Low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest improves recovery of elite kayakers following a simulated 1000-m race in a hot environment

This study compared the effects of a low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES; Veinoplus® Sport, Ad Rem Technology, Paris, France), a low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest (LFESCR) and an active recovery combined with a cooling vest (ACTCR) as recovery strategies on performance (racing time and pacing strategies), physiologic and perceptual responses between two sprint kayak simulated races, in a hot environment (∼32 wet-bulb-globe temperature). Eight elite male kayakers performed two successive 1000-m kayak time trials (TT1 and TT2), separated by a short-term recovery period, including a 30-min of the respective recovery intervention protocol, in a randomized crossover design. Racing time, power output, and stroke rate were recorded for each time trial. Blood lactate concentration, pH, core, skin and body temperatures were measured before and after both TT1 and TT2 and at mid- and post-recovery intervention. Perceptual ratings of thermal sensation were also collected. LFESCR was associated with a very likely effect in performance restoration compared with ACTCR (99/0/1%) and LFES conditions (98/0/2%). LFESCR induced a significant decrease in body temperature and thermal sensation at post-recovery intervention, which is not observed in ACTCR condition. In conclusion, the combination of LFES and wearing a cooling vest (LFESCR) improves performance restoration between two 1000-m kayak time trials achieved by elite athletes, in the heat.

Elite Bargaining and the Evolution of Centre-Periphery Relations in Post-Soviet Russia : A Comparative Analysis

This work is concerned with presenting a modified theoretical approach to the study of centre-periphery relations in the Russian Federation. In the widely accepted scientific discourse, the Russian federal system under the Yeltsin Administration (1991-2000) was asymmetrical; largely owing to the varying amount of structural autonomy distributed among the federation s 89 constituent units. While providing an improved understanding as to which political and socio-economic structures contributed to federal asymmetry, it is felt that associated large N-studies have underemphasised the role played by actor agency in re-shaping Russian federal institutions. It is the main task of this thesis to reintroduce /re-emphasise the importance of actor agency as a major contributing element of institutional change in the Russian federal system. By focusing on the strategic agency of regional elites simultaneously within regional and federal contexts, the thesis adopts the position that political, ethnic and socio-economic structural factors alone cannot fully determine the extent to which regional leaders were successful in their pursuit of economic and political pay-offs from the institutionally weakened federal centre. Furthermore, this work hypothesises that under conditions of federal institutional uncertainty, it is the ability of regional leaders to simultaneously interpret various mutable structural conditions then translate them into plausible strategies which accounts for the regions ability to extract variable amounts of economic and political pay-offs from the Russian federal system. The thesis finds that while the hypothesis is accurate in its theoretical assumptions, several key conclusions provide paths for further inquiry posed by the initial research question. First, without reliable information or stable institutions to guide their actions, both regional and federal elites were forced into ad-hoc decision-making in order to maintain their core strategic focus: political survival. Second, instead of attributing asymmetry to either actor agency or structural factors exclusively, the empirical data shows that both agency and structures interact symbiotically in the strategic formulation process, thus accounting for the sub-optimal nature of several of the actions taken in the adopted cases. Third, as actor agency and structural factors mutate over time, so, too do the perceived payoffs from elite competition. In the case of the Russian federal system, the stronger the federal centre became, the less likely it was that regional leaders could extract the high degree of economic and political pay-offs that they clamoured for earlier in the Yeltsin period. Finally, traditional approaches to the study of federal systems which focus on institutions as measures of federalism are not fully applicable in the Russian case precisely because the institutions themselves were a secondary point of contention between competing elites. Institutional equilibriums between the regions and Moscow were struck only when highly personalised elite preferences were satisfied. Therefore the Russian federal system is the product of short-term, institutional solutions suited to elite survival strategies developed under conditions of economic, political and social uncertainty.

In vitro micropropagation of elite rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb

Induction of single and multiple shoots was obtained from nodal expiants of 60–80 year-old elite trees of rosewood on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (1.0 mg 1-1) and delta -Naphthalene acetic acid (0.05 mg 1-1) or indole acetic acid (0.5 mg 1-1). Multiplication of shoots was obtained on MS (reduced major elements) or Woody Plant Medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (1.0 mg 1-1) and kinetin (0.5–1.0 mg 1-1). Excised shoots were rooted on half-strength MS with IBA (2.0 mg 1-1) to obtain complete plantlets. The regenerated plantlets have been acclimatized and successfully transferred to the soil.

