990 resultados para dry periods


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Aquatic humic substances (AHS) isolated from two characteristic seasons of the Negro river, winter and summer corresponding to floody and dry periods, were structurally characterized by (13)C nuclear magnetic ressonance. Subsequently, AHS aqueous solutions were irradiated with a polychromatic lamp (290-475 nm) and monitored by its total organic carbon (TOC) content, ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorbance, fluorescence and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). As a result, a photobleaching upto 80% after irradiation of 48 h was observed. Conformational rearrangements and formation of low molecular complexity structures were formed during the irradiation, as deduced from the pH decrement and the fluorescence shifting to lower wavelengths. Additionally a significant mineralization with the formation of CO(2), CO, and inorganic carbon compounds was registered, as assumed by TOC losses of up to 70%. The differences in photodegradation between samples expressed by photobleaching efficiency were enhanced in the summer sample and related to its elevated aromatic content. Aromatic structures are assumed to have high autosensitization capacity effects mediated by the free radical generation from quinone and phenolic moieties.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Using the daily rainfall data from 1961 through 1980 the frequency of dry and wet periods was determined. The results of the frequency distribution of dry and wet periods indicated that observed data fit very closely an equation of the type Y = aebn. -after English summary

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The integration of outcrop and subsurface information, including micropaleontological data, facies and sequence stratigraphic studies, and oxygen isotope analysis, allow us to present a new stratigraphic model for the Cretaceous continental deposits of the Bauru Group, Brazil. Thirty-eight fossil taxa were recovered from these deposits, including 29 species of ostracodes and 9 species of charophytes. Seven of these ostracode species and three subspecies are new and formally described here. The associations of Chara barbosai - Ilyocypris cf. riograndensis, found in the Adamantina Formation, and Amblyochara sp. - Neuquenocypris minor mineira nov. subsp., found in the Marília Formation. Ponte Alta Member, represent two distinct groups that are respectively Turonian-Santonian and Maastrichtian (probably Late Maastrichtian) in age. Therefore, a hiatus, encompassing more than 11 Ma, separates those two formations. From bottom to top, four depositional cycles were recognized in the Bauru Group in western São Paulo: cycles 1 and 2 belong to Caiuá Formation (fluvio-lacustrine and lacustrine deposits in the Presidente Prudente region), cycle 3 to the Santo Anastácio and lower Adamantina Formation (respectively fluvial and lacustrine deposits), and cycle 4 to the upper Adamantina Formation (fluvio-lacustrine facies). An erosional unconformity separates the Caiuá and Santo Anastácio Formations (between cycles 2 and 3). The Marília Formation is a distinct unit from the underlying succession; it does not occur in western São Paulo, but is found in restricted areas of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul and Goiás States. During the deposition of the Bauru Group (Aptian? to Maastrichtian) the climate was hot and arid-semiarid. Shallow lakes underwent fluctuations in expansion (wet phases) and contraction (dry phases), as well as variations in salinity. During the deposition of the Adamantina Formation (Turonian-Santonian) there were long, dry periods that caused segmentation of large lakes (due to topographic irregularities in the basaltic substrate) and sometimes exposures of the lake floors; when flooded these lake floors were colonized by extensive meadows of single species of charophytes. Small ephemeral ponds, that were hydrochemically unstable and colonized by multiple species of charophytes, were the depositional sites for the marls and mudstones of Ponte Alta Member (Maastrichtian, Late Maastrichtian?). Our micropaleontological age control, combined with the Late Cretaceous ages of volcanic ashes found in the southeastern Brazil coastal basins, and the stratigraphic position of analcimites from the Jaboticabal-SP region, suggest a Late Coniacian-Santonian age for important magmatic events occurred in the interior of Brazil (north-central São Paulo State, Triângulo Mineiro, and southwestern Goiás State).

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Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation has been increasing in global importance due to the decreasing water availability for flood- irrigated rice. The use of sprinkler irrigation to supplement rainfall and the identification of cultivars more adapted to lower water availability could be effective alternatives for producing upland rice without yield losses while using less water. The objective of this field study was to evaluate the root distribution, plant nutrition, and grain yield of two drought tolerant upland rice cultivars under two water regimes in the Cerrado Region of Brazil during two growing seasons. The main plots were two water regimes (rainfed and sprinkler-irrigation plus rainfall). Subplots were two upland rice cultivars Carajás and IAC 201. Low water availability reduced root growth by 7% and grain yields were from 2644 to 4002 kg ha-1 on average for rainfed and sprinkler irrigation treatments, respectively. Carajás had a significantly better root distribution, nutrient uptake, and higher grain yield (3732 kg ha-1) compared with IAC 201 (2914 kg ha-1) averaged over two growing seasons and water regimes. There were no treatment interactions. Our results suggest that, even when cultivars with a higher tolerance to less water availability are used, using sprinkler irrigation to augment limited rainfall during dry periods may be a viable method to increase upland rice grain yields. © 2013 by the American Society of Agronomy.

