A agenda do desenvolvimento na promoção dos direitos humanos: uma análise da política externa brasileira no governo Lula

Os direitos humanos consolidaram um conjunto de valores ético-políticos considerados fundamentais para assegurar o respeito à dignidade do ser humano. A problemática do desenvolvimento é fundamental para as considerações de política externa de países como o Brasil. A consagração do Direito ao Desenvolvimento (DaD) como um direito humano desafia a divisão artificial dos direitos humanos e revela a evolução temática deste campo de estudo. Essa dissertação usa o instrumental dos direitos humanos para avaliar a relevância e a singularidade de algumas posições brasileiras. Após uma dissonância observada nos anos 1970, reflexo do ciclo autoritário por que passava o país, verificou-se postura cooperativa do Brasil nas proposições que versavam sobre o DaD. No mesmo sentido, observou-se que, conquanto não seja conceito recorrente no discurso oficial brasileiro, as posições do país, no que dizem respeito ao modelo de desenvolvimento defendido e aos direitos humanos, autorizam a inferência de que há uma harmonia em relação aos princípios fundamentais dispostos na Declaração sobre o DaD, de 1986. Da análise das posições brasileiras, tornou-se possível particularizar a política externa do governo Lula. Do levantamento das variáveis internas e externas que exercem influência sobre a formulação política do governo, bem como das iniciativas públicas e dos discursos oficiais, encontramos alguma evidência empírica no sentido de que a política externa brasileira para os direitos humanos, na administração de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, passa por um viés de promoção do desenvolvimento e de crítica à ordem internacional. A política se singulariza por incorporar uma dimensão de valores à crítica. Com isso, harmoniza-se com as posições defendidas pelo país nos plenários internacionais, onde o tema do DaD tem sido objeto de debate.

O Procedimento Recursal e as Garantias Fundamentais do Processo: a Colegialidade no Julgamento da Apelação

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o julgamento colegiado dos recursos nos Tribunais de segunda instância, à luz das razões teóricas subjacentes à colegialidade e das garantias fundamentais do processo. Após a exposição das finalidades com que, em abstrato, a lei processual institui um órgão judicial colegiado para o julgamento dos recursos (i) reforço da cognição judicial, (ii) garantia de independência dos julgadores e (iii) contenção do arbítrio individual , é feita a análise pormenorizada das sucessivas etapas de que se compõe o procedimento recursal ordinário da apelação, conforme a disciplina prevista nas leis federais e em disposições regimentais, como a distribuição dos recursos, o papel do relator, a figura do revisor, a pauta da sessão de julgamento, o regime da sustentação oral, a mecânica da deliberação colegiada, a atividade de redação do acórdão e a intimação das partes quanto ao teor da decisão, a fim de identificar os pontos em que o regime formal do julgamento dos recursos termina por revelar um descompasso com as premissas por que deveria se guiar. Em todo o trabalho, o marco teórico utilizado deita raízes na concepção democrática do direito processual civil, fundada na máxima eficácia das garantias fundamentais do processo previstas na Constituição Federal de 1988.

A contribuição da Revista Língua para o Ensino: o caso da pontuação

Nesta dissertação, propusemos a análise de artigos sobre pontuação publicados pela Revista Língua Portuguesa direcionados aos professores de Língua Portuguesa e afins. Este estudo parte da observação de que muitos desses profissionais, sem condições de se submeter a processos de capacitação especializada ou formação continuada, lançam mão dessas publicações como supostos recursos de atualização em relação às informações pertinentes à pratica de ensino. A Revista, no entanto, não restringe seu público-alvo aos professores: é voltada também a estudantes, funcionários de órgãos governamentais e secretarias, curiosos do assunto, principalmente executivos e jornalistas. Nesse sentido, o conceito de Recepção e Compreensão Responsiva (BAKHTIN, 1929), em consonância com a Teoria de Dialogismo do Texto Escrito (SAUTCHUK, 2000) e com a Teoria da Iconicidade Verbal (SIMÕES, 2009), fomentou a comprovação por meio de marcas dialógicas materializadas na superfície de nossos textos-córpus da participação desse professor como um tipo específico de interlocutor. Desse modo, confrontamos as dissonâncias teórico- gramaticais propaladas nos artigos à bibliografia de autoridade não só no tema principal pontuação como em subtemas que atravessavam os escritos em análise como tema, função sintática, estilística, conjunção e considerações sobre fala e escrita. Para isso, contamos com o aporte teórico que expõe desde a abordagem tradicional dos cânones gramaticais da nossa língua até as Gramáticas modernas. Além disso, teóricos de diferentes linhas nos ajudaram a registrar o equívoco dos articulistas arrolados, ao se basearem em visões infiéis, parciais ou truncadas do que discutiam