Processo legislativo e tomada de decisões : a elite parlamentar da Câmara dos Deputados

Baseia-se no estudo da Teoria das Elites para compreender a existência de grupos minoritários que centralizam o poder de decisão no Congresso Nacional. A partir da análise comparativa das publicações do DIAP, Os Cabeças do Congresso Nacional, de 1994 a 2009, identifica os principais fatores definidores da elite parlamentar. Busca conferir a importância dos espaços institucionais para a constituição desta elite. A partir do cruzamento dos dados do DIAP com os da Câmara dos Deputados referentes aos cargos formais de membros da Mesa Diretora, presidência de Comissões Permanentes, Especiais e de Inquérito, e Lideranças partidárias, do governo ou da minoria, conclui que os cargos formais são importantes para se exercer o poder político, mas isoladamente não são suficientes para compor a elite. Atrelado ao cargo é necessária a presença de faculdades especiais dos deputados, qualidades que viabilizem a prevalência de suas preferências no processo decisório do Poder Legislativo. À luz da teoria das elites, os dados também identificaram a existência de uma elite à testa dos "Cabeças", ou seja, uma espécie de oligarquia, como disse Michels (1982) dentro da própria elite, composta pelos parlamentares mais experientes, mais habilidosos e, quando analisados no âmbito dos dos cargos formais, é evidenciado a relevância dos cargos de Presidente da Casa, Primeiro-Secretário e Líderes partidários frente aos outros analisados.

Body image and body composition: comparisons of young male elite soccer players and controls

[EN] The purpose of this study was to evaluate body composition and body image (perception and satisfaction) in a group of young elite soccer players and to compare the data with those of a control group (age and BMI matched). Participants were 56 volunteer males whose mean age and BMI were 19.6 (SD 1.3) years and 23.3 (SD 1.1) kg/m2, respectively. Results showed that soccer players have a higher lean mass and lower fat mass than controls. Moreover, body perception (difference between current and actual image) was more accurate in controls than in soccer players, and the results suggest a tendency for soccer players to aspire to have more muscle mass and body fat. Soccer players perceived an ideal image with significantly higher body-fat percentage than their current and actual images. There were no body-dissatisfaction differences between groups, however. Although the results are necessarily limited by the small sample size, the findings should be of interest to coaches of young elite soccer teams.

A cidade imaginada: a elite empresarial carioca e a construção de projeto para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro nos anos 1990

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a influência da elite empresarial local nas alternativas políticas para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro ao longo dos anos 1990. A importância de compreender o papel da elite empresarial carioca na construção de um projeto político para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro está pautada no postulado de que essa elite é peça fundamental para a projeção da cidade, atuando em várias esferas de poder, entre as quais o Executivo e o Legislativo estadual e municipal. A nossa investigação baseia-se, também, no fato de que os gestores da prefeitura, ao construir um projeto para cidade do Rio de Janeiro, estiveram atentos ao empresariado local, compondo parcerias. Neste sentido, a nossa pesquisa procurou analisar os aspectos políticos e ideológicos sobre os quais se fundamentaram tais parcerias. Tal influência ocorreu de diversas formas: projetos liderados pelos empresários cariocas, cargos no executivo e criação de conselhos empresariais para a resolução de determinados problemas da cidade.

Effects of Small-Sided Games vs. Interval Training in Aerobic Fitness and Physical Enjoyment in Young Elite Soccer Players

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of Small-Sided Games (SSG) vs. Interval Training (IT) in soccer training on aerobic fitness and physical enjoyment in youth elite soccer players during the last 8 weeks of the season. Seventeen U-16 male soccer players (age = 15.5 +/- 0.6 years, and 8.5 years of experience) of a Spanish First Division club academy were randomized to 2 different groups for 6 weeks: SSG group (n = 9) and IT group (n = 8). In addition to the usual technical and tactical sessions and competitive games, the SSG group performed 11 sessions with different SSGs, whereas the IT group performed the same number of sessions of IT. Players were tested before and after the 6-week training intervention with a continuous maximal multistage running field test and the counter movement jump test (CMJ). At the end of the study, players answered the physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES). During the study, heart rate (HR) and session perceived effort (sRPE) were assessed. SSGs were as effective as IT in maintaining the aerobic fitness in elite young soccer players during the last weeks of the season. Players in the SSG group declared a greater physical enjoyment than IT (P = 0.006; ES = 1.86 +/- 1.07). Coaches could use SSG training during the last weeks of the season as an option without fear of losing aerobic fitness while promoting high physical enjoyment.

O império, a elite e o imperador: debates sobre a Europa na política externa brasileira do século XIX