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We evaluated the presence of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in environmental samples by means of swabs collected the bovine slaughter plant enabled to export, located in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. After the pre-enrichment at 30±1°C for 22 to 26h the samples were analyzed using the BAX System Listeria. Those positive for Listeria spp. were submitted a second PCR reaction to confirm the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. From 411 environmental samples analyzed, 62 (15.1%) were positive for Listeria spp. and 21 (5.1%) for Listeria monocytogenes, which showed their persistence in the slaughter plant. There were no statistical differences between the rainy and dry periods and between areas sampled, although it has been found between sectors. The floor surface and the sector cuts have higher rates of positivity.

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Pós-graduação em Zootecnia - FMVZ

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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A Amazônia é considerada a maior floresta tropical contínua do mundo e diversos mecanismos têm sido propostos para tentar explicar a sua alta diversidade biológica. Um dos mecanismos mais discutidos desde sua proposição é a hipótese dos Refúgios, que se baseia na retração da floresta em períodos mais secos, isolando a fauna de florestas em refúgios imersos em uma matriz de vegetação aberta. Essas retrações e subseqüentes expansões em períodos mais mésicos provocariam a interrupção do fluxo gênico entre as populações isoladas e poderiam gerar especiação. Contudo, estudos moleculares recentes indicam que a diversificação de espécies de vertebrados de florestas tropicais provavelmente precede o período pleistocênico, originalmente indicado na hipótese dos Refúgios como o período em que esses eventos teriam ocorrido. A espécie politípica Anolis chrysolepis, juntamente com Anolis bombiceps, foi previamente estudada como um típico exemplo de diversificação gerada pelas flutuações climáticas do Pleistoceno, embora estudos posteriores tenham domonstrado a presença de grande divergência molecular entre parte das subespécies, indicando uma separação mais antiga desses táxons e levantando o questionamento sobre seu status taxonômico. Utilizamos o gene mitocondrial ND2 para investigar as relações filogenéticas entre as subespécies de Anolis chrysolepis e os táxons determinados em estudos anteriores como mais próximos a elas. Além disso, a sua morfologia e o seu status taxonômico foram revisados, a fim de verificar a congruência entre os dados morfológicos e moleculares, determinando se os táxons previamente reconhecidos morfologicamente são espécies válidas. Com base nos dois conjuntos de dados, nós elevamos as cinco subespécies do grupo Anolis chrysolepis ao status de espécies, diagnosticamos cada uma delas com comentários sobre as principais diferenças morfológicas entre as espécies irmãs e fornecemos novos dados de distribuição.

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No presente trabalho foram estudadas a variação sazonal da transpiração, de uma floresta tropical, e sua dependência com fatores bióticos e abióticos. Utilizaram-se dados do projeto CARBOPARÁ, parte integrante do Experimento de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazônia (LBA), coletados na reserva florestal de Caxiuanã, região nordeste da Amazônia. A evapotranspiração total num intervalo de 39 dias para o período chuvoso foi 108,2 mm, com valor médio de 2,9 mm dia-1, enquanto, durante o período menos chuvoso, a evapotranspiração total num intervalo de 29 dias foi 128,8 mm, com média de 4,3 mm dia-1 para o período. Os valores máximos da condutividade de superfície (Cs), nos dois períodos, ocorreram às 08:00 hl, sendo estes valores de 0,060 m s-1 e 0,045 m s-1 para o período chuvoso e menos chuvoso, respectivamente. A condutância aerodinâmica média (Ca) foi 0,164 m s-1 e 0,210 m s-1, para os períodos chuvoso e menos chuvoso, respectivamente. Os valores máximos da Ca observados para os períodos chuvoso e menos chuvoso foram, respectivamente, 0,220 e 0,375 m s-1. Verificou-se que Cs guarda uma relação exponencial inversa com o déficit de vapor de água atmosférico, para diferentes intervalos de irradiância solar global. A análise horária do fator de desacoplamento sugere que a evapotranspiração, durante a manhã, tem um maior controle realizado pela disponibilidade de energia, quando comparado ao período menos chuvoso. Durante a tarde verifica-se que o dossel da floresta progressivamente tende a estar mais acoplado à atmosfera, para ambos os períodos estudados, demonstrando maior controle superficial na transpiração.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)