基于邮件预取策略的嵌入式邮件客户端设计与实现

互联网时代嵌入式产品的发展对嵌入式软件技术提出了新的挑战,如何增强嵌入式设备的网络通讯能力已经越来越成为人们关心的问题.作为一种重要的网络通讯软件,嵌入式邮件客户端已经成为了众多嵌入式产品的关键应用之一.该文介绍了一种基于邮件预取策略的嵌入式邮件客户端.与传统的嵌入式邮件客户端不同,笔者引入了一种新的邮件接收策略,通过跟踪用户的历史行为,优先接收用户感兴趣的邮件,从而提高了嵌入式邮件客户端在不稳定、低速的网络环境下的使用效率.

Metodologia híbrida de desenvolvimento centrado no utilizador: aplicada ao software educativo

No panorama atual do desenvolvimento de software educativo é importante que os processos de desenvolvimento sejam adequados e compatíveis com o contexto em que serão utilizados este tipo de recursos. Desta forma, é importante melhorar continuamente os processos de desenvolvimento bem como se proceder à avaliação de forma a garantir a sua qualidade e viabilidade económica. Este estudo propõe uma Metodologia Híbrida de Desenvolvimento Centrado no Utilizador (MHDCU) aplicada ao software educativo. Trata-se de um processo de desenvolvimento simples, iterativo e incremental que tem como “alicerces” princípios do Design Centrado no Utilizador, especificados na International Organization for Standardization - ISO 13407. Na sua base encontra-se a estrutura disciplinada de processos de desenvolvimento, bem como práticas e valores dos métodos ágeis de desenvolvimento de software. O processo é constituído por 4 fases principais: planeamento (guião didático), design (storyboard), implementação e manutenção/operação. A prototipagem e a avaliação são realizadas de modo transversal a todo o processo. A metodologia foi implementada numa Pequena e Média Empresa de desenvolvimento de recursos educacionais, com o objetivo de desenvolver recursos educacionais com qualidade reconhecida e simultaneamente viáveis do ponto de vista económico. O primeiro recurso que teve por base a utilização desta metodologia foi o Courseware Sere – “O Ser Humano e os Recursos Naturais”. O trabalho seguiu uma metodologia de investigação & desenvolvimento, de natureza mista, em que se pretendeu descrever e analisar/avaliar uma metodologia de desenvolvimento de software educativo, i.e., o processo, bem como o produto final. O estudo é fundamentalmente descritivo e exploratório. A metodologia de desenvolvimento do software (primeira questão de investigação) foi proposta, essencialmente, com base na revisão integrativa da literatura da especialidade e com base nos resultados que emergiram das Fases 2 e 3. Do ponto de vista exploratório, foi avaliado, por um lado, o potencial técnico e didático da 1ª versão do software inserido no Courseware Sere (segunda questão de investigação), e, por outro lado, analisar os pontos fortes e as fragilidades da metodologia utilizada para o seu desenvolvimento (terceira questão de investigação). Como técnicas de recolha de dados recorreu-se a dois inquéritos por questionário e à observação direta participante (mediada pela plataforma moodle). Quanto às técnicas de análise de dados optou-se pela análise estatística descritiva e pela análise de conteúdo. Os resultados indicam que o recurso desenvolvido possui qualidade técnica e didática. Relativamente a análise da Metodologia Híbrida de desenvolvimento Centrado no Utilizador foram propostas algumas melhorias relacionadas com o envolvimento do utilizador e introdução de novos métodos. Apesar de identificadas algumas limitações, este projeto permitiu que a empresa melhorasse significativamente os processos de desenvolvimento de recursos (mesmo os que não são informatizados), bem como permitiu o aumento do seu portefólio com o desenvolvimento do Courseware Sere.

Impacto do fator emocional quando da recuperação de informação da home page do Departamento de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis, AIDS e Hepatites Virais da Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde do Ministério da Saúde/

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciência da Informação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência da Informação, 2016.