A independência do Brasil, bem como de parte significativa da América Latina, ocorreu concomitantemente ao reestabelecimento da realidade política europeia após a Revolução Francesa. A Constituição brasileira de 1824, apesar de aparentar similaridades com o liberalismo francês, foi feita de forma a transformar o Brasil no modelo mais bem acabado de realidade política do Antigo Regime europeu. O engessamento da estrutura política decorria da existência de uma elite coesa, situação que punha à prova um modelo que teoricamente oferecia ao monarca o poder máximo, dada sua atribuição de alternar o grupo que estava no comando do país. Esse processo resultou quase que na transformação do imperador em um chanceler das decisões tomadas pelos membros da elite homogênea. Essa dinâmica política ocorre pari passu às tensões de modernização que permeiam a realidade europeia do século XIX e que refletem o aprofundamento do capitalismo da Segunda Revolução Industrial. O Brasil, pensado a partir do modelo do Antigo Regime europeu, encontrou no segundo reinado o ponto de inflexão a partir de iniciativas de modernização defendidas por D. Pedro II. Esse conflito intraelite é a tônica da análise feita a partir da hipótese de que o Brasil era um membro efetivo da Sociedade de Estados europeia, percepção decorrente do compartilhamento de valores havido com os países da Europa. Nesse espectro, constrói-se uma narrativa histórica na qual a História da Política Externa Brasileira e a História das Relações Internacionais são desenvolvidas conjuntamente. Essa narrativa visa superar as limitações impostas por uma noção de História restrita às questões de poder e disputas fronteiriças. Para a consecução desse objetivo recorreu-se a uma análise mais detalhada das atribuições do Conselho de Estado órgão representativo da elite imperial e das atas das reuniões havidas na seção de Justiça e Negócios Estrangeiros. A essa análise contrapôs-se aquela feita dos diários de D. Pedro II escritos durante suas três viagens ao Exterior (1871-1873 / 1876-1877 / 1887-1888). É pela contraposição dessas duas fontes primárias que se conclui que havia projetos diferentes para o país decorrentes de percepções diferentes sobre a realidade da Europa: se de um lado a Europa vista pela elite brasileira era aquela do Antigo Regime, D. Pedro II reconhecia os impulsos modernizantes das duas últimas décadas do século. Alguns dos quais ele tentou implementar no país.

LA Size in Former Elite Athletes

A recent meta-analysis by Iskandar et al. (1) nicely showed that endurance athletes have larger left atrial (LA) diameters compared with control subjects. Yet only 9 of 54 studies included in their analysis reported LA volume values corrected for body surface area (BSA). In fact, few studies have determined LA volume in young athletes, and, to the best of our knowledge, no study has reported this variable in older athletes. This is an important question given the growing debate about the potential deleterious effects of long-term strenuous endurance exercise on the human heart, notably the higher risk of atrial fibrillation (AF), a condition for which both atrial dilation and the normal aging process are thought to be potential causative mechanisms (2). Thus, we aimed to assess the long-term consequences of endurance exercise on LA volume in athletes who were highly competitive at younger ages and are still active. To this end, we compared BSA-corrected LA volumes determined with late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging (LGE-MRI) in former elite endurance athletes and sedentary control subjects.

Development and validation of a sport-specific exercise protocol for elite youth soccer players

Thatcher, Rhys, and Alan Batterham, 'Development and validation of a sport-specific exercise protocol for elite youth soccer players', Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, (2004) 44(1) pp.15-22 RAE2008

Caracterización ecofisiológica de líneas elite de trigo : identificación de atributos vinculados con el rendimiento potencial

Las actuales tasas de progreso en rendimiento de trigo son inferiores a las requeridas para satisfacer la demanda de alimentos proyectada. Hasta la fecha las mejoras del rendimiento potencial han sido basadas en la selección por rendimiento per se, sin embargo hay evidencias de que criterios de selección indirecta basados en atributos fisiológicos asociados al rendimiento podrían acelerar el progreso de mejoramiento. Para ello, es necesario identificar estos atributos y comprender su base genética a fin de facilitar su incorporación en nuevos genotipos. En este sentido, una evaluación fenotípica correcta y detallada resulta ser el factor limitante a la hora de incrementar nuestro conocimiento sobre los atributos fisiológicos que determinan el rendimiento potencial. El objetivo general del trabajo fue realizar la fenotipificación de un set de líneas elite de trigo primaveral (denominadas CIMCOG) proveniente de CIMMYT, de modo de caracterizar la variabilidad genotípica e identificar atributos fisiológicos asociados con el rendimiento y sus componentes numéricos y fisiológicos. El set de líneas CIMCOG se evaluó a campo, sin limitaciones hídrico-nutricionales, ni bióticas, bajo un diseño alfa lattice con 2 repeticiones. El set de líneas presentó baja variabilidad en el tiempo a antesis debido a que se encontraron en el rango de 54-58 días con una diferencia (aproximadamente 4 días), demostrando que es un set adecuado para identificar atributos favorables para aumentar el rendimiento. La biomasa fue el principal componente fisiológico que explicó los cambios en el rendimiento y estuvo asociada a cambios en la eficiencia de uso de la radiación (EUR), mientras que la variación en el índice de cosecha fue sustancialmente menor que la observada en biomasa. El número de granos por unidad de área fue el principal componente que explicó las variaciones en el rendimiento, siendo el número de espigas por unidad de área su principal determinante. Teniendo en cuenta este set de genotipos, futuros progresos en el rendimiento de trigo podrían estar asociados a mejoras en la EUR y a un mayor establecimiento de espigas, lo cual requiere una mayor comprensión de aspectos

Community Regeneration: An Elite or a ‘Real’ Community Space?

Identifying community interests in the processes of planning and regeneration is less than straightforward. By their very nature programmes encourage the development of particular projects, typically relying on experience from past initiatives to inform current practice. One of the difficulties for partners is juggling the need to comply with administrative demands while engaging in a meaningful way with their community. This article uses empirical evidence to examine power relations within structures of governance. It argues that current processes are unable to identify real community interests and consequently create space that favour elite interests, all of which restrain the impact of governance.