Recalibration of U-doped standard glasses through uranium thin film for neutron-fluence measurements

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Análise do ruído e intervenção fonoaudiológica em ambiente escolar: rede privada e pública de ensino regular

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evaluation of sun protection factor of cosmetic formulations by a simple visual in vitro method mimicking the in vivo method

A new concept for in vitro visual evaluation of sun protection factor (SPF) of cosmetic formulations based on a supramolecular ultraviolet (UV) dosimeter was clearly demonstrated. The method closely parallels the method validated for in vivo evaluation and relies on the determination of the slightest perceptible bleaching of an iron-complex dye/nanocrystallinetitanium dioxide interface (UV dosimeter) in combination with an artificial skin substrate simulating the actual human skin in the presence and absence of a cosmetic formulation. The successful evaluation of SPF was ensured by the similarity of the erythema response of our dosimeter and human skin to UV light irradiation. A good linear correlation of in vitro and in vivo data up to SPF 40 confirmed the effectiveness of such a simple, cheap, and fast method. In short, here we unravel a convenient and accessible visual FPS evaluation method that can help improving the control on cosmetic products contributing to the reduction of skin cancer, one of the critical public health issues nowadays. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:726732, 2012

An evaluation of dosimetric characteristics of MAGIC gel modified by adding formaldehyde (MAGIC-f)

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of a new formulation of MAGIC gel, called MAGIC-f, which contains the addition of 3.3% formaldehyde, resulting in a gel with increased thermal stability. Methods: MAGIC-f gel was prepared and stored in hermetically sealed plastic containers. After irradiation, magnetic resonance images (MRI) were acquired to evaluate dose and dose distribution. Dosimetric characterization was performed by means of depth dose measurements, dose response sensitivity and linearity, temporal stability, energy and dose rate dependence, dose integration using sequential beams, temperature influence during MRI acquisition and dose distribution integrity. Results: MAGIC-f depth dose measurements are compatible with the dosimetric table data within +/- 4% uncertainty. The dosimeter's R-2 response varies linearly with dose at least from 0 to 6 Gy. The time-course of the sensitivity of the dosimeter following irradiation, indicated stabilization after 2 weeks. The dosimeter's response to irradiation was altered by 6% when increasing the energy from cobalt beams to 10 MV beams. The dose rate dependence of this new formulation of gel dosimeter is small: less than 2.5% for a variation from 200 to 500 cGy/min, and the dependence with the fractionation scheme is about 50% smaller than for standard MAGIC gel, The dependence on scanning temperature was also verified, and the integrity of the dose distribution was confirmed for a period of 90 days. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the applicability of this new dosimeter in tridimensional dose distribution measurements. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Impact of a participatory program to reduce noise in a Neonatal Unit

This study evaluated the impact of a participatory program to reduce noise in a neonatal intermediate care unit of a university hospital. A time-series quasi-experimental design was used, in which sound pressure levels were measured before and after the intervention was implemented using the Quest-400 dosimeter. Non-parametric statistical tests were used to compare noise with the level of significance fixed at 5%. Results showed significant reduction of sound pressure levels in the neonatal unit after the intervention program was implemented (p<0.0001). The average Leq before the intervention was 62.5dBA and was reduced to 58.8dBA after the intervention. A reduction of 7.1dBA in the average Lmax(from 104.8 to 87.7dBA) and of 30.6dBA in the average Lpeak(from 138.1 to 107.5dBA) was observed. The program was proven to be effective in significantly reducing noise levels in the neonatal unit, although levels were still more intense than recommended.