Scalable Intelligence for Scheduling Systems

A personalização é um aspeto chave de uma interação homem-computador efetiva. Numa era em que existe uma abundância de informação e tantas pessoas a interagir com ela, de muitas maneiras, a capacidade de se ajustar aos seus utilizadores é crucial para qualquer sistema moderno. A criação de sistemas adaptáveis é um domínio bastante complexo que necessita de métodos muito específicos para ter sucesso. No entanto, nos dias de hoje ainda não existe um modelo ou arquitetura padrão para usar nos sistemas adaptativos modernos. A principal motivação desta tese é a proposta de uma arquitetura para modelação do utilizador que seja capaz de incorporar diferentes módulos necessários para criar um sistema com inteligência escalável com técnicas de modelação. Os módulos cooperam de forma a analisar os utilizadores e caracterizar o seu comportamento, usando essa informação para fornecer uma experiência de sistema customizada que irá aumentar não só a usabilidade do sistema mas também a produtividade e conhecimento do utilizador. A arquitetura proposta é constituída por três componentes: uma unidade de informação do utilizador, uma estrutura matemática capaz de classificar os utilizadores e a técnica a usar quando se adapta o conteúdo. A unidade de informação do utilizador é responsável por conhecer os vários tipos de indivíduos que podem usar o sistema, por capturar cada detalhe de interações relevantes entre si e os seus utilizadores e também contém a base de dados que guarda essa informação. A estrutura matemática é o classificador de utilizadores, e tem como tarefa a sua análise e classificação num de três perfis: iniciado, intermédio ou avançado. Tanto as redes de Bayes como as neuronais são utilizadas, e uma explicação de como as preparar e treinar para lidar com a informação do utilizador é apresentada. Com o perfil do utilizador definido torna-se necessária uma técnica para adaptar o conteúdo do sistema. Nesta proposta, uma abordagem de iniciativa mista é apresentada tendo como base a liberdade de tanto o utilizador como o sistema controlarem a comunicação entre si. A arquitetura proposta foi desenvolvida como parte integrante do projeto ADSyS - um sistema de escalonamento dinâmico - utilizado para resolver problemas de escalonamento sujeitos a eventos dinâmicos. Possui uma complexidade elevada mesmo para utilizadores frequentes, daí a necessidade de adaptar o seu conteúdo de forma a aumentar a sua usabilidade. Com o objetivo de avaliar as contribuições deste trabalho, um estudo computacional acerca do reconhecimento dos utilizadores foi desenvolvido, tendo por base duas sessões de avaliação de usabilidade com grupos de utilizadores distintos. Foi possível concluir acerca dos benefícios na utilização de técnicas de modelação do utilizador com a arquitetura proposta.

Modèle novateur de conception d’interface humain-ordinateur centrée sur l’utilisateur : le designer en tant que médiateur