El desafío de exponer: procesos y retos museográficos

Il y a aussi des chapitres en français. There are also chapters in English. Cap. 1. El complicado arte de exponer. Iñaki Arrieta Urtizberea. Cap. 2. “Esta exposición no es para este museo”. Las salas permanentes del Museu Valencià d’Etnologia. Joan Segui. Cap. 3. Debunking, Decentralizing and Dissonance: Cultural Jamming @ Museum of Vancouver. Viviane Gosselin. Cap. 4. L’exposition des objets de cultures autochtones aujourd’hui, gain ou perte de sens? Le cas de l’exposition « C’est notre histoire... » au Musée de la civilisation de Québec. Daniel Arsenault et Nadine Desbiens. Cap. 5. El Born de Barcelona: exposiciones conmemorativas, límites, problemas y desafíos. Francesc Xavier Hernàndez Cardona. Cap. 6. Silencios y omisiones: narrando y exhibiendo la historia nacional. Magdalena Mieri. Cap. 7. Exhibiting the Commons. The Case of Tensta konsthall. Haizea Barcenilla Garcia. Cap. 8. Interactividad y patrimonio. Retos, tendencias y líneas de futuro. Núria Serrat Antolí.

Encoding of marginal utility across time in the human brain.

Marginal utility theory prescribes the relationship between the objective property of the magnitude of rewards and their subjective value. Despite its pervasive influence, however, there is remarkably little direct empirical evidence for such a theory of value, let alone of its neurobiological basis. We show that human preferences in an intertemporal choice task are best described by a model that integrates marginally diminishing utility with temporal discounting. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we show that activity in the dorsal striatum encodes both the marginal utility of rewards, over and above that which can be described by their magnitude alone, and the discounting associated with increasing time. In addition, our data show that dorsal striatum may be involved in integrating subjective valuation systems inherent to time and magnitude, thereby providing an overall metric of value used to guide choice behavior. Furthermore, during choice, we show that anterior cingulate activity correlates with the degree of difficulty associated with dissonance between value and time. Our data support an integrative architecture for decision making, revealing the neural representation of distinct subcomponents of value that may contribute to impulsivity and decisiveness.

A Theological Challenge: Coordinating Biological, Social, and Religious Visions of Humanity

This paper attempts two tasks. First, it sketches how the natural sciences (including especially the biological sciences), the social sciences, and the scientific study of religion can be understood to furnish complementary, consonant perspectives on human beings and human groups. This suggests that it is possible to speak of a modern secular interpretation of humanity (MSIH) to which these perspectives contribute (though not without tensions). MSIH is not a comprehensive interpretation of human beings, if only because it adopts a posture of neutrality with regard to the reality of religious objects and the truth of theological claims about them. MSIH is certainly an impressively forceful interpretation, however, and it needs to be reckoned with by any perspective on human life that seeks to insert its truth claims into the arena of public debate. Second, the paper considers two challenges that MSIH poses to specifically theological interpretations of human beings. On the one hand, in spite of its posture of religious neutrality, MSIH is a key element in a class of wider, seemingly antireligious interpretations of humanity, including especially projectionist and illusionist critiques of religion. It is consonance with MSIH that makes these critiques such formidable competitors for traditional theological interpretations of human beings. On the other hand, and taking the religiously neutral posture of MSIH at face value, theological accounts of humanity that seek to coordinate the insights of MSIH with positive religious visions of human life must find ways to overcome or manage such dissonance as arises. The goal of synthesis is defended as important, and strategies for managing these challenges, especially in light of the pluralism of extant philosophical and theological interpretations of human beings, are advocated.