DNA damage profiles induced by sunlight at different latitudes

Despite growing knowledge on the biological effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on human health and ecosystems, it is still difficult to predict the negative impacts of the increasing incidence of solar UV radiation in a scenario of global warming and climate changes. Hence, the development and application of DNA-based biological sensors to monitor the solar UV radiation under different environmental conditions is of increasing importance. With a mind to rendering a molecular view-point of the genotoxic impact of sunlight, field experiments were undertaken with a DNA-dosimeter system in parallel with physical photometry of solar UVB/UVA radiation, at various latitudes in South America. Onapplying biochemical and immunological approaches based on specific DNA-repair enzymes and antibodies, for evaluating sunlight-induced DNA damage profiles, it became clear that the genotoxic potential of sunlight does indeed vary according to latitude. Notwithstanding, while induction of oxidized DNA bases is directly dependent on an increase in latitude, the generation of 6-4PPs is inversely so, whereby the latter can be regarded as a biomolecular marker of UVB incidence. This molecular DNA lesion-pattern largely reflects the relative incidence of UVA and UVB energy at any specific latitude. Hereby is demonstrated the applicability of this DNA-based biosensor for additional, continuous field experiments, as a means of registering variations in the genotoxic impact of solar UV radiation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2012. (c) 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using DL-alanine for ESR dosimetry applications

The potential use of alanine for the production of nanoparticles is presented here for the first time. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using a simple green method, namely the thermal treatment of silver nitrate aqueous solutions with in-alanine. The latter compound was employed both as a reducing and a capping agent. Particles with average size equal to 7.5 nm, face-centered cubic crystalline structure, narrow size distribution, and spherical shape were obtained. Interaction between the silver ions present on the surface of the nanoparticles and the amine group of the DL-alanine molecule seems to be responsible for reduction of the silver ions and for the stability of the colloid. The bio-hybrid nanocomposite was used as an ESR dosimeter. The amount of silver nanoparticles in the nanocomposite was not sufficient to cause considerable loss of tissue equivalency. Moreover, the samples containing nanoparticles presented increased sensitivity and reduced energetic dependence as compared with pure DL-alanine, contributing to the construction of small-sized dosimeters. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DNA Dosimetry Assessment for Sunscreen Genotoxic Photoprotection

Background: Due to the increase of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) incidence over the last few decades, the use of sunscreen has been widely adopted for skin protection. However, considering the high efficiency of sunlight-induced DNA lesions, it is critical to improve upon the current approaches that are used to evaluate protection factors. An alternative approach to evaluate the photoprotection provided by sunscreens against daily UV radiation-induced DNA damage is provided by the systematic use of a DNA dosimeter. Methodology/Principal Findings: The Sun Protection Factor for DNA (DNA-SPF) is calculated by using specific DNA repair enzymes, and it is defined as the capacity for inhibiting the generation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and oxidised DNA bases compared with unprotected control samples. Five different commercial brands of sunscreen were initially evaluated, and further studies extended the analysis to include 17 other products representing various formulations and Sun Protection Factors (SPF). Overall, all of the commercial brands of SPF 30 sunscreens provided sufficient protection against simulated sunlight genotoxicity. In addition, this DNA biosensor was useful for rapidly screening the biological protection properties of the various sunscreen formulations. Conclusions/Significance: The application of the DNA dosimeter is demonstrated as an alternative, complementary, and reliable method for the quantification of sunscreen photoprotection at the level of DNA damage.

Methodische Untersuchung zur Diagnostik der bronchialen Hyperreagibilität mit Hilfe eines inhalativen Methacholin-Provokationstests