Cette recherche porte sur des questions relatives à la conception des interfaces humain-ordinateur. Elle s’inscrit dans le courant des recherches sur l’utilisabilité et elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux approches centrées sur l’utilisateur. Nous avons été très souvent témoin des difficultés éprouvées par les utilisateurs dans l’usage de certaines interfaces interactives et nous considérons que ces difficultés découlent d’un problème de design. Le design d’interface doit être basé sur les besoins de l’utilisateur dans le cadre de ses activités, dont les caractéristiques devaient être bien comprises et bien prises en considération pour mener à la conception d’interfaces qui respectent les critères d’utilisabilité. De plus, la communauté des chercheurs ainsi que l’industrie admettent maintenant que pour améliorer le design, il est crucial de développer les interfaces humain-ordinateur au sein d’une équipe multidisciplinaire. Malgré les avancées significatives dans le domaine du design centrées sur l’utilisateur, les visées annoncées sont rarement réalisées. La problématique étudiée nous a conduit à poser la question suivante : En tant que designer d’une équipe multidisciplinaire de conception, comment modifier la dynamique de collaboration et créer les conditions d’une conception véritablement centrée sur l’interaction humain-ordinateur ? Notre démarche de recherche a été guidée par l’hypothèse voulant que l’activité de design puisse être le moyen de faciliter la création d’un langage commun, des échanges constructifs entre les disciplines, et une réflexion commune centrée sur l’utilisateur. La formulation de cette hypothèse nous a mené à réfléchir sur le rôle du designer. Pour mener cette recherche, nous avons adopté une méthodologie mixte. Dans un premier temps, nous avons utilisé une approche de recherche par projet (recherche-projet) et notre fonction était celle de designer-chercheur. La recherche-projet est particulièrement appropriée pour les recherches en design. Elle privilégie les méthodes qualitatives et interprétatives ; elle étudie la situation dans sa complexité et de façon engagée. Nous avons effectué trois études de cas successives. L’objectif de la première étude était d’observer notre propre rôle et nos interactions avec les autres membres de l’équipe de projet pendant le processus de design. Dans la seconde étude, notre attention a été portée sur les interactions et la collaboration de l’équipe. Nous avons utilisé le processus de design comme méthode pour la construction d’un langage commun entre les intervenants, pour enrichir les réflexions et pour favoriser leur collaboration menant à redéfinir les objectifs du projet. Les limites de ces deux cas nous ont conduit à une intervention différente que nous avons mise en œuvre dans la troisième étude de cas. Cette intervention est constituée par la mise en place d’un atelier intensif de conception où les intervenants au projet se sont engagés à développer une attitude interdisciplinaire permettant la copratique réflexive pour atteindre les objectifs d’un projet de construction d’un site web complexe centré sur l’utilisateur. L’analyse et l’interprétation des données collectées de ces trois études de cas nous ont conduit à créer un modèle théorique de conception d’interface humain-ordinateur. Ce modèle qui informe et structure le processus de design impliquant une équipe multidisciplinaire a pour objectif d’améliorer l’approche centrée sur l’utilisateur. Dans le cadre de ce modèle, le designer endosse le rôle de médiateur en assurant l’efficacité de la collaboration de l’équipe. Dans un deuxième temps, afin de valider le modèle et éventuellement le perfectionner, nous avons utilisé une approche ethnographique comportant des entrevues avec trois experts dans le domaine. Les données des entrevues confirment la validité du modèle ainsi que son potentiel de transférabilité à d’autres contextes. L’application de ce modèle de conception permet d’obtenir des résultats plus performants, plus durables, et dans un délai plus court.

Les coulisses de la Toile : étude sur les demarches de conception de sites web

À l’ère du web 2.0, l’usage des sites web se multiplie et génère de nouveaux enjeux. La satisfaction en rapport à l’interactivité, facteur d’efficacité des sites, détermine la popularité, et donc la visibilité de ceux-ci sur la Toile. Par conséquent, dans cette étude, nous considérons que les utilisateurs ont un rôle à jouer lors du processus de conception de ces derniers. Certes, autant en théorie que dans la pratique, les concepteurs semblent bel et bien tenir compte des utilisateurs; toutefois, ils ne les intègrent pas comme participants actifs dans leurs démarches. Cette étude vise au moyen d’une recherche documentaire et d’observations sur le terrain à comprendre les principales catégories et morphologies des sites web ainsi que les usages qui en découlent. Une analyse des diverses démarches de conception et des perceptions et attentes des internautes est réalisée sur la base de ces résultats. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, cette analyse cible deux catégories de sites réalisés par des professionnels et par des amateurs. Celle-ci nous permet de démontrer que les résultats de chacune de ces démarches, exprimés à travers les interfaces graphiques des sites, diffèrent au niveau de la qualité perceptible. Cette étude souligne également l’importance d’un traitement efficace de la communication graphique des éléments des sites web, afin de structurer la lecture et transmettre au final un message clair et compréhensible aux internautes. Dans le but consolider nos propositions, nous faisons référence à deux théories de communication graphique, la Gestalt et la sémiotique, l’une s’intéressant à la perception visuelle, l’autre à l’interprétation des signes. Celles-ci se sont révélées pertinentes pour analyser la qualité et l’efficacité des éléments de contenus. Notre étude révèle que les participants ne sont pas satisfaits des deux sites testés car l’utilisabilité du site conçu par des professionnels est trop complexe et l’interface du site conçu par un amateur manque de professionnalisme et de cohérence. Ces résultats soulignent la pertinence d’une approche centrée sur l’utilisateur pour la conception de sites web, car elle permet d’identifier et de résoudre des erreurs de conception. Nos résultats permettent également de souligner que les professionnels ayant un savoir technique et théorique se démarquent des amateurs au niveau des intervenants, des outils et des limites. Des pistes de solution, via des critères de design centré sur l’utilisateur, sont proposées à la fin de cette étude dans le but d’optimiser la qualité et l’efficacité des interfaces graphiques web.