What a performance! Developing nurse teachers lecturing persona and identity: a performing arts perspective

Delivering lectures to large groups of students can provoke high levels of anxiety, particularly for new lecturers (Exley and Dennick, 2009). Further, to provide an informative and engaging lecture requires a teacher who is confident, has a sound knowledge and well developed teaching skills (Bentley-Davies, 2010). Thus, new lecturers often need experience and supervision to develop the tacit knowledge and insight into their own style and persona when teaching in order to feel confident when delivering a lecture (Quinn and Hughes, 2007). Considering this model, therefore, may potentially contribute to a lecturers’ development and performance in the classroom. This paper will present the results of the second phase of a two-stage mixed method study that investigated the similarities between lecturing and acting. Twelve in-depth interviews where undertaken with lecturers within one School of Nursing in The United Kingdom. Findings, established a model of ‘persona adoption’ that represents a series of stages that lecturers may go through to both develop and take on a persona when lecturing. This persona is often different from the way they lecturers present themselves in other parts of their working life. The first stage of this model of persona adoption is when the lecturer is subjected to a range of ‘influencing factors’ that provide not only the basic information about a lecture, but also the perceptual stimuli about giving a lecture on a specific subject, to a particular number of students, at a certain academic level. These influencing factors then inter-play with the ‘facets of the individual’, which represent the lecturer’s self-concept, subject knowledge base and philosophy of teaching. This may result in a cognitive dissonance between these ‘facets’ and the ‘influencing factors’, so affecting the lecturers’ perceptions, thoughts and feelings about having to give that particular lecture. This results in the lecturer undertaking specific ‘back stage preparation’ during which they decide on the content and modes of delivery to prepare in light of that discourse. It may result in delivering the information via single or multiple methods, which during the lecture will require various levels of interaction and participation from the students. Just prior to the lecture, the lecturer builds or ‘puts on their persona’ and gets into role, making their initial impact with the group. They use the ‘elements of acting’ as proposed by Tauber and Mester’s (1994) e.g. animated voice and body, space, props humour and suspense and surprise to portray and maintain their persona. This leads the to lecturer demonstrating either positive or negative ‘persona characteristics’ in terms of appearing confident, knowledgeable, fluent in the technical skills of delivering the lecture, being interesting and engendering interaction with the students, or not. These characteristics, may or may not, potentially heighten student interest, attention and attitudes to learning as suggested by Tauber and Mester (1994). This depends on whether the lecturer has successfully used the persona and if the lecturer has been able to engage students in the lecture, in competition with other factors that may be taking the students’ attention. Although the model suggests a linear process, to a great extent, the elements might be more interdependent and interrelated. This might suggest that depending on the lecturer’s perception of their effectiveness during the lecture, that they may decide to continue or adapt their persona and methods to appear more confident. Furthermore, depending on how successful the lecturer perceived the session to be, both their reflections ‘in’ and ‘on’ practice could influence how they teach in the future (Zwozdiak, 2011). Therefore, these reflections become part of the facets of the individual, via the ‘reflective feedback loop’, in the model, which then in turn influences progression through the model in subsequent lectures. This study concluded that these lecturers went through a process whereby they compare the demands of the lecture with their own knowledge base and skill, this resulted in them undertaking specific preparation in terms of content and delivery style, then they adopted their persona immediately prior to entering the lecture, maintain it throughout the lecture via the use of the elements of acting to achieve an informative interactive lecture. The results of which then feedback into their self-concept as a lecturer and consequently may affect the persona they project in future lectures. If lecturers, therefore, can take a step back to consider how they deliver lectures and the way they can deliberately, yet apparently naturally, use their voices, bodies, space and humour in meaningfully, they engage their students in lecture, it will not just result in them being perceived as a good lecturer, but also be a genuine act of education.

Shaping the Future of Mental Health Policy and Legislation in Northern Ireland: The Impact of Service User and Professional Social Work Discourses

This paper explores the complex interrelationship between service user and professional social work discourses and provides a critical commentary on their respective contributions to the recent review of mental health policy and legislation in Northern Ireland. The analysis indicates that dominant trends in mental health care, as mediated through service structures and institutional identities, have tended to prioritize the more coercive aspects of the social work role and reinforce existing power inequalities with service users. It is argued that such developments underline the need for a ‘refocusing’ debate in mental health social work to consider how a more appropriate balance can be achieved between its participatory/empowering and regulatory/coercive functions. Whilst highlighting both congruence and dissonance between respective discourses, the paper concludes that opportunities exist within the current change process for service users and social workers to build closer alliances in working together to reconstruct practice, safeguard human rights and develop innovative alternatives to a traditional bio-medical model of treatment.

Exploring the perspective of midwives involved in offering serum screening for Down's syndrome in Northern Ireland

Aims. To explore the perspective of midwives offering serum screening for Down’s syndrome.

