Comparison of CO2 From Coal Capture Processes and Valorisation Technologies

Coal is the most plentiful and evenly distributed fossil fuel worldwide. Based on current production, it is estimated that the reserves will last approximately 130 years. Its use worldwide has been increasing, mainly due to consumption by emerging countries. CO2 emissions generated by combustion and the repercussions of such on climate change support the view that it could no longer be used. CO2 capture may be the solution to continue using it, which would cater for the growing energy demand worldwide. The aim of this study is to compare different processes concerning CO2 capture that may be economically viable, ultimately showing that coal, a fossil energy source widely distributed around the world, can, as a result of using different CO2 capture processes, be used as a clean source of electricity. Hence, in places where geological hurdles may render the costs of CO2 storage considerably higher, since it might have to travel far, coal may be used for other purposes, thus valorising CO2 within the industrial sector. This research is focused on the technical and economic comparison of the most relevant CO2 capture projects designed in Spain using different existing technologies. The oxyfuel project in Ciuden (Leon, Spain), the IGCC Elcogas, precombustion CO2-capture project (Puertollano, Spain) and the postcombustion project in Carboneras (Almeria, Spain) will be analyzed in order to assess the options available to valorise captured CO2. Valorising captured CO2 may be an adequate solution in areas where, although CO2 capture is still possible, storage is not equally so, thus generating a further benefit. The possible uses of CO2 will be assessed in vegetable growing greenhouses, harnessing CO2 in vegetable life cycles. This will also be used in growing algae for subsequent biodiesel production. Both CO2 capture and valorising will eventually lead to the clean use of coal, which will thus enhance the level of self-supply, aiding the development of electric vehicles, which require large amounts of electricity, as well as improve the level of energy autonomy in countries around the world. Another type of fuel, biodiesel, will also be obtained, without this affecting international food prices.

Effects on the shallow aquifers by CO2 leakages in a tertiary basin (province of Murcia, Spain)

Geological storage of CO2 is nowadays internationally considered as the most effective method for greenhouse gas emission mitigation, in order to minimize its effects on the global climatology. One of the main options is to store CO2 in deep saline aquifers at more than 800m depth, because it reaches its supercritical state. Study of the CO2 natural accumulations as natural analogues of an artificial CO2 storage is very useful in order to understand the CO2 long term behaviour and thus to predict its possible impact on the surficial environment and life. Therefore the main objective of this work is to detect the affection of the CO2 leakages from a deep saline aquifer on the shallow aquifers, all of them located in the Gañuelas-Mazarrón Tertiary basin (Province of Murcia, Spain). This CO2 storage and leakage natural system can be analogous to an artificial CO2 storage with leakage phenomena. In order to reach these objectives, groundwaters from different aquifers in the site have been sampled and analysed for major elements, free and dissolved gases and stable isotopes, particularly ∂ 13 C and 3 He/ 4 He. The results obtained allow to conclude that this natural system is an interesting example of natural analogue for an artificial CO2 storage affected by leakage processes because the shallow fresh aquifers in the site are polluted by CO2 from the deep saline aquifer as a consequence of an intensive over-exploitation of these freshwater aquifers

Air-steam gasification of sewage sludge in a bubbling bed reactor: Effect of alumina as a primary catalyst

Numerous references can be found in scientific literature regarding biomass gasification. However, there are few works related to sludge gasification. A study of sewage sludge gasification process in a bubbling fluidised bed gasifier on a laboratory scale is here reported. The aim was to find the optimum conditions for reducing the production of tars and gain more information on the influx of different operating variables in the products resulting from the gasification of this waste. The variables studied were the equivalence ratio (ER), the steam-biomass ratio (SB) and temperature. Specifically, the ER was varied from 0.2 to 0.4, the SB from 0 to 1 and the temperature from 750 °C (1023 K) to 850 °C (1123 K). Although it was observed that tar production could be considerably reduced (up to 72%) by optimising the gasification conditions, the effect of using alumina (aluminium oxide, of proven efficacy in destroying the tar produced in biomass gasification) as primary catalyst in air and air-steam mixture tests was also verified. The results show that by adding small quantities of alumina to the bed (10% by weight of fed sludge) considerable reductions in tar production can be obtained (up to 42%) improving, at the same time, the lower heating value (LHV) of the gas and carbon conversion.

¿Qué Método Utilizar Para Estimar la Temperatura estática de una formación de Petróleo?

