conclusions cART initiation at higher CD4 cell counts and better general health condition reduces HIV related mortality in a rural African setting. Efforts must be made to promote earlier HIV diagnosis to start cART timely. More research is needed to evaluate effective strategies to follow cART at a peripheral level with limited technical possibilities.

Investigating human audio-visual object perception with a combination of hypothesis-generating and hypothesis-testing fMRI analysis tools

Primate multisensory object perception involves distributed brain regions. To investigate the network character of these regions of the human brain, we applied data-driven group spatial independent component analysis (ICA) to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data set acquired during a passive audio-visual (AV) experiment with common object stimuli. We labeled three group-level independent component (IC) maps as auditory (A), visual (V), and AV, based on their spatial layouts and activation time courses. The overlap between these IC maps served as definition of a distributed network of multisensory candidate regions including superior temporal, ventral occipito-temporal, posterior parietal and prefrontal regions. During an independent second fMRI experiment, we explicitly tested their involvement in AV integration. Activations in nine out of these twelve regions met the max-criterion (A < AV > V) for multisensory integration. Comparison of this approach with a general linear model-based region-of-interest definition revealed its complementary value for multisensory neuroimaging. In conclusion, we estimated functional networks of uni- and multisensory functional connectivity from one dataset and validated their functional roles in an independent dataset. These findings demonstrate the particular value of ICA for multisensory neuroimaging research and using independent datasets to test hypotheses generated from a data-driven analysis.

The Validation of a New Visual Anaemia Evaluation Tool HemoHue HH1 in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease

In chronic haemodialysis patients, anaemia is a frequent finding associated with high therapeutic costs and further expenses resulting from serial laboratory measurements. HemoHue HH1, HemoHue Ltd, is a novel tool consisting of a visual scale for the noninvasive assessment of anaemia by matching the coloration of the conjunctiva with a calibrated hue scale. The aim of the study was to investigate the usefulness of HemoHue in estimating individual haemoglobin concentrations and binary treatment outcomes in haemodialysis patients. A prospective blinded study with 80 hemodialysis patients comparing the visual haemoglobin assessment with the standard laboratory measurement was performed. Each patient's haemoglobin concentration was estimated by seven different medical and nonmedical observers with variable degrees of clinical experience on two different occasions. The estimated population mean was close to the measured one (11.06 ± 1.67 versus 11.32 ± 1.23 g/dL, P < 0.0005). A learning effect could be detected. Relative errors in individual estimates reached, however, up to 50%. Insufficient performance in predicting binary outcomes (ROC AUC: 0.72 to 0.78) and poor interrater reliability (Kappa < 0.6) further characterised this method.

VISUAL-INERTIAL INTEGRATION FOR HUMAN MOTION TRACKING AND NAVIGATION IN FREE-LIVING ENVIRONMENTS

The aging population has become a burning issue for all modern societies around the world recently. There are two important issues existing now to be solved. One is how to continuously monitor the movements of those people having suffered a stroke in natural living environment for providing more valuable feedback to guide clinical interventions. The other one is how to guide those old people effectively when they are at home or inside other buildings and to make their life easier and convenient. Therefore, human motion tracking and navigation have been active research fields with the increasing number of elderly people. However, motion capture has been extremely challenging to go beyond laboratory environments and obtain accurate measurements of human physical activity especially in free-living environments, and navigation in free-living environments also poses some problems such as the denied GPS signal and the moving objects commonly presented in free-living environments. This thesis seeks to develop new technologies to enable accurate motion tracking and positioning in free-living environments. This thesis comprises three specific goals using our developed IMU board and the camera from the imaging source company: (1) to develop a robust and real-time orientation algorithm using only the measurements from IMU; (2) to develop a robust distance estimation in static free-living environments to estimate people’s position and navigate people in static free-living environments and simultaneously the scale ambiguity problem, usually appearing in the monocular camera tracking, is solved by integrating the data from the visual and inertial sensors; (3) in case of moving objects viewed by the camera existing in free-living environments, to firstly design a robust scene segmentation algorithm and then respectively estimate the motion of the vIMU system and moving objects. To achieve real-time orientation tracking, an Adaptive-Gain Orientation Filter (AGOF) is proposed in this thesis based on the basic theory of deterministic approach and frequency-based approach using only measurements from the newly developed MARG (Magnet, Angular Rate, and Gravity) sensors. To further obtain robust positioning, an adaptive frame-rate vision-aided IMU system is proposed to develop and implement fast vIMU ego-motion estimation algorithms, where the orientation is estimated in real time from MARG sensors in the first step and then used to estimate the position based on the data from visual and inertial sensors. In case of the moving objects viewed by the camera existing in free-living environments, a robust scene segmentation algorithm is firstly proposed to obtain position estimation and simultaneously the 3D motion of moving objects. Finally, corresponding simulations and experiments have been carried out.