Background. Previous literature has indicated that the offer and discussion of prenatal serum screening tests with women is complex, and health professionals may influence women’s decisions to accept or decline screening. Midwives are usually the key professional to offer serum screening for Down’s syndrome in the UK but their perspective is relatively neglected in the literature.

Design. An explorative qualitative interview study with 15 midwives employed in a maternity unit in Northern Ireland involved in offering prenatal screening to pregnant women. Data were collected from 1 July 2005–31 October 2005.

Methods. A focused ethnographic approach was used to explore the perspective of midwives.

Results. Midwives reported difficulty in explaining the test to women and felt unable to provide the necessary information to adequately inform women within their appointment time. The test offered (the triple test) and potential pathway of subsequent care, were identified as sources of professional and personal conflict by midwives. The expectation that midwives would provide a universal offer of Down’s syndrome serum screening but be unable to support women regarding termination of pregnancy also created dissonance.

Conclusions. The feasibility of proceeding with a universal serum screening programme for Down’s syndrome is questionable in countries which legally or culturally oppose termination of pregnancy. Professionals practising within environments such as this experience conflict in their role, which affects communication with women when discussing screening tests.

Relevance to clinical practice. As midwives are often, the primary health professional providing information to women, it is important that midwives are key participants in ongoing planning and discussions about screening policy to ensure programmes are implemented successfully.

Dissonances in self-reported health and mortality across denominational groups in Northern Ireland

Measures of self-reported health status are increasingly used in research and health policy. However, the inherent subjectivity of the responses gives rise to lingering concerns about their utility, especially across national and cultural boundaries. In this study we use religious denomination as a proxy for Scottish ancestry within Northern Ireland and demonstrate significant differences in levels of self-reported ill-health that are not fully reflected in mortality risks. These findings mirror the differences between Scotland and Northern Ireland previously shown in ecological studies and provide more definitive evidence that even within the United Kingdom factors other than morbidity levels influence the perception and reporting of health status. Possible explanations for the dissonance between morbidity and mortality levels are discussed and the reasons for a preference for socio-economic rather than cultural factors are described. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Development of Corporate Identity: A Political Perspective

A corporate identity denotes a set of attributes that senior managers ascribe to their organization. It is therefore an organizational identity articulated by a powerful interest group. It can constitute a claim which serves inter alia to justify the authority vested in top managers and to further their interests. The academic literature on organizational identity, and on corporate identity in particular, pays little attention to these political considerations. It focuses in an apolitical manner on shared meanings when corporate identity works, or on cognitive dissonance when it breaks down. In response to this analytical void, we develop a political analysis of corporate identity and its development, using as illustration a longitudinal study of successive changes in the corporate identity of a Brazilian telecommunications company. This suggests a cyclical model in which corporate identity definition and redefinition involve power relations, resource mobilization and struggles for legitimacy. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007.

(Re)-Introducing Themes of Religion and Spirituality to Professional Social Work Training in the Land of ‘Saints and Scholars’.

This chapter begins by alluding to Ireland’s historical reputation as the land of “Saints and Scholars” and then briefly charts its demise from this position. A parallel process in relation to religiously motivated provision of health and social care is outlined. The inclusion of themes of religion and spirituality within the current professional social work codes in the USA and Britain and the framework for social work training in Northern Ireland is noted. In this context the lack of any substantive inclusion of themes of religion and/or spirituality within the Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) degree at Queens University Belfast will be situated. A series of intersecting reasons for this lack of inclusion are proposed in terms of the experience of living through the recent troubled history of Northern Ireland and a variety of biases in academic thought.
A rationale for the re-introduction of inputs on religion and spirituality is articulated in terms of the widespread resurgence of these themes within health and social care and psychotherapy literature and the new emphasis on practicing in culturally sensitive ways in Britain. The first steps to re-introduce these themes under the higher context marker of “culturally competent practice” are described and an analysis of data from the students’ feedback presented along with illustrative quotations. The dissonance between the initial misgivings of staff and the overwhelmingly positive responses of students are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of lessons learned through the process with an emphasis on how the inclusion of these themes can result in better practice for service users, including those impacted by “the Troubles” in Northern Ireland.