Die unspezifische Provokation mit Methacholin ist die am weitesten verbreitete und akzeptierte Methode zur Diagnose bzw. zum Ausschluss der bronchialen Hyperreagibilität bei Patienten mit Verdacht auf ein Asthma bronchiale und zu dessen Therapiekontrolle. Um die Sicherheit und die Genauigkeit der Methode weiter zu verbessern, wurde daher ein Dosimeterprotokoll entwickelt, das die inhalierte Methacholin-Dosis anstatt durch die Erhöhung, d.h. in der Regel Verdoppelung, der Methacholinkonzentrationen nur durch Erhöhung der Anzahl der Inhalationen bei konstanter, niedriger Konzentration der Methacholinlösung steigert. Dieses neue Protokoll wurde verglichen mit anderen weit verbreiteten Methacholin-Provokationsprotokollen. Die Methacholinchlorid-Lösung (1,75 mg/ml) wurde mit Hilfe des Dosimetersystems ZAN 200 ProvAir II sowie des Verneblertopfes DeVilbiss 646 vernebelt. 15 Asthmapatienten mit einer vor der Provokation normalen Lungenfunktion (FEV1 98 +/- 9 % PN) und 18 Lungengesunde (FEV1 110 +/- 12 % PN) nahmen an der Testreihe teil. Begonnen wurde mit einer Dosis von 20 μg Methacholinchlorid (= eine Inhalation); beendet wurde der Versuch bei einer Kumulativdosis von 2000 μg Methacholinchlorid, wenn nicht vorher ein Kriterium für einen positiven Test und damit für einen Versuchsabbruch erfüllt wurde. Abbruchkriterien waren entweder ein Abfall der FEV1 um 20 % des Ausgangswertes oder ein Anstieg des totalen Atemwegswiderstandes auf ≥ 0,5 kPa*s/l. Mittels linearer Regression wurden die Provokationsdosen PD 20 FEV1 und PD Rtot ≥ 0,5 berechnet. Im Vergleich mit anderen Protokollen zeigte sich, dass auch das neue Protokoll zuverlässig und sicher zwischen gesund und krank unterscheidet. Der Median der PD 20 FEV1 liegt in der Gruppe der Asthmatiker bei 222 μg, bei den Lungengesunden bei 2000 μg; daraus ergibt sich ein p-Wert von < 0,001. In Bezug auf die PD Rtot ≥ 0,5 liegt der Median bei den Asthmatikern bei 122 μg, in der Gruppe der Lungengesunden bei 2000 μg; hieraus errechnet sich ebenfalls ein p-Wert von < 0,001. Sensitivität und Spezifität der Methode wurden mittels ROC-Kurven untersucht. Basierend auf der PD 20 FEV1 liefert die Methode für die Diagnose einer bronchialen Hyperreagibilität bei einer Enddosis von 1000 μg Methacholinchlorid eine Sensitivität von über 93 % und eine Spezifität von 83 %; basierend auf der PD Rtot ≥ 0,5 liegt die Sensitivität bei einer Dosis von 1000 μg bei 90 %, die Spezifität bei 89 %. Für die gemeinsame Betrachtung der parameterspezifischen Provokationsdosen PD 20 FEV1 und PD Rtot ≥ 0,5, der PD Minimal, bei 1000 μg liegt die Sensitivität bei über 93 % und die Spezifität bei 83 %. Daher können 1000 μg als Schwellendosis für den Ausschluss einer bronchialen Hyperreagibilität zum Untersuchungszeitpunkt angesehen werden, und der Test darf an diesem Punkt abgebrochen werden. Grundsätzlich ist festzustellen, dass die Diagnostik der bronchialen Hyperreagibilität sicher und genau mit Hilfe eines Dosimeterprotokolls erfolgen kann, das die Methacholin-Dosis nur durch die Steigerung der Inhalationen bei gleichbleibender Konzentration der Methacholinlösung erhöht. Die Schwellendosis zwischen normaler und pathologischer bronchialer Reaktion, Sensitivität und Spezifität sowie die Trennschärfe der Methode sind sehr gut vergleichbar mit anderen bisher etablierten Protokollen.

Diodenlaserbasierte Resonanzionisations-Massenspektrometrie zur Spektroskopie und Ultraspurenanalyse an Uranisotopen

In dieser Arbeit wird die Erweiterung und Optimierung eines Diodenlasersystems zur hochauflösenden Resonanzionisationsmassenspektrometrie beschrieben. Ein doppelinterferometrisches Frequenzkontrollsystem, welches Absolutstabilisierung auf ca. 1 MHz sowie sekundenschnelle Frequenzverstimmungen um mehrere GHz für bis zu drei Laser parallel ermöglicht, wurde optimiert. Dieses Lasersystem dient zwei wesentlichen Anwendungen. Ein Aspekt waren umfangreiche spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Uranisotopen mit dem Ziel der präzisen und eindeutigen Bestimmung von Energielagen, Gesamtdrehimpulsen, Hyperfeinkonstanten und Isotopieverschiebungen sowie die Entwicklung eines effizienten, mit kommerziellen Diodenlasern betreibbaren Anregungsschemas. Mit diesen Erkenntnissen wurde die Leistungsfähigkeit des Lasermassenspektrometers für die Ultraspurenanalyse des Isotops 236U, welches als Neutronendosimeter und Tracer für radioaktive anthropogene Kontaminationen in der Umwelt verwendet wird, optimiert und charakterisiert. Anhand von synthetischen Proben wurde eine Isotopenselektivität von 236U/238U=4,5(1,5)∙10-9 demonstriert.