Mitotic figure counts are significantly overestimated in resection specimens of invasive breast carcinomas

Several authors have demonstrated an increased number of mitotic figures in breast cancer resection specimen when compared with biopsy material. This has been ascribed to a sampling artifact where biopsies are (i) either too small to allow formal mitotic figure counting or (ii) not necessarily taken form the proliferating tumor periphery. Herein, we propose a different explanation for this phenomenon. Biopsy and resection material of 52 invasive ductal carcinomas was studied. We counted mitotic figures in 10 representative high power fields and quantified MIB-1 immunohistochemistry by visual estimation, counting and image analysis. We found that mitotic figures were elevated by more than three-fold on average in resection specimen over biopsy material from the same tumors (20±6 vs 6±2 mitoses per 10 high power fields, P=0.008), and that this resulted in a relative diminution of post-metaphase figures (anaphase/telophase), which made up 7% of all mitotic figures in biopsies but only 3% in resection specimen (P<0.005). At the same time, the percentages of MIB-1 immunostained tumor cells among total tumor cells were comparable in biopsy and resection material, irrespective of the mode of MIB-1 quantification. Finally, we found no association between the size of the biopsy material and the relative increase of mitotic figures in resection specimen. We propose that the increase in mitotic figures in resection specimen and the significant shift towards metaphase figures is not due to a sampling artifact, but reflects ongoing cell cycle activity in the resected tumor tissue due to fixation delay. The dwindling energy supply will eventually arrest tumor cells in metaphase, where they are readily identified by the diagnostic pathologist. Taken together, we suggest that the rapidly fixed biopsy material better represents true tumor biology and should be privileged as predictive marker of putative response to cytotoxic chemotherapy.

Kidney disease in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive adults with high CD4 counts: prevalence and predictors of kidney disease at enrolment in the INSIGHT Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) trial.

OBJECTIVES HIV infection has been associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Little is known about the prevalence of CKD in individuals with high CD4 cell counts prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We sought to address this knowledge gap. METHODS We describe the prevalence of CKD among 4637 ART-naïve adults (mean age 36.8 years) with CD4 cell counts > 500 cells/μL at enrolment in the Strategic Timing of AntiRetroviral Treatment (START) study. CKD was defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and/or dipstick urine protein ≥ 1+. Logistic regression was used to identify baseline characteristics associated with CKD. RESULTS Among 286 [6.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5%, 6.9%] participants with CKD, the majority had isolated proteinuria. A total of 268 participants had urine protein ≥ 1+, including 41 with urine protein ≥ 2+. Only 22 participants (0.5%) had an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) , including four who also had proteinuria. Baseline characteristics independently associated with CKD included diabetes [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.73; 95% CI 1.05, 2.85], hypertension (aOR 1.82; 95% CI 1.38, 2.38), and race/ethnicity (aOR 0.59; 95% CI 0.37, 0.93 for Hispanic vs. white). CONCLUSIONS We observed a low prevalence of CKD associated with traditional CKD risk factors among ART-naïve clinical trial participants with CD4 cell counts > 500 cells/μL.