Conocer la temperatura estática de una formación de petróleo es importante a la hora de evaluar y terminar un pozo. Existe una gran variedad de métodos para la determinación de esta temperatura. Cada método utiliza hipótesis y simplificaciones distintas que llevan a estimaciones diferentes, en algunos casos bastante alejadas del valor real. Esto hace difícil saber qué método utilizar. En este trabajo, se aplican los métodos de cálculo más comunes - Horner (HM), flujo radial y esférico (SRM), de las dos medidas (TLM) y de fuente de calor cilíndrica (CSM)- a cuatro pozos distintos. Se describe cómo aplicarlos en casos reales. Se presta especial atención a establecer los datos necesarios en cada caso: propiedades termo-físicas y número de medidas, y se proporcionan criterios para estimarlos en caso de no conocer su valor real. Como conclusiones a este trabajo se presentan una serie de pautas que permiten seleccionar el método de cálculo más conveniente en función de la información de que se disponga

Clean Coal Technologies Scenario and Evaluation of Present CO2 Dwindling Initiatives to Approach Zero Emission Power Stations By Coal Combustion. Deployment Situation and Evaluation Study

In the present uncertain global context of reaching an equal social stability and steady thriving economy, power demand expected to grow and global electricity generation could nearly double from 2005 to 2030. Fossil fuels will remain a significant contribution on this energy mix up to 2050, with an expected part of around 70% of global and ca. 60% of European electricity generation. Coal will remain a key player. Hence, a direct effect on the considered CO2 emissions business-as-usual scenario is expected, forecasting three times the present CO2 concentration values up to 1,200ppm by the end of this century. Kyoto protocol was the first approach to take global responsibility onto CO2 emissions monitoring and cap targets by 2012 with reference to 1990. Some of principal CO2emitters did not ratify the reduction targets. Although USA and China spur are taking its own actions and parallel reduction measures. More efficient combustion processes comprising less fuel consuming, a significant contribution from the electricity generation sector to a CO2 dwindling concentration levels, might not be sufficient. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies have started to gain more importance from the beginning of the decade, with research and funds coming out to drive its come in useful. After first researching projects and initial scale testing, three principal capture processes came out available today with first figures showing up to 90% CO2 removal by its standard applications in coal fired power stations. Regarding last part of CO2 reduction chain, two options could be considered worthy, reusing (EOR & EGR) and storage. The study evaluates the state of the CO2 capture technology development, availability and investment cost of the different technologies, with few operation cost analysis possible at the time. Main findings and the abatement potential for coal applications are presented. DOE, NETL, MIT, European universities and research institutions, key technology enterprises and utilities, and key technology suppliers are the main sources of this study. A vision of the technology deployment is presented.

Comparison of Chemical Absorbents Used for CO2 Capture in Coal-Fired Power Plants.

Climate change conference was hold in Copenhagen in 2009, global warming became the worldwide focus once again. China as a developing country has paid more attention for this environmental problem. In China, a large part of carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere from combustion of fossil fuels in power plants. How to control emission of the greenhouse gas into atmosphere is becoming an urgent concern. Among numerous methods, CO2 capture is the hope to limit the amount of CO2 emitted into the air. The well-established method for CO2 capture is to remove CO2 by absorption into solutions in conventional equipment. Absorbents used for CO2 and H2S capture are important choice for CO2 capture technology. It is related to the cost and efficiency of plant directly and is essential to investigate the proposed CO2 and H2S absorbents.

Comparison of CO2 from coal captureprocesses and valorisation technologies

Coal is the most plentiful and evenly distributed fossil fuel worldwide. Based on current production, it is estimated that the reserves will last approximately 130 years. Its use worldwide has been increasing, mainly due to consumption by emerging countries. CO2 emissions generated by combustion and the repercussions of such on climate change support the view that it could no longer be used. CO2 capture may be the solution to continue using it, which would cater for the growing energy demand worldwide. The aim of this study is to compare different processes concerning CO2 capture that may be economically viable, ultimately showing that coal, a fossil energy source widely distributed around the world, can, as a result of using different CO2 capture processes, be used as a clean source of electricity. Hence, in places where geological hurdles may render the costs of CO2 storage considerably higher, since it might have to travel far, coal may be used for other purposes, thus valorizing CO2 within the industrial sector. This research is focused on the technical and economic comparison of the most relevant CO2 capture projects designed in Spain using different existing technologies. The oxyfuel project in Ciuden (Leon, Spain), the IGCC Elcogas, precombustion CO2-capture project (Puertollano, Spain) and the postcombustion project in Carboneras (Almeria, Spain) will be analyzed in order to assess the options available to valorizecaptured CO2. Valorizing captured CO2 may be an adequate solution in areas where, although CO2 capture is still possible, storage is not equally so, thus generating a further benefit. The possible uses of CO2 will be assessed in vegetable growing greenhouses, harnessing CO2 in vegetable life cycles. This will also be used in growing algae for subsequent biodiesel production. Both CO2capture and valorizing will eventually lead to the clean use of coal, which will thus enhance the level of self-supply, aiding the development of electric vehicles, which require large amounts of electricity, as well as improve the level of energy autonomy in countries around the world. Another type of fuel, biodiesel, will also be obtained, without this affecting international food prices.