[Radiation exposure in (90)Y-Zevalin therapy: results of a prospective multicentre trial]

AIM of this study was the assessment of the radiation exposure from preparation and application of (90)Y-Zevalin, the measurement of the dose rate at the patient, the exposure of family members as well as the determination of the activity concentration in urine of patients. METHODS: Overall data from 31 therapeutic administrations carried out in four institutions were evaluated. During preparation and application of (90)Y-Zevalin the finger exposures of radiochemists, technicians, and physicians were measured. The dose rate of the patient was measured immediately after radioimmunotherapy. In patients treated in a nuclear medicine therapy unit, urine was collected over a two day period and the corresponding activity was determined. Family members of outpatients were asked to wear a dosimeter over a seven day period. RESULTS: During the preparation we found a maximum skin dose of 6 mSv at the average, and during application of 3 mSv, respectively. After administration of (90)Y the dose rate was 0.4 +/- 0.1 microSv/h at 2 m distance. Urine measurements yielded a cumulated 24 h excretion of 3.9 +/- 1.4% and 4.4 +/- 1.4% within 48 h, respectively, that is equivalent to 43 +/- 18 and 50 +/- 20 MBq of (90)Y, respectively. Family members received a radiation exposure of 40 +/- 14 microSv over seven days. CONCLUSION: During preparation and application of (90)Y-Zevalin appropriate radiation shielding is necessary. For family members as well as nursing staff no additional special radiation protection measures beyond those being common for other nuclear medicine procedures are necessary.

Characterization of Optically Stimulated Luminescent Detectors in Photon & Proton Beams for Use in Anthropomorphic Phantoms

This study investigated characteristics of optically stimulated luminescent detectors (OSLDs) in protons, allowing comparison to thermoluminescent detectors, and to be implemented into the Radiological Physics Center’s (RPC) remote audit quality assurance program for protons, and for remote anthropomorphic phantom irradiations. The OSLDs used were aluminum oxide (Al2O3:C) nanoDots from Landauer, Inc. (Glenwood, Ill.) measuring 10x10x2 mm3. A square, 20(L)x20(W)x0.5(H) cm3 piece of solid water was fabricated with pockets to allow OSLDs and TLDs to be irradiated simultaneously and perpendicular to the beam. Irradiations were performed at 5cm depth in photons, and in the center of a 10 cm SOBP in a 200MeV proton beam. Additionally, the Radiological Physics Center’s anthropomorphic pelvic phantom was used to test the angular dependence of OSLDs in photons and protons. A cylindrical insert in the phantom allows the dosimeters to be rotated to any angle with a fixed gantry angle. OSLDs were irradiated at 12 angles between 0 and 360 degrees. The OSLDs were read out with a MicroStar reader from Landauer, Inc. Dose response indicates that at angles where the dosimeter is near parallel with the radiation beam response is reduced slightly. Measurements in proton beams do not show significant angular dependence. Post-irradiation fading of OSLDs was studied in proton beams to determine if the fading was different than that of photons. The fading results showed no significant difference from results in photon beams. OSLDs and TLDs are comparable within 3% in photon beams and a correction factor can be posited for proton beams. With angular dependence characteristics defined, OSLDs can be implemented into multiple-field treatment plans in photons and protons and used in the RPC’s quality assurance program.

Neutron capture on Pt isotopes in iron meteorites and the Hf–W chronology of core formation in planetesimals