Challenges of a Developmental Idea towards Sustainability

This paper attempts to situate and deconstruct the meanings associated with the term development in the context of the developing world. The arguments made highlights the deeply contested and fragmented terrain of development. The paper provides a historical overview of the changing nature of discourses on development, how the imageries of development have shifted since the postwar period. It deploys diverse meanings associated with development as a concept and as a theory. Thus development without dignity means little for those living in the margins of the society. At the same time the language of development has undergone revolutions and convulsions and the role of buzzwords and catch phrases have only helped to prolong misery in a neoliberal world. Development has become a 'one size fits all' concept shorn of cultural and regional specificities. It has been decontextualised and dehumanised to relate to targets
resulting in greater dissonance than resolution of aim and outcomes. The way forward is a better appreciation of the cultural capacity of the social groups for whom development is critical for survival. The conclusion highlights the endemic contradictions inherent in the meaning and delivery of development as a goal, especially when we seek to achieve resilient and sustainable development.

Keywords: Development, Neoliberalism, growth, participation, empowerment,
efficiency, market, state, societies, entitlements and capabilities, stakeholder, rights, structural adjustments, globalisation, self-help, doing development, freedom and
unfreedom.

Ansiedade social e assertividade na adolescência

O presente trabalho pretende caracterizar a associação entre ansiedade social e assertividade na adolescência, bem como desenvolver um modelo compreensivo e de intervenção teórica e empiricamente fundamentado acerca desta problemática. A ansiedade social é definida por medo intenso em situações sociais, associado a crenças negativas predisponentes e comportamentos de segurança ou evitamento subsequentes de situações sociais. A assertividade consiste numa resposta comportamental de auto-expressão empática, fundamentada em crenças positivas e activação emocional reduzida. Assim, estes dois conceitos parecem estar em dissonância, uma vez que, por definição, a ansiedade social surge associada a défice de comportamentos sociais adequados e a assertividade a diminuída activação ansiosa em eventos sociais. Por outro lado, ansiedade social e défice assertivo poderão fundamentar-se em mecanismos psicológicos semelhantes. Para verificar estas duas premissas, o presente trabalho utilizou uma amostra de 679 adolescentes do ensino secundário público de ambos os sexos. Para avaliar a ansiedade social nas três dimensões do funcionamento psicológico foram utilizadas a Escala de Crenças e Pensamentos Sociais e a Escala de Ansiedade e Evitamento de Situações Sociais para Adolescentes. No caso da assertividade, foram utilizados o Questionário de Esquema Interpessoal Assertivo e Escala de Comportamento Interpessoal. A análise de dados permite verificar a existência de uma associação recíproca negativa entre ansiedade social e assertividade, em todos os níveis considerados. Igualmente, os resultados obtidos indicam que esta associação poderá ser fundamentada na existência de baixas crenças sociais positivas que activam pensamentos sociais negativos e subsequentemente ansiedade e desconforto em situações sociais e reduzida frequência de comportamento assertivo. Esta conclusão fundamentou uma intervenção integrada para a promoção da gestão de ansiedade social e da prática de competências assertivas. Esta intervenção foi construída, implementada e avaliada em dois ensaios clínicos junto a 6 adolescentes. Os resultados de significância clínica indicam que o programa tem eficácia terapêutica, ainda que este estudo preliminar não exclua a necessidade de uma avaliação mais aprofundada do benefício associado a esta intervenção. Estes trabalhos assumem, assim, implicações educativas e terapêuticas, ao permitir explicitar e clarificar a associação entre ansiedade social e assertividade, e ao contribuir para o desenvolvimento e avaliação de formas de intervenção adequadas junto ao adolescente social tímido ou inibido. A compreensão e intervenção preventiva para a promoção do ajustamento psicossocial do adolescente emergem como uma realidade possível, pertinente e acessível a todos os agentes educativos.

Narratives of Variation in Teacher-Pupil Relationships Across a Career

This paper reports on the findings of a research study focused on teacher perceptions of their relationships with pupils over three phases of a career. Data collected from thirty primary school teachers using a critical event narrative approach were coded and compared across the three groups of teachers at different points in their careers; 0-7 years, 8-23 years, and over 24 years. The study, based in the United Kingdom, highlighted a complex development amongst teachers which centres on five key areas identified as differentiating between the three career phases; interaction, behaviour, expectations, proximity and control. Results indicate that teachers go through a series of relationship transitions in relation to these five areas, and that these transitions can often confront teachers with conflicting views of what positive teacher-pupil relationships are and create personal dissonance as they try to make sense of their role in these relationships. Based on empirical evidence, this paper argues that positive relationships with pupils are not necessarily associated with experience and that the transitions teachers experience through their career is of concern given the centrality of teacher-pupil relationships to effective teaching.