Estudo da helmintofauna de tartarugas marinhas procedentes da costa brasileira

Pós-graduação em Biologia Geral e Aplicada - IBB

Nesting In The Clouds: Evaluating And Predicting Sea Turtle Nesting Beach Parameters From Lidar Data

Humans' desire for knowledge regarding animal species and their interactions with the natural world have spurred centuries of studies. The relatively new development of remote sensing systems using satellite or aircraft-borne sensors has opened up a wide field of research, which unfortunately largely remains dependent on coarse-scale image spatial resolution, particularly for habitat modeling. For habitat-specialized species, such data may not be sufficient to successfully capture the nuances of their preferred areas. Of particular concern are those species for which topographic feature attributes are a main limiting factor for habitat use. Coarse spatial resolution data can smooth over details that may be essential for habitat characterization. Three studies focusing on sea turtle nesting beaches were completed to serve as an example of how topography can be a main deciding factor for certain species. Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data were used to illustrate that fine spatial scale data can provide information not readily captured by either field work or coarser spatial scale sources. The variables extracted from the LiDAR data could successfully model nesting density for loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtle species using morphological beach characteristics, highlight beach changes over time and their correlations with nesting success, and provide comparisons for nesting density models across large geographic areas. Comparisons between the LiDAR dataset and other digital elevation models (DEMs) confirmed that fine spatial scale data sources provide more similar habitat information than those with coarser spatial scales. Although these studies focused solely on sea turtles, the underlying principles are applicable for many other wildlife species whose range and behavior may be influenced by topographic features.

Impact des changements climatiques sur certaines espèces à statut précaire au Québec et analyse des mesures de protection actuelles

Le climat planétaire évolue à une vitesse alarmante. Selon le Groupe d’experts intergouvernemental sur l’évolution du climat, les températures globales pourraient grimper de 3 à 7°C d’ici 2100. Les zones tempérées, comme le Québec, ne seront pas épargnées. Au sein de la province, le climat typique en forêt boréale pourrait se déplacer de 750 km vers le nord pour atteindre le Haut-Arctique dans quelques décennies. D’autres modifications notables du climat se traduisent dans les précipitations, les glaces, les océans, etc. Tous ces changements climatiques constituent une menace grandissante pour la biodiversité. D’ailleurs, ils pourraient devenir la principale cause d’extinction d’espèces dans le futur, surpassant même la dégradation d’habitats et la pollution. Afin de témoigner de la portée des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité, 6 espèces fauniques à statut précaire au Québec sont étudiées dans le cadre de l’essai. Par leurs fortes réponses aux stress, elles agissent à titre de bioindicateurs des changements climatiques. Ces espèces, de classes taxonomiques différentes, sont : le chevalier cuivré (Moxostoma hubbsi), l’ours blanc (Ursus maritimus), la grive de Bicknell (Catharus Bicknelli), la rainette faux-grillon de l’Ouest (Pseudacris triseriata), la tortue luth (Dermochelys coriacea) et le satyre fauve des Maritimes (Coenonympha nipisiquit). L’étude approfondie de ces espèces a permis de relever un total de 47 impacts potentiels des changements climatiques. En majorité, ces impacts concernent la perte d’habitats, l’augmentation de la compétition, la diminution du succès reproducteur et l’entrave à la survie. L’objectif de cet essai est d’évaluer les mesures de protection actuelles permettant de faire face à ces impacts. Bien qu’elles varient grandement d’une espèce à l’autre, elles peuvent être regroupées en quatre grandes thématiques, soit la recherche et le suivi, la gestion des aires protégées, l’adaptation du cadre législatif et l’aménagement écosystémique. L’évaluation de ces mesures a permis de soulever certains constats. En premier lieu, la recherche et le suivi constituent la principale mesure de protection adoptée. En second lieu, il appert que les mesures de protection actuelles manquent de spécificité. En effet, dans la majorité des cas, elles protègent l’espèce de manière indirecte seulement. Au final, dans le but d’améliorer ou de combler les lacunes des mesures de protection actuelles, des recommandations ont été formulées. D’une part, celles-ci présentent des actions concrètes comme la translocation ou l’aménagement écosystémique. D’autre part, elles suggèrent des modifications quant aux méthodes de suivi, à la gestion des aires protégées et aux cadres législatifs.