The short-lived 182Hf–182W isotope system can provide powerful constraints on the timescales of planetary core formation, but its application to iron meteorites is hampered by neutron capture reactions on W isotopes resulting from exposure to galactic cosmic rays. Here we show that Pt isotopes in magmatic iron meteorites are also affected by capture of (epi)thermal neutrons and that the Pt isotope variations are correlated with variations in 182W/184W. This makes Pt isotopes a sensitive neutron dosimeter for correcting cosmic ray-induced W isotope shifts. The pre-exposure 182W/184W derived from the Pt–W isotope correlations of the IID, IVA and IVB iron meteorites are higher than most previous estimates and are more radiogenic than the initial 182W/184W of Ca–Al-rich inclusions (CAI). The Hf–W model ages for core formation range from +1.6±1.0 million years (Ma; for the IVA irons) to +2.7±1.3 Ma after CAI formation (for the IID irons), indicating that there was a time gap of at least ∼1 Ma between CAI formation and metal segregation in the parent bodies of some iron meteorites. From the Hf–W ages a time limit of <1.5–2 Ma after CAI formation can be inferred for the accretion of the IID, IVA and IVB iron meteorite parent bodies, consistent with earlier conclusions that the accretion of differentiated planetesimals predated that of most chondrite parent bodies.

The abundance and isotopic composition of Cd in iron meteorites

Cadmium is a highly volatile element and its abundance in meteorites may help better understand volatility-controlled processes in the solar nebula and on meteorite parent bodies. The large thermal neutron capture cross section of 113Cd suggests that Cd isotopes might be well suited to quantify neutron fluences in extraterrestrial materials. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the range and magnitude of Cd concentrations in magmatic iron meteorites, and (2) to assess the potential of Cd isotopes as a neutron dosimeter for iron meteorites. Our new Cd concentration data determined by isotope dilution demonstrate that Cd concentrations in iron meteorites are significantly lower than in some previous studies. In contrast to large systematic variations in the concentration of moderately volatile elements like Ga and Ge, there is neither systematic variation in Cd concentration amongst troilites, nor amongst metal phases of different iron meteorite groups. Instead, Cd is strongly depleted in all iron meteorite groups, implying that the parent bodies accreted well above the condensation temperature of Cd (i.e., ≈650 K) and thus incorporated only minimal amounts of highly volatile elements. No Cd isotope anomalies were found, whereas Pt and W isotope anomalies for the same iron meteorite samples indicate a significant fluence of epithermal and higher energetic neutrons. This observation demonstrates that owing to the high Fe concentrations in iron meteorites, neutron capture mainly occurs at epithermal and higher energies. The combined Cd-Pt-W isotope results from this study thus demonstrate that the relative magnitude of neutron capture-induced isotope anomalies is strongly affected by the chemical composition of the irradiated material. The resulting low fluence of thermal neutrons in iron meteorites and their very low Cd concentrations make Cd isotopes unsuitable as a neutron dosimeter for iron meteorites.

Palladium Isotopic Evidence for Nucleosynthetic and Cosmogenic Isotope Anomalies in IVB Iron Meteorites

The origin of ubiquitous nucleosynthetic isotope anomalies in meteorites may represent spatial and/or temporal heterogeneity in the sources that supplied material to the nascent solar nebula, or enhancement by chemical processing. For elements beyond the Fe peak, deficits in s-process isotopes have been reported in some (e.g., Mo, Ru, W) but not all refractory elements studied (e.g., Os) that, among the iron meteorites, are most pronounced in IVB iron meteorites. Palladium is a non-refractory element in the same mass region as Mo and Ru. In this study, we report the first precise Pd isotopic abundances from IVB irons to test the mechanisms proposed for the origin of isotope anomalies. First, this study determined the existence of a cosmogenic neutron dosimeter from the reaction 103Rh(n, beta-)104Pd in the form of excess 104Pd, correlated with excess 192Pt, in IVB irons. Second, all IVB irons show a deficit of the s-process only isotope 104Pd (\varepsilon 104Pd = -0.48 ± 0.24), an excess of the r-only isotope 110Pd (\varepsilon 110Pd = +0.46 ± 0.12), and no resolvable anomaly in the p-process 102Pd (\varepsilon 102Pd = +1 ± 1). The magnitude of the Pd isotope anomaly is about half that predicted from a uniform depletion of the s-process yields from the correlated isotope anomalies of refractory Mo and Ru. The discrepancy is best understood as the result of nebular processing of the less refractory Pd, implying that all the observed nucleosynthetic anomalies in meteorites are likely to be isotopic relicts. The Mo-Ru-Pd isotope systematics do not support enhanced rates of the 22Ne(alpha,n)25Mg neutron source for the solar system s-process.