Petrolero de crudo Panamax 65.000 TPM

- Tipo. Petrolero clase Panamax - Tipo de carga. Crudo - Peso muerto. 65000 t. - Velocidad. 12 kn. - Autonomía. 20 días. - Cuaderno especial de medidas que ayuden al ahorro energético.

Cálculo y evaluación de la certificación de la huella de CO2 del Grupo Sacyr Vallehermoso en el año 2010

El proyecto se centra en el cálculo de las emisiones de CO2 en una empresa, agrupando estas emisiones en los alcances 1 y 2 partiendo del consumo de combustibles fósiles y energía eléctrica respectivamente. Analizar los resultados y elaborar un plan con una serie de medidas generales para reducir las emisiones.

Estudio sobre posibilidades que en leñas de maleza apropiadas para su carbonización existen en la provincia de Madrid, así como sus potencias caloríficas y en relación con el suministro a gasogénos

Dadas las actuales circunstancias caracterizadas en uno de sus extremos, por las dificultades de índole material impuestas por la guerra de abastecerse de combustibles líquidos (gasolina, fuel-oil, gasoil, etc.)- y la necesidad perentoria, de mantener los servicios de transporte en el interior del país, base fundamental de toda economía organizada, han hecho que se busque en la actualidad con verdadero ahínco combustibles de sustitución.

Gasoducto Yela- El Villar de Arnedo

Este proyecto final de carrera detalla el diseño y construcción de un gasoducto entre el almacenamiento profundo de Yela (Guadalajara) hasta el término municipal de el Villar de Arnedo (La Rioja), detallando su justificación desde un punto de vista técnico así como mediambiental

Estudio energético comparativo de diferentes configuraciones de ciclo combinado

El objetivo del presente proyecto consiste en la modelización y optimización de una planta de gasificación integrada en ciclo combinado de 400 MW de potencia neta, mediante el uso del programa Cycle-Tempo, desarrollado por la Universidad de Delft. Para la modelización de la planta, se ha dividido en sus dos unidades principales: la isla de gasificación y el ciclo combinado. Para la validación del modelo de la isla de gasificación, se ha utilizado una composición de referencia de un combustible gasificable y se ha obtenido la composición del gas de síntesis esperada. Se han modelado y optimizado varias configuraciones de ciclo combinado, variando los parámetros característicos de la caldera de recuperación de calor. Se ha realizado la integración de las dos unidades para maximizar la potencia entregada por la planta. Finalmente, se ha estimado el balance anual de energía del ciclo combinado alimentado con gas natural y con el gas de síntesis, con el fin de comparar las rentabilidades económicas obtenidas. Mediante el estudio realizado, se deduce que la forma más eficiente de producir energía, a partir del uso del carbón, es la tecnología de gasificación integrada en ciclo combinado, pese a que su rendimiento sea inferior al ciclo combinado alimentado con gas natural. ABSTRACT The aim of this project is the modeling and optimization of an integrated gasification combined cycle plant of 400 MW net power, using the Cycle-Tempo program, developed by the University of Delft. For the modeling of the plant, it has been divided into its two main units: the island of gasification and the combined cycle. For the model validation of the gasification island, a reference composition of a gasifiable fuel has been used and the expected synthesis gas composition was obtained. Several configurations of combined cycle have been modeled and optimized by varying the characteristic parameters of the heat recovery steam generator. It has made the integration of the two units to reach maximum optimization of power, which has been delivered by the plant. Finally, it has been estimated the annual energy balance for the combined cycle plant fueled with natural gas and with syngas, in order to compare the profitability obtained with each one. Through the study, it is deduced that the most efficient way to produce energy from the use of coal, is the integrated gasification combined cycle technology, although their performance is lower than that obtained from the combined cycle fueled with natural gas.

Efecto de los hidrocarburos en suelos arenosos de la mesa de Guanipa-Venezuela y propuesta de tratamientos alternativos para la recuperación de suelos contaminados con gasoil y aceites dieléctricos con BPC