Les dispositifs d’aide à la consommation : une analyse qui prend compte des obstacles à la rationalité dans l’évaluation des biens de consommation

Ce projet de recherche vise à explorer le rôle du design dans l’acte d’achat et l’évaluation des produits. L’hypothèse de recherche repose sur le fait que le design est un obstacle à la rationalité dans le choix d’un bien, car ce dernier est rattaché à des singularités qui lui sont propres, le rendant difficilement comparable aux autres biens d’un même marché. Les produits deviennent difficiles à évaluer et à classer parmi les autres biens similaires dans le marché. En soi, la finalité et les vertus du design permettent aux consommateurs d’avoir une plus grande liberté de choix, mais ce rôle dynamique et économique que peut prendre le design peut aussi confondre les consommateurs devenant brouillés par l’abondance de choix. En ce sens, le design serait la clé de la voûte d’une économie des singularités telle que proposée par Lucien Karpik dans L’économie des singularités. Avec une méthodologie ethnologique, cinq projets d’évaluation de produits au sein de deux organismes produisant des dispositifs d’aide à la consommation ont été observés sur une période de deux ans. À la conclusion de cette étude, il a été démontré que certaines améliorations pouvaient être apportées aux processus d’évaluation, plus particulièrement en ce qui concerne les facteurs qui ne sont pas pris en compte dans les dispositifs d’aide à la consommation actuels, comme l’évaluation de produits centrée sur l’usager à l’aide de scénarios d’usages, plutôt que l’évaluation de produits centrée sur l’objet, ainsi que la considération de l’expérience de l’usager dans l’évaluation des biens.

Virtual reality Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) exposure therapy results with active duty Iraq war combatants

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is reported to be caused by traumatic events that are outside the range of usual human experience including (but not limited to) military combat, violent personal assault, being kidnapped or taken hostage and terrorist attacks. Initial data suggests that at least 1 out of 6 Iraq War veterans are exhibiting symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD. Virtual Reality (VR) delivered exposure therapy for PTSD has been used with reports of positive outcomes. The aim of the current paper is to present the rationale and brief description of a Virtual Iraq PTSD VR therapy application and present initial findings from its use with PTSD patients. Thus far, Virtual Iraq consists of a series of customizable virtual scenarios designed to represent relevant Middle Eastern VR contexts for exposure therapy, including a city and desert road convoy environment. User-centered design feedback needed to iteratively evolve the system was gathered from returning Iraq War veterans in the USA and from a system deployed in Iraq and tested by an Army Combat Stress Control Team. Results from an open clinical trial at San Diego Naval Medical Center of the first 18 treatment completers indicate that 14 no longer meet PTSD diagnostic criteria at post-treatment, with only one not maintaining treatment gains at 3 month follow-up. Clinical tests are also currently underway at Ft. Lewis, Emory University, Weill Cornell Medical College, Walter Reed Army Medical Center and 10 other sites. Other sites are preparing to use the application for a variety of PTSD and VR research purposes.

Virtual reality Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) exposure therapy results with active duty OIF/OEF service members

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is reported to be caused by exposure to traumatic events including (but not limited to) military combat, violent personal assault, being kidnapped or taken hostage and terrorist attacks. Initial data suggest that at least 1 out of 6 Iraq War veterans are exhibiting symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD. Virtual reality (VR) delivered exposure therapy for PTSD has been used with reports of positive outcomes. The aim of the current paper, is to present the rationale and brief description of a Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan PTSD VR therapy application and present initial findings from its use with PTSD patients. Thus far, Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan consists of a series of customizable virtual scenarios designed to represent relevant Middle Eastern VR contexts for exposure therapy, including a city and desert road convoy environment. User-centered design feedback, needed to iteratively evolve the system, was gathered from returning Iraq War veterans in the USA and from a system deployed in Iraq and tested by an Army Combat Stress Control Team. Results from an open clinical trial at San Diego Naval Medical Center of the first 20 treatment completers indicate that 16 no longer met PTSD screening criteria at post-treatment, with only one not maintaining treatment gains at 3 month follow-up.