Caracterização da captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas pela pesca de espinhel pelágico no Nordeste do Brasil

The marine turtles biological characteristics and the impact they have been suffering in consequence of human activities have caused in the last decades the decrease of populations to unsustainable levels. All four of the species described in this paper are registered as endangered in a list by IUCN: Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea. The main causes of such impact include several fishing activities, mostly the surface longline. This paper discusses the monitoring of two foreigner longline fleet along the North East Brazilian coast between October of 2004 and September of 2005. Both operated in the West South Atlantic, one using the Chinese technique and the other the American. The American method s target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and it is characterized by using squid as bait, J 9/0 offset 5º hook, light sticks and night soaking. It also operates in shallower waters than the Chinese method. The source of information about the efforts and the catches came from onboard observers and were used to calculate the catching rate of turtles over 1000 hooks (CPUE). The American equipment caught more turtles (CPUE = 0,059; N= 103), mainly D. coriacea, while the Chinese longline caught mainly the L. olivacea and presented a CPUE= 0,018 (N= 89). The hooks were most frequently found attached to the mouth of C. caretta, C. mydas, and L. olivacea. The D. coriacea were most frequently caught by hooks externally attached to different parts of their body. There was no significant difference between the hook type catching and most turtles were still alive when released. The results suggest a greater potential of turtle catching by the American method. Besides the statistic tests have showed less interaction between the Chinese equipment and marine turtles, the catches of this fishing technique could have been underestimated due to miscommunication between the onboard observer and the vessel s crew plus the retrieve of the longline during night time

Caracterização da captura incidental de tartarugas marinhas pela pesca de espinhel pelágico no Nordeste do Brasil

The marine turtles biological characteristics and the impact they have been suffering in consequence of human activities have caused in the last decades the decrease of populations to unsustainable levels. All four of the species described in this paper are registered as endangered in a list by IUCN: Caretta caretta, Lepidochelys olivacea, Chelonia mydas, Dermochelys coriacea. The main causes of such impact include several fishing activities, mostly the surface longline. This paper discusses the monitoring of two foreigner longline fleet along the North East Brazilian coast between October of 2004 and September of 2005. Both operated in the West South Atlantic, one using the Chinese technique and the other the American. The American method s target species is the swordfish (Xiphias gladius), and it is characterized by using squid as bait, J 9/0 offset 5º hook, light sticks and night soaking. It also operates in shallower waters than the Chinese method. The source of information about the efforts and the catches came from onboard observers and were used to calculate the catching rate of turtles over 1000 hooks (CPUE). The American equipment caught more turtles (CPUE = 0,059; N= 103), mainly D. coriacea, while the Chinese longline caught mainly the L. olivacea and presented a CPUE= 0,018 (N= 89). The hooks were most frequently found attached to the mouth of C. caretta, C. mydas, and L. olivacea. The D. coriacea were most frequently caught by hooks externally attached to different parts of their body. There was no significant difference between the hook type catching and most turtles were still alive when released. The results suggest a greater potential of turtle catching by the American method. Besides the statistic tests have showed less interaction between the Chinese equipment and marine turtles, the catches of this fishing technique could have been underestimated due to miscommunication between the onboard observer and the vessel s crew plus the retrieve of the longline during night time

Sand temperatures for nesting sea turtles in the Caribbean: Implications for hatchling sex ratios in the face of climate change

A 200-year time series of incubation temperatures and primary sex ratios for green (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata) and leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) sea turtles nesting in St. Eustatius (North East Caribbean) was created by combining sand temperature measurements with historical and current environmental data and climate projections. Rainfall and spring tides were important because they cooled the sand and lowered incubation temperatures. Mean annual sand temperatures are currently 31.0. °C (SD. =. 1.6) at the nesting beach but show seasonality, with lower temperatures (29.1-29.6. °C) during January-March and warmer temperatures (31.9-33.3. °C) in June-August. Results suggest that all three species have had female-biased hatchling production for the past decades with less than 15.5%, 36.0%, and 23.7% males produced every year for greens, hawksbills and leatherbacks respectively since the late nineteenth century. Global warming will exacerbate this female-skew. For example, projections indicate that only 2.4% of green turtle hatchlings will be males by 2030, 1.0% by 2060, and 0.4% by 2090. On the other hand, future changes to nesting phenology have the potential to mitigate the extent of feminisation. In the absence of such phenological changes, management strategies to artificially lower incubation temperatures by shading nests or relocating nest clutches to deeper depths may be the only way to prevent the localised extinction of these turtle populations.