Esta investigación se ha dividido en tres etapas, primero se analizó el efecto de los hidrocarburos (crudos liviano, extrapesado y gasoil) a razón de dosis bajas 2 y 4 % p/p, y altas 30, 40 y 50 % p/p en un suelo arenoso de la Mesa de Guanipa en Venezuela, empleando técnicas analíticas e instrumentales para su caracterización, también se determinó el efecto que tienen estos contaminantes sobre la actividad biológica del suelo durante 29 días de incubación. La segunda fase consistió en aplicar un tratamiento térmico a una velocidad máxima de calentamiento de 0,33 ºC/min por 2h, a muestras de suelo de la zona central de España, contaminado con gasoil a razón de 2, 4, 10, 20, 50 % p/p. En la última fase se utilizó una propuesta de la deshalogenación química, en suelos contaminados con 413, 95, 14,2 ppm de askarel, y en aceites minerales con 363, 180, 100, 94 ppm de askarel. Los resultados mostraron, que el efecto que causan los hidrocarburos en el suelo dependen de las características propias del suelo, su entorno, concentración y composición del hidrocarburo, con respecto a las curvas acumuladas de mg C - CO2 /100 g de suelo, se observó que los hidrocarburos inhiben la biomasa microbiana en los suelos. Para el tratamiento térmico los resultados han mostrado una eliminación del gasoil en un 94,11 % en la muestra que contenía 2% gasoil, 95,85 % para la muestra del 4 %, 98,48 % para la muestra del 10 %, 99,45 % para la del 20 % y finalmente 99,51 % para la del 50 % gasoil, se observó que la adición del gasoil al suelo produce cambios significativos con respecto al testigo, luego del tratamiento térmico la fracción de la materia orgánica en el suelo disminuyó significativamente. La deshalogenación química propuesta en aceites dieléctricos como en suelos resultó satisfactoria. En aceites han resultado 8 tratamientos con eliminaciones del cloro por encima del 50 % y en suelos 4 tratamientos con 50 % de eliminación. Además se ha experimentado con la urea para el caso del suelo contaminado dando eliminación de un 80,4 % del cloro, y con etanol como agente oxidante en los aceites dieléctricos, resultando un 40 % de eliminación.

Dimensionamiento del proceso de licuación de una planta de gas natural Offshore

Este proyecto consiste en el dimensionamiento del proceso de licuación de una planta offshore para la producción de gas natural licuado, usando únicamente N2 como refrigerante, evitando de este modo riesgos potenciales que podrían surgir con el uso de refrigerantes mixtos compuestos de hidrocarburos. El proceso ha sido diseñado para acomodar 35,23 kg/s (aproximadamente un millón de toneladas por año) de gas natural seco, sin separación de gases licuados de petróleo (GLP) y ajustarlo dentro de los parámetros requeridos en las especificaciones del proceso. Para proceder al dimensionamiento del proceso de licuación de gas natural de la planta se ha empleado el programa Aspen Plus. Los sistemas floating production, storage and offloading para licuar el gas natural (LNG-FPSO), es una nueva unidad conceptual y un modo realista y efectivo para la explotación, recuperación, almacenamiento, transporte y agotamiento de los campos marginales de gas y las fuentes de gas asociadas offshore. En el proyecto se detalla el proceso, equipos necesarios y costes estimados, potencia aproximada requerida y un breve análisis económico. ABSTRACT This project consist of the dimensioning of a liquefaction process in an offshore plant to produce liquefied natural, using only N2 as refrigerant in the cooling cycles to avoid potential hazards of mixed hydrocarbon refrigerants. The process was designed to accommodate 35.23 kg/s (roughly 1 MTPA) of raw natural gas feed without separation of LPG, and fits within all parameters required in the process specifications. The plant has been designed with the computer tool Aspen Plus. The floating production, storage and offloading system for liquefied natural gas (LNGFPSO), is a new conceptual unit and an effective and realistic way for exploitation, recovery, storage, transportation and end-use applications of marginal gas fields and offshore associated-gas resources. The following report details the process, equipment needs and estimated costs, approximated power requirements, and a brief economic analysis.

Estudio técnico y económico para la sustitución del gasóleo por biomasa térmica en edificios urbanos

La finalidad del proyecto consiste en realizar la sustitución de calderas de gasóleo por calderas de biomasa para suministrar calefacción a edificios urbanos. En primer lugar, se ha hecho un estudio de la demanda calorífica de los edificios, y posteriormente se ha estudiado el ciclo completo de la biomasa, incluyendo el suministro y tipo de biomasa, dimensiones de los equipos y espacios necesarios para la instalación. Después de estudiar la viabilidad técnica y económica, podemos concluir que utilizar biomasa en edificios con calderas centralizadas nos aporta un gran ahorro en comparación con el gasóleo, además de evitar emisiones de CO2 y utilizar un combustible renovable y de producción nacional. ABSTRACT The purpose of the project consists of performing the substitution of diesel boilers by biomass boilers to provide the heating to urban buildings. In first place, it has been made a study of the calorific demand of the buildings. In addition, it has been studied the completed cycle of the biomass even including the supply and the type of biomass, the dimensions of the machines and the necessary spaces to carry out the installation. After studying the technical and economical viability, we can conclude that using biomass in buildings with central boilers provides us an important saving in comparison with diesel as well as to avoid CO2 emissions and using a renewable combustible of national production.