Using virtual environments for trigger identification in addiction treatment

This paper presents a novel application of virtual environments to assist in encouraging behavior change in individuals who misuse drugs or alcohol. We describe the user-centered design of a series of scenes to engage users in the identification of triggers and to encourage discussions about relevant coping skills. Results from the initial testing of this application with six service users showed variation in user responses. Results also suggested that the system should encourage group discussion and that it was linked to a small improvement in users’ confidence in understanding and identifying triggers.

O espaço psicoterápico na psicanálise freudiana e na abordagem centrada na pessoa: um estudo comparativo

O presente trabalho realiza um estudo comparativo entre a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa e a Psicanálise no que tange, principalmente, aos aspectos teóricos relacionados com a prática clínica. A Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa é apresentada através do pensamento de seu fundador - Carl Rogers. Enfatiza-se seus pressupostos básicos, bem como procura-se mostrar a concepção teórica que fundamenta uma prática clínica com características especiais. Evidencia-se também as contribuições de Eugene Gendlin em direção a um entendimento mais completo do processo de mudança. São assinalados os aspectos fundamentais do pensamento de Freud em termos do tratamento analítico. Atenta-se, concomitantemente, para os progressos mais recentes da Psicanálise com o objetivo de se delinear uma visão ampla desse enfoque. É realizada uma análise comparativa das referidas modalidades psicoterápicas em que tem lugar seus aspectos evolutivos. Pontos de divergência e de convergência são apresentados paralelamente à tentativa de se estabelecer um intercâmbio que favoreça a um entendimento da eficácia prática desses modelos. Ratifica-se o valor heurístico das investigações inter-teóricas. É salientada, por outro lado, a importância de um desempenho clínico que considere a totalidade dos recursos do terapeuta, tanto a nível da Psicanálise como da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa. Finalizando, estudos interligados sobre cultura, linguagem e modelos psicoterápicos são colocados como decisivos ao aprofundamento do tema da mudança psicológica.

Goals Software Construction Process

Generalized hyper competitiveness in the world markets has determined the need to offer better products to potential and actual clients in order to mark an advantagefrom other competitors. To ensure the production of an adequate product, enterprises need to work on the efficiency and efficacy of their business processes (BPs) by means of the construction of Interactive Information Systems (IISs, including Interactive Multimedia Documents) so that they are processed more fluidly and correctly.The construction of the correct IIS is a major task that can only be successful if the needs from every intervenient are taken into account. Their requirements must bedefined with precision, extensively analyzed and consequently the system must be accurately designed in order to minimize implementation problems so that the IIS isproduced on schedule and with the fewer mistakes as possible. The main contribution of this thesis is the proposal of Goals, a software (engineering) construction process which aims at defining the tasks to be carried out in order to develop software. This process defines the stakeholders, the artifacts, and the techniques that should be applied to achieve correctness of the IIS. Complementarily, this process suggests two methodologies to be applied in the initial phases of the lifecycle of the Software Engineering process: Process Use Cases for the phase of requirements, and; MultiGoals for the phases of analysis and design. Process Use Cases is a UML-based (Unified Modeling Language), goal-driven and use case oriented methodology for the definition of functional requirements. It uses an information oriented strategy in order to identify BPs while constructing the enterprise’s information structure, and finalizes with the identification of use cases within the design of these BPs. This approach provides a useful tool for both activities of Business Process Management and Software Engineering. MultiGoals is a UML-based, use case-driven and architectural centric methodology for the analysis and design of IISs with support for Multimedia. It proposes the analysis of user tasks as the basis of the design of the: (i) user interface; (ii) the system behaviour that is modeled by means of patterns which can combine Multimedia and standard information, and; (iii) the database and media contents. This thesis makes the theoretic presentation of these approaches accompanied with examples from a real project which provide the necessary support for the understanding of the used techniques.

Relação amorosa e tentativa de suicídio na adolescência : uma questão de (des)amor

Suicide rates have been rising all over the world. In Rio Grande do Norte state, a study carried out by Dutra (1999) investigated suicide rates among youngsters and found that in 1997 alone 244 cases of suicide attempt were registered. The author took an interest in studying this phenomenon among adolescents after reviewing Dutra s study and the technical literature on suicide. In addition to that, another topic caught her attention and raised new research questions: suicide attempts motivated by love, i.e., the end of a relationship, the fantasy of being abandoned by a partner. These have made the author to question how love manifested itself among adolescents and how it could become a reason for adolescents to give up their lives. Based on the data she analyzed and the research questions she developed, her research objective was to understand how adolescents who have attempted suicide because of love-related reasons have gone through this experience. The theoretical reference for the research was the Client-centered Therapy and more specifically, the construct self , according to Carl Rogers. The methodological strategy was inspired by the existential-phenomenological strategy. It used the narrative as a research instrument, inspired by the work of Walter Benjamim (1994) which was developed into a research strategy by Schmidt (1990). Four youngsters (three male and one female) have participated in this study. They have attempted suicide for love-related reasons during dolescence, when they were 12 to 18 years old. The interviews were recorded on cassette tapes, transcribed and literalized into narratives. The understanding of the narratives was based on the meanings that emerged from the youngsters speeches, as well as from the moments that touched the author. These moments highlighted the meaning of the experience of giving up life and the experience of love-based relationship as experienced by the youngsters. The study detected, among the adolescents who were interviewed, the existence of impulsiveness related to the suicide attempt. Also, the majority of the interviewees came from unstructured family backgrounds and had lost of one of their parents or had to face their parents divorce. The suicide was attempted by these youngsters through the ingestion of medicines. The research also revealed that the youngsters had regretted attempting suicide and felt guilty about it. With regards to their self-evaluation, the author observed that the youngsters had low self-esteem, negative perceptions about themselves and distorted views of themselves. These findings helped the author to reflect on the close relationship between the construct self and the suicide attempt. She also observed that a few factors, i.e., family context, education, social and cultural values, have influenced the way the youngsters perceived themselves . The results of this research confirm the idea that we have to understand the suicide attempt as a multi-determined phenomenon. This study contributed to the analysis and reflection on the factors that contribute to suicide attempts thus providing a foundation for the development of public health programs and policies to deal with this topic

Brain-Computer Interfaces for augmented communication: Asynchronous and adaptive algorithms and evaluation with end users

This thesis aimed at addressing some of the issues that, at the state of the art, avoid the P300-based brain computer interface (BCI) systems to move from research laboratories to end users’ home. An innovative asynchronous classifier has been defined and validated. It relies on the introduction of a set of thresholds in the classifier, and such thresholds have been assessed considering the distributions of score values relating to target, non-target stimuli and epochs of voluntary no-control. With the asynchronous classifier, a P300-based BCI system can adapt its speed to the current state of the user and can automatically suspend the control when the user diverts his attention from the stimulation interface. Since EEG signals are non-stationary and show inherent variability, in order to make long-term use of BCI possible, it is important to track changes in ongoing EEG activity and to adapt BCI model parameters accordingly. To this aim, the asynchronous classifier has been subsequently improved by introducing a self-calibration algorithm for the continuous and unsupervised recalibration of the subjective control parameters. Finally an index for the online monitoring of the EEG quality has been defined and validated in order to detect potential problems and system failures. This thesis ends with the description of a translational work involving end users (people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-ALS). Focusing on the concepts of the user centered design approach, the phases relating to the design, the development and the validation of an innovative assistive device have been described. The proposed assistive technology (AT) has been specifically designed to meet the needs of people with ALS during the different phases of the disease (i.e. the degree of motor abilities impairment). Indeed, the AT can be accessed with several input devices either conventional (mouse, touchscreen) or alterative (switches, headtracker) up to a P300-based BCI.

How do we teach usability? An Investigation of Usability Instruction in Technical Communication

This dissertation investigates the curricular implementation of usability instruction in technical communication. Though there are a plethora of publications and studies on usability in technical communication, little discussion focuses on usability instruction in the classroom or its implementation in the curriculum. Thus, this exploratory qualitative research seeks to contribute to a better understanding about technical communication students' and instructors' knowledge of and experiences with usability practices in the classroom, the challenges that impacted their usability efforts, and their recommendations on how their efforts could be improved. The study results demonstrate the need for more productive discussion on this issue and for developing more effective strategies for implementing usability in the